year 6, Issue 20 (9-2022)
Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud. 2022, 6(20): 7-33 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bahraminia M, Niknami K A, Khosrowzadeh A. (2022). Preliminary Study of the Mousterian Stone Industries of Miankouh; Western Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud.. 6(20), 7-33. doi:10.30699/PJAS.6.20.7
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-434-en.html
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-434-en.html
1- Ph.D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. , mhs.bahraminia@gmail.com
2- Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3- Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
2- Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3- Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
Abstract: (2718 Views)
Abstract
Miankouh Area is contractually known as a district of southern part of the Central Zagros in the southwest of Iran. Despite its small area (680 km2), due to its location between highlands there are two distinct micro ecozones with natural resources and an abundance of plant and animal species and has been suitable for the vertical seasonal movements throughout the year in order to access to various resources in the subsistence from the Pleistocene to the present. Our knowledge of its Mousterian cultures is derived from three-season field surveys between 2009 and 2011 years in both Low Altitude (LAZ) and High Altitude Zones (HAZ) with an average altitude of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ? Totally, 1454 stone artifacts were collected from the Middle Paleolithic Open-air sites of both zones. Preliminary results show that the MP hunter-gatherers of Miankouh exploited both zones with relatively a homogeneous tool kit influenced by the permanent rivers in LAZ and pool resources available in HAZ within the daily radius of movement at a distance of 5 to 20 km, which had often been turned into flakes and various tools using several techniques. They also used the type of tools that are commonly recognizable in the stone industries of other MP cultures of Zagros.
Keywords: Zagros, Bakhtiari Highlands, Stone Industries, Mousterian.
Introduction
One of the largest bodies of research on montane adaptation comes from the Zagros Mountains of Iran and Iraq. Most of the Palaeolithic archaeological researches of Zagros have focused on, north, south (Azadi, 2017; Dashtizadeh & Hosseini, 2008; Conard et al., 2006; Rosenberg, 1985) as well as the north parts of Central Zagros (see Abdi, 1999; Adams, 1954; Biglari & Abdi, 1999; Coon, 1951; Dibble, 1984; Jaubert et al., 2009; Trinkaus & Biglari, 2006; Young & Smith, 1966; Roustaei et al., 2002; Roustaei et al., 2004). Broadly, it can be declared that there is no comprehensive evidence about conditions of the Palaeolithic sites in the Bakhtiari region in Southern part of the central Zagros.
This paper presents an analysis of a group of MP lithic assemblages collected from a set of open-air localities during field surveys conducted in both Lower Altitude (LAZ) and Higher Altitude Zones (HAZ) of Miankouh District with an area of approximately 680 km2 and an average elevation of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (ChB) Province, Iran (Khosrowzadeh, 2011, 2010a, 2009).
For the aims, these assemblages provide insights into mobility, landscape-use, and lithic technological decision-making in high-altitude environments by the MP hunter-gatherers in the Zagros Mountains and beyond.
These data presented in the current paper originates from the area of the Miankouh highlands (Bahraminia et al., 2022) from where MP evidence can help further elucidate the issues identified with the Zagros Mousterian as an explanatory framework for MP seasonal mobility and land-use patterns in the Zagros Mountains (Lindly, 1997; Skinner, 1965).
This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ?
Materials and Methods
To record the surface findings, as soon as the first artefact was found, a radius of 200 meters around the point of this find was evaluated in different directions by a group of five people. By focusing on the MP period, 177 MPO locales in the form of points with XY coordinates incorporating 1454 stone artefact were analyzed. In order to assess the techno-typological aspects of the lithic assemblages in the region we used advanced analytical tools (SPSS tool boxes) at the local landscape level.
Results
From the surface of both ecozones a low density of lithic artefacts ranging from 1 to 36 pieces was identified for the MP each identified here as a specific “locale”. The area under study provided a large number of cultural materials including lithic artefacts from MP UP and EP as well as a considerable amount of potteries from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic as well as the Late Islamic period. For the purpose of this paper, we only examined stone assemblage of the MP period.
