Mendeley  

Zotero  

Hasani Satehi A, Khosrowzadeh A, Noroozi A A. (2025). The Study the Quadrupedal Motifs of the Bullae of Tape Bardnakoon, Farsan. Parseh J Archaeol Stud. 9(32), 141-164. doi:10.22034/PJAS.917
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-917-en.html

Abstract
The picture of various animals is among the themes we see on bullae in Tape Bardnakoon. During the two seasons of exploration in Tape Bardnakoon, a large number of bullae were found, of which 150 bullae have animal motifs, and only quadruped was studied in this research.  Many of the animals are real and many others can be categorized as transcendental, mythical, or unreal animals in general. These animals are embossed on the bullae according to taste or function The aim of the research was to investigate and analyze animal motifs of these bullae. We separate them and investigate the concepts of each of these pictures and find out the various functions of each of these motifs. The general question of the research is the investigation into and analysis of animals’ motifs, whether which animals’ motifs exist on the bullae and which concepts with. The motifs created on them had different functions not to mention the bullae actual function. Aesthetics application or talisman can be considered for example. Many of the motifs have different concepts and foundations. Animals’ motif associated various symbols of goddess of Sasanian period for then people. bullae played a very important role in revision of official and trade ties and the motifs engraved on the bullae had a significant relation to mythical, astronomical, and religious concepts according to the research results. Therefore, they provide important information such as mythical and religious beliefs and thoughts of then people with us.
Keywords: Bllae, Motifs, Tape Bardnakon, Sasanian, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari.

Introduction
The images engraved on the bullae were used to store and transmit information, many of them are concave and a string trace can be seen in the form of a cross behind them, and this feature was used in the process of administrative management. They were considered to be one of the main lines of Sasanian Iranian art. Seals also served other symbolic purposes and acted as talismans as well as votive objects and suitable objects as burial goods. Recent studies on textual and archeological evidence indicate the widespread use of Sasanian seals in both private and official sectors. bullae, which meant the act of sealing, and the seal itself, indicated executive privileges in the Sasanian bureaucracy. Official seals, which are used in commercial and legal procedures, often show more delicate and complex designs and inscriptions than private seals. Be and considering the animal motifs on the bullae, what function can be imagined for them, and what was the relationship of the quadrupeds on the Sasanian bullae of Tape Bardenkoon with the religious beliefs and mythology of the Sasanian period? The motifs of the bullae of Tape Berdankoon are influenced by the art of the Sassanid period and each pattern contains a meaning. The function of these motifs, in addition to the aesthetic aspect, other aspects such as talismans, religious function, and personalization for each person can be imagined for them. The motifs of the bullae of Tape Berdankon had a religious and religious aspect and were influenced by the beliefs of the Sassanid period. Every god has a symbol and the manifestation of gods in the form of animals, so every animal’s image can be a sign of a religious concept.

Discussion
The Tape Ber Bardnakoon bullae are a collection of 150 bullae featuring both real and imaginary animals. So far, of these, about 32 real and fake animals have been identified. Next to the animal motifs, inscriptions can be seen in the Sassanid Pahlavi script. The bullae are made of clay and consist of quartz and mica particles. Some of them have been baked, while others have been naturally dried after stamping. The motifs on the bullae are actually the impression of the common flat seal motif in this period. In this article, the motifs of the bulla of Tepe Bardnakoon are sometimes compared with the motifs of the bullae of this period. 
The quadruped motifs on the Tape Bardnakoon bullae include a variety of animals, such as lions, cows, goats, rams, tigers, wolves, dogs, deer, bears, rabbits, elephants, and camels. The stamps also feature images of winged horses and winged lions. In many of the Bullae, animal motifs appear in both primary and secondary forms. For example, the lion image is typically the main image on the bullae, but it also appears as a secondary image on several stamps. Some stamps even depict two animals as the main characters together. The bullae found at Tape Bardnakoon are influenced by the art of the Sassanid period and each pattern carries a symbolic meaning. These motifs serve not only an aesthetic purpose, but also function as talismans, religious symbols, and personalized marks. Seals were commonly used during this period across various social levels, both in official administrative settings and in personal contexts.

Conclusion
The images of animals on Sassanid bullae are numerous, depending on their political, social, and religious environment, these motifs are mainly composed of animals and mythological creatures. We can assume that many bullae motifs had a religious function because the role of these animals proves this hypothesis due to their religious meanings and foundations. Some motifs have a clear connection with Sassanid period rituals such as Zoroastrianism and Mithraism. Naturally, symbolism has played a fundamental role in recognizing these features and imagining that they evoke the protection of gods and goddesses. Bahram, who is one of the gods of Mazdaism, can be well seen in his incarnations (horse, cow, camel, male goat, ram...) on the stamps. This is derived from the religious beliefs of the people and the Sasanian government. Several other animals, as they did not have a place in religious matters, were considered purely based on visual or aesthetic issues (for example: elephant, duck, pheasant, peacock). While other animals probably have a meaningful connection with the religious and folklore aspects of the Sasanian period. In a way, it can be said that a bullae has all the functions at the same time. A bullae has three main purposes, including Suhail in exchanges (the owner and the place of production of goods were specified), identifying the owner of the work or his beliefs, and asking for the protection of a god. Tape Bardnakoon is located on the main road of communication between the central plateau and the lowlands of Khuzestan. The location and extent of Tape Bardnakoon probably indicate its important role in the internal communication between the highlands of Bakhtiari and the lowlands of Khuzestan, Isfahan, and Fars in the Sassanid period. This issue can be cited due to the large number of bullae obtained from this area. The reason for this can be considered the great value of Golmehr in the administrative system, in a centralized system with the growth of the Sassanid bureaucracy. With the expansion of cities, the economy of the urban and rural society also underwent changes and transformations, and as a result, the use of bullae in exchanges increased. Animal motifs on the Tape Bardnakoon stamps are influenced by the culture and beliefs of the time. These motifs evoke ideology, which is consistent with its political and social structure.