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Bastani M, Alimohammadi N. (2022). A New Approach on the Coins of the Albuyeh Period. Parseh J Archaeol Stud. 6(20), 189-219. doi:10.30699/PJAS.6.20.189
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-560-en.html

Abstract
Coin minting is basically a symbol of the formation and confirmation of a political sovereignty. The Shiite rulers of al-Boyeh were among the local and regional governments of the geographical area of Iran, that  after the establishment of a political government in the year 322 AH and in imitation of the previous governments, according to the usual practice, coins were minted after the formation and stability of the political government. It seems that in the early days of the rule, the Al-Buyeh family used some of the symbols of the Abbasid dynasty and before it in their coins to validate and legitimize their political rule. that with the passage of time and the entry of this Shia political rule into the middle and final period; All the symbols of other local and regional governments have been removed from the front and back of the coins and replaced by symbols that show Shiite vision and thinking, and gradually with the passage of time, these symbols have reached a stage of maturity and complete guidance . It is one of the very important topics that the current research has aimed at, in addition to searching and analysing historical sources and new researches, to explain the reasons, motivations, and existing platforms for this change and transformation in the coins of Al Boyeh. to do and the nature of using these symbols and why not using another symbol as well as their growth and excellence from 322 to 454 Hijri, a period of 123 years with this question; What are the indicators of the minting of the coins of the Shiite Albuyeh rulers in Iran? How to challenge its adaptations, innovations and differences to other coins? Preliminary studies show that the Albuyeh ruling family, like other ruling families of their time, had to first legitimize the newly established system. They use the symbols of Bani-Abbas and before that in their coins and with the passage of time and the establishment of political rule, they tried to include Shia and Iranian symbols on their coins and their rule by minting dinar coins. (gold) and dirhams (silver) to everyone.
Keywords: Coin, Al-Buyeh Coins, Symbols of Shiite Coins, Symbols of Al-Buyeh Coins, Abbasid Coins.

Introduction
Al Boyeh rulers are the first Shiite rulers who were able to make a name for themselves in the history of Iran for 132 years from 322 to 454 AH and devote some pages of historical texts to their history. Investigating the historical developments of this period of Iran’s history requires knowing and knowing the sources that explain the historical developments of this period of Iran’s history (Faqihi, 1378: 16-17- Boseh, 1363: 220-221- Bahmanyar Kermani, Beta: 18- Ibn Athir 1373/11: 4825). Coins are one of the many important sources that can provide valuable information in all political-military-economic-social-cultural-artistic-literary-religious fields. Coins are actually the most truthful narrators of history, who have left valuable information in their hearts, which cannot be found in any of the historical texts or other surviving works of the past ages with complete accuracy and certainty. From the study of numismatic data of a historical period such as gender, metal, weight, carat, lines and motifs and slogans contained in the coins as well as the place of their minting from the intellectual, religious, cultural, political and social approach of each of the dynasties. Historically obtained useful information. From the study of the numismatic works of the Al-Buyeh period from the beginning to the year 322 (A.H.) until the fall of this government in the year 454 (A.H.) it can be seen that the coins of this period underwent many changes and many ups and downs, has gone through. So that these changes can be clearly seen in all political, social, administrative, economic, religious and cultural fields and even in architecture and coins. Research shows that the rulers and founders of the first new Al-Buyeh rule at the beginning of their work to formalize and legitimize their power structure in their efforts to benefit and adapt the civilizational, administrative, political, military and economic stages from others such as the Umayyads. They are the Abbasids, After adapting this index, they maintained it until the middle period of their 132-year rule, and after the changes and developments in the civilized, administrative, political, military, and economic fields, they replaced it with new indices, so this process continued until the fall of the rule. Albuyeh’s politics is quite tangible. In works such as Sarafraz: Avrzamani (2010); Pakzadian: 1380, Rezaee Baghabidi, (1393), Quchani, (1374); Eshraq, (1389), Quchani, (1383), Tridville (2001), George Miles (1938) The ups and downs of Al Boyeh coins developments from 322 AH to 454 AH, the end of the political rule of Al Boyeh Iran in metal, Weight, carat, lines, motifs, slogans... can be seen. Al Boyeh Shiite rulers in the very beginning of their work from the symbols of the Umayyad and Abbasid governments such as; The image of the Sassanid king (Khosro II or Yazdgerd III) was inserted on the coin (Ishraq, 1385: 3) The appearance of the name of the caliph or ruler in Pahlavi script - The appearance of inscriptions with Pahlavi script on the coin - The face of the Sassanid kings, half-faced and full-faced, appeared Appearance in the coins (Ishraq, 2015: 2) - the entry of the Islamic slogan into the Kufic script in the margin - the presence of Zoroastrian fire pits on the back of the coins - the presence of two fire guardians on the back of the coins - the appearance of inscriptions on the sides of the coins - Entering the date and place of production in Pahlavi or Kufi script- The appearance of inscriptions on the back of the coins usually used Pahlavi or Kufic script (Miles, 1363: 318-319- Sasanian Arab coins before Bani Umayyad 1-2). From the evidence and historical documents, it appears that the rulers of Buya, like the Umayyads and the Abbasids, minted gold (dinar), silver (dirham), scales or copper coins. It seems like this, when the rulers were in a good political, economic, and military situation, they minted gold or silver coins, and basically, gold and silver coins were minted in the main center of government. Later, with the gradual disappearance of the political, economic, and military influence, as well as the political rule of Al-Buyeh approaching the end of their rule, gold (dinar) and silver (dirham) coins were gradually replaced by gold coins Due to the distance from the centre of government - the reduction of central power - the lack of concentration and supervision over other states - the coins became popular in the political sphere of Al-Buyeh. From the historical and archaeological evidence and documents, it appears that the Shia rulers of Buyeh used to mint coins in many canters, and many titles and titles were used in their coins - from different styles, such as the Iraqi-Jabal-North-Shirazi style They used- Unlike the coins of the contemporary periods (Abbasians, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs), they use the inscription script - the names of local emirs appear on the coins - they imitated the Sassanid coins and put the name of the emperor on the coin - from poems Shiites have not used it in the minting of coins - at first the grade and purity of the coins was at a high level (98%) - with the passage of time, the grade and purity of the coins gradually decreased and decreased to 50% - the name of Caliph Abbasi is on the back of the coin It was minted continuously - words such as Muhammad Rasulullah, La ilaha ila Allah, Wahadh Lashrik Leh, etc. are seen in most of the coins. So that these indicators and characteristics can be seen from the coins obtained in fifty mint centers of Al-Buye such as Qoms, Bastam, Damghan, Semnan, Gorgan, Estrabad, Amol, Sari, Frame, Hossam, Isfahan, Helwan, Dinur, Shapurkhashat, Saveh, Sinjabad, Qarmisin, Qazvin, Mah Al Kufa, Mohammadiyeh, Nayin, Hamadan, Armenia, Bardsir, Bam, Jiraft, Sijan, Arjan, Ardashir, Khoh, Janaba, Darabgerd, Shapur, Siraf , Shiraz, Fasa, Kazeroon, Kordfana Khosrow, Ibadan, Ahvaz, Izhaj, Shushtar, Jundishapur, Ramhormoz, Souq Al Ahvaz, Askar Makram, Baghdad (an overview of the distribution of minting centers in the political territory of Al Boyeh (cf. Miles, 1363: 326- Mitchiner, 1977: 121-126).