A total of 1454 lithic artefacts (whole and fragmented) were collected during the Miankouh survey, with 874 pieces from 113 MPO locales coming from LAZ, and 580 pieces from 63 MPO locales from HAZ. We identified four main groups including core, tool, unretouched flake, and debris.
In terms of lithic technology, preferential and recurrent Levallois methods are clearly used in the production of flakes. Recurrent methods of unipolar, bipolar, and centripetal were used to knap the flakes. Moreover, the dorsal scar patterns among the cores, tools and unretouched flakes indicate non-Levallois semi-pyramidal and discoidal methods are other debitage techniques in the MP stone industry of Miankouh.
For 970 artefacts which were categorized as tool, scrapers and blades represent highest frequency of tool types in assemblage which were followed by retouched flakes, points, notch/denticulates, borer/burins, and hand axes. In process of tool-making have generally been used the Plain/flat and faceted platforms more than other types. Points of both LAZ and HAZ are the end products in this group because about 82 % of them do not have any cortex on their dorsal face. Also, 50.88 % of total unretouched whole flakes have cortex on the dorsal face. Geneste has already classified such samples in the early stages of the reduction system in the tool production cycle (Geneste, 1985).
Conclusion
The use of Levallois technique was initially reported not to be present in the Mousterian Zagros assemblages (Skinner, 1965). Its widespread use within Zagros Middle Palaeolithic assemblages was however eventually confirmed by Dibble (1984) (Bahraminia et al., 2022) (and papers in Olszewski and Dibble, 1993). That the utilization of Levallois technique in the region cannot however be expected to be universal has recently been established through excavations at Qaleh Bozi close to the Miankouh field survey area, where a relative absence of Levallois technique was reported (Biglari et al., 2009).
Unfortunately, we do not have reliable metric core data and other lithic artefacts from other MP sites of the Zagros in order to support our results. In order to better understand the effects of elevation on size and weight as well as its effect on the quality and quantity of MP toolkits, we need to measure metric values of lithic assemblages from other sites/locales within the Zagros Mountains at different elevations from a ‘landscape-oriented’ or ‘siteless’ approach.
The overall composition of the Miankouh lithic assemblage from a techno-typological point of view includes relatively short flakes. Retouched pieces on flake are other features of this collection. A glance at all cores from Miankouh reveal that in LAZ usually larger stone cobbles have been used as cores in comparison with HAZ. The mean weight of those from LAZ is 56.66 grams while in HAZ it is 41.98. In the case of core reduction strategies, the high frequency of cortical flakes, unretouched flakes, irregular retouched flakes, and typical tools suggest that the knapping processes were accomplished at some of localities of LAZ. It seems that the production of tools on cortical flakes (for example notch/denticulates) has been a common tool making tradition in the study area. The presence of short flakes in the Miankouh lithic assemblage may reflect the fact that the use of short flakes had been a common tradition at the MP sites in high-altitude environments. It can be raised that some Mousterian debitage strategies for the production of flakes and tools were commonly presented in Miankouh where stone raw material in the form of river pebbles and chert nodules of limestone outcrops were available in this mountainous region.
Miankouh Area is contractually known as a district of southern part of the Central Zagros in the southwest of Iran. Despite its small area (680 km2), due to its location between highlands there are two distinct micro ecozones with natural resources and an abundance of plant and animal species and has been suitable for the vertical seasonal movements throughout the year in order to access to various resources in the subsistence from the Pleistocene to the present. Our knowledge of its Mousterian cultures is derived from three-season field surveys between 2009 and 2011 years in both Low Altitude (LAZ) and High Altitude Zones (HAZ) with an average altitude of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ? Totally, 1454 stone artifacts were collected from the Middle Paleolithic Open-air sites of both zones. Preliminary results show that the MP hunter-gatherers of Miankouh exploited both zones with relatively a homogeneous tool kit influenced by the permanent rivers in LAZ and pool resources available in HAZ within the daily radius of movement at a distance of 5 to 20 km, which had often been turned into flakes and various tools using several techniques. They also used the type of tools that are commonly recognizable in the stone industries of other MP cultures of Zagros.
Keywords: Zagros, Bakhtiari Highlands, Stone Industries, Mousterian.
Introduction
One of the largest bodies of research on montane adaptation comes from the Zagros Mountains of Iran and Iraq. Most of the Palaeolithic archaeological researches of Zagros have focused on, north, south (Azadi, 2017; Dashtizadeh & Hosseini, 2008; Conard et al., 2006; Rosenberg, 1985) as well as the north parts of Central Zagros (see Abdi, 1999; Adams, 1954; Biglari & Abdi, 1999; Coon, 1951; Dibble, 1984; Jaubert et al., 2009; Trinkaus & Biglari, 2006; Young & Smith, 1966; Roustaei et al., 2002; Roustaei et al., 2004). Broadly, it can be declared that there is no comprehensive evidence about conditions of the Palaeolithic sites in the Bakhtiari region in Southern part of the central Zagros.
This paper presents an analysis of a group of MP lithic assemblages collected from a set of open-air localities during field surveys conducted in both Lower Altitude (LAZ) and Higher Altitude Zones (HAZ) of Miankouh District with an area of approximately 680 km2 and an average elevation of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (ChB) Province, Iran (Khosrowzadeh, 2011, 2010a, 2009).
For the aims, these assemblages provide insights into mobility, landscape-use, and lithic technological decision-making in high-altitude environments by the MP hunter-gatherers in the Zagros Mountains and beyond.
These data presented in the current paper originates from the area of the Miankouh highlands (Bahraminia et al., 2022) from where MP evidence can help further elucidate the issues identified with the Zagros Mousterian as an explanatory framework for MP seasonal mobility and land-use patterns in the Zagros Mountains (Lindly, 1997; Skinner, 1965).
This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ?
Materials and Methods
To record the surface findings, as soon as the first artefact was found, a radius of 200 meters around the point of this find was evaluated in different directions by a group of five people. By focusing on the MP period, 177 MPO locales in the form of points with XY coordinates incorporating 1454 stone artefact were analyzed. In order to assess the techno-typological aspects of the lithic assemblages in the region we used advanced analytical tools (SPSS tool boxes) at the local landscape level.
Results
From the surface of both ecozones a low density of lithic artefacts ranging from 1 to 36 pieces was identified for the MP each identified here as a specific “locale”. The area under study provided a large number of cultural materials including lithic artefacts from MP UP and EP as well as a considerable amount of potteries from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic as well as the Late Islamic period. For the purpose of this paper, we only examined stone assemblage of the MP period.
A total of 1454 lithic artefacts (whole and fragmented) were collected during the Miankouh survey, with 874 pieces from 113 MPO locales coming from LAZ, and 580 pieces from 63 MPO locales from HAZ. We identified four main groups including core, tool, unretouched flake, and debris.
In terms of lithic technology, preferential and recurrent Levallois methods are clearly used in the production of flakes. Recurrent methods of unipolar, bipolar, and centripetal were used to knap the flakes. Moreover, the dorsal scar patterns among the cores, tools and unretouched flakes indicate non-Levallois semi-pyramidal and discoidal methods are other debitage techniques in the MP stone industry of Miankouh.
For 970 artefacts which were categorized as tool, scrapers and blades represent highest frequency of tool types in assemblage which were followed by retouched flakes, points, notch/denticulates, borer/burins, and hand axes. In process of tool-making have generally been used the Plain/flat and faceted platforms more than other types. Points of both LAZ and HAZ are the end products in this group because about 82 % of them do not have any cortex on their dorsal face. Also, 50.88 % of total unretouched whole flakes have cortex on the dorsal face. Geneste has already classified such samples in the early stages of the reduction system in the tool production cycle (Geneste, 1985).