Conclusion
Al-Buye’s numismatic studies show that the coins of the political rulers of this Shiite family have experienced many ups and downs over time based on their geographical location, distance and proximity to the canters of power, followed by political, economic, cultural and social issues. In order to formalize their political rule, the Shiite rulers of al-Buyeh first followed the plan of their predecessors and after the political, economic and military changes and developments; they separated their administrative structure from the previous rule and announced the coinage of their independence to others. The minting of dinar (gold) and dirham (silver) coins is a sign of this approach, following the emergence of signs of weakness and weakness as well as the reduction of political and economic power; Coins were gradually reduced from gold to silver and with the passage of time to copper coins, and numerous changes in color, shape, inscriptions and distinguishing signs were evident in them. According to the practice of their predecessors, the first rulers of the Boyeh ruling dynasty have taken models from the coins of others, and like other contemporary ruling families, by imitating the Abbasid coins, they gradually removed their symbols and replaced them with Islamic and Shia symbols, and by adapting some of the initial coins of the regime. With the coins of the middle and final period of this dynasty, it can be seen that there are fundamental differences in the coins of this period (Baha al-Dawlah Deilmi coin - cf. http: // malekmuseum.org). This symbol has fundamental differences compared to other coins of the previous era due to the approach of the Al-Boyeh family in assigning it to the family of innocence and purity and on the other hand to Iranian’s. Although the essence of the work of the coins of this period is exactly imitation and adaptation of the Abbasid coins; But in some aspects such as color, shape, inscriptions and recognition marks, it is associated with a new approach that separates it from other coins, which can be seen in the use of many titles and titles; and also the use of styles such as Iraqi, Jabal and North, and Shirazi; It made them more distinct compared to their contemporary coins. The coins of the first period of Al-Buyeh are used with the names of local rulers and the names of Sassanid kings appear on the early coins of the rulers of Buyeh. They had a mind. In addition to this issue, to confirm their political sovereignty, the Buya emirs had to include the name of their contemporary Abbasid caliph in their coins. This symbol is less visible in the early coins of Al-Buyeh and more in the middle and final period of their rule, and later this symbol was added to it along with the symbol of nationalism and Shia rituals, so that the emirs of Al-Buyeh appointed themselves to the Zaidi and Shiite family show. In addition to this issue, except for the initial period, the Shiite ruler . in their coins. Al-Buyeh rulers dominated parts of Iran and Iraq from 322 to 454 (AH) for 132 years and made great efforts to expand their political rule over other cities in the region; But like other governments, after a period of ups and downs and the decline of their political, military, economic-social power, as well as the emergence of new powers and the court of Al-Buye being caught up in internal conflicts and family rivalries - political-economic similarities - caused it to decline in front of other powerful and coherent powers of the region such as the Seljuqs, and with the decrease of their power, the material, metal, weight, carat, lines, motifs, slogans, etc., of the final coins of this period changed A lot appeared.