Conclusion
The use of Levallois technique was initially reported not to be present in the Mousterian Zagros assemblages (Skinner, 1965). Its widespread use within Zagros Middle Palaeolithic assemblages was however eventually confirmed by Dibble (1984) (Bahraminia et al., 2022) (and papers in Olszewski and Dibble, 1993). That the utilization of Levallois technique in the region cannot however be expected to be universal has recently been established through excavations at Qaleh Bozi close to the Miankouh field survey area, where a relative absence of Levallois technique was reported (Biglari et al., 2009).
Unfortunately, we do not have reliable metric core data and other lithic artefacts from other MP sites of the Zagros in order to support our results. In order to better understand the effects of elevation on size and weight as well as its effect on the quality and quantity of MP toolkits, we need to measure metric values of lithic assemblages from other sites/locales within the Zagros Mountains at different elevations from a ‘landscape-oriented’ or ‘siteless’ approach.
The overall composition of the Miankouh lithic assemblage from a techno-typological point of view includes relatively short flakes. Retouched pieces on flake are other features of this collection. A glance at all cores from Miankouh reveal that in LAZ usually larger stone cobbles have been used as cores in comparison with HAZ. The mean weight of those from LAZ is 56.66 grams while in HAZ it is 41.98. In the case of core reduction strategies, the high frequency of cortical flakes, unretouched flakes, irregular retouched flakes, and typical tools suggest that the knapping processes were accomplished at some of localities of LAZ. It seems that the production of tools on cortical flakes (for example notch/denticulates) has been a common tool making tradition in the study area. The presence of short flakes in the Miankouh lithic assemblage may reflect the fact that the use of short flakes had been a common tradition at the MP sites in high-altitude environments. It can be raised that some Mousterian debitage strategies for the production of flakes and tools were commonly presented in Miankouh where stone raw material in the form of river pebbles and chert nodules of limestone outcrops were available in this mountainous region.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special Archeology
Received: 2020/10/18 | Accepted: 2020/12/20 | Published: 2022/09/1
Received: 2020/10/18 | Accepted: 2020/12/20 | Published: 2022/09/1
References
1. - ثاقبطالبی، خسرو؛ ساجدی، تکتم؛ و یزدیان، فرشاد، (1384). نگاهی به جنگلهای ایران. تهران: مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع.
2. - خسروزاده، علیرضا، (1388). «گزارش فصل اول بررسی باستانشناختی میانکوه؛ شهرستان اردل». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی، (منتشرنشده).
3. - خسروزاده، علیرضا، (1389). «گزارش فصل دوم بررسی باستانشناختی میانکوه؛ شهرستان اردل». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی، (منتشرنشده).
4. - خسروزاده، علیرضا، (1390). «گزارش فصل سوم بررسی باستانشناختی میانکوه؛ شهرستان اردل». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی، (منتشرنشده).
5. - خسروزاده، علیرضا؛ و بهرامینیا، محسن، (1397). «تداوم زندگی کوچنشینی از پیشازتاریخ تا عصر حاضر در منطقۀ میانکوه شهرستان اردل؛ بر پایۀ مدارک باستانشناختی». جامعهشناسی تاریخی، 10(1): 147-123.
6. - دشتیزاده، عبدالرضا؛ و محمدی، فاطمه، (1391). «مدارکی از یک مکان پارینهسنگی میانی در منطقۀ کهمره سرخی، جنوبغربی شیراز، با برخی مشاهدات قومباستانشناسی». پژوهشهای باستانشناسی مدرس، 3/4(6-7): 33-25.
7. - محمدیفر، یعقوب؛ ملازاده، کاظم؛ و نوروزی، علیاصغر، (1395). «بررسی شواهد باستانشناختی دورۀ ایلام میانه در حوضۀ کارون علیا». مطالعات باستانشناسی ایران، 8 (2): 150-131.
8. - نوروزی، علیاصغر، (1388). «مطالعات باستانشناسی در حوضۀ آبخیز کارون شمالی (استان چهارمحال و بختیاری)». مطالعات باستانشناسی، 1(2): 176-161.
10. - Abdi, K., (1999). “Archaeological research in the Islamabad plain, central western Zagros Mountains: preliminary results from the first season, summer 1998”. Iran, 37(1): 33-43.
11. - Adams, R. M., (1954). “Cave Explorations in Iran 1949, Carleton S. Coon”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 13(1): 65-66.
12. - Ahrens, C. D. & Henson, R., (2017). Essentials of meteorology: an invitation to the atmosphere. (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
13. - Alibaigi, S.; Niknami, K. A.; Heydari, M.; Nikzad, M.; Zainivand, M.; Manhobi, S.; Mohammadi Qasrian, S.; Khalili, M. & Islami, N., (2011). “Paleolithic open-air sites revealed in the Kuran Buzan Valley, Central Zagros, Iran”. Antiquity, 85: 329.
14. - Alijani, B.; Ghohroudi, M. & Arabi, N., (2008). “Developing a climate model for Iran using GIS”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 92(1-2): 103-112.
15. - Azadi, A., (2017). “The Pleistocene Occupations of the Kohgilouyeh Region, Southern Zagros, Iran”. International Journal of the Society of Iranian Archaeologists, 3(6): 1-12.
16. - Azizi, G.; Arsalani, M.; Bräuning, A. & Moghimi, E., (2013). “Precipitation variations in the central Zagros Mountains (Iran) since A.D. 1840 based on oak tree rings”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 386: 96-103.
17. - Bahraminia, M.; Niknami, K. A.; Khosrowzadeh, A. & Nymark, A., (2022). “High altitude Middle Palaeolithic open-air locales of the Miankouh, Thrust Zagros Mountains, Iran”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 44: 103537.
18. - Bahramiyan, S. & Ahmadzadeh Shouhani, L., (2016). “Between mountain and plain: new evidence for the Middle Palaeolithic in the northern Susiana Plain, Khuzestan, Iran”. Antiquity, 90: 354.
19. - Baumler, M. F. & Speth, J. D., (1993). “A Middle Paleolithic assemblage from kunji cave, Iran”. In: D. Olszewski & H. L. Dibble (Eds.), The Paleolithic Prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus: 1-73.
20. - Baykara, İ.; Mentzer, S. M.; Stiner, M. C.; Asmerom, Y.; Güleç, E. S. & Kuhn, S. L., (2015). T”he Middle Paleolithic occupations of Üçağızlı II Cave (Hatay, Turkey): Geoarcheological and archeological perspectives”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 4: 409-426.
21. - Bazgir, B., (2017). Investigating the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition from the Sites in Khorramabad Valley, Western Iran. Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
22. - Bazgir, B.; Otte, M.; Tumung, L.; Ollé, A.; Deo, S. G.; Joglekar, P.; López-García, J. M.’ Picin, A.’ Davoudi, D. & van der Made, J., (2014). “Test excavations and initial results at the Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites of Gilvaran, Kaldar, Ghamari caves and Gar Arjene Rockshelter, Khorramabad Valley, western Iran”. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 13(6): 511-525.
23. - Bewley, R.; Levine, M.; Leroi-Gourhan, A. & Green, C., (1984). “The Cambridge University Archaeological Expedition to Iran 1969: Excavations in the Zagros Mountains: Houmian, Mir Malas, and Barde Spid”. Iran, 22(1): 1-38.
24. - Biglari, F., (2004). “The preliminary observations on middle palaeolithic raw material procurement and usage in the Kermanshah Plain, the case of Do-Ashkaft Cave”. Persian Antiques Splendor, mining crafts and archeology in ancient Iran, 1: 130-138.
25. - Biglari, F. & Abdi, K., (1999). “Paleolithic artifacts from Cham-e Souran, the Islamabad Plain, Central Western Zagros Mountains, Iran”. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 31: 1-8.
26. - Biglari, F. & Heydari, S., (2001). “Do-Ashkaft: a recently discovered Mousterian cave site in the Kermanshah Plain, Iran”. Antiquity, 75(289): 487-488.
27. - Biglari, F.; Javeri, M.; Mashkour, M.; Yazdi, M.; Shidrang, S.; Tengberg, M.; Taheri, K. & Darvish, J., (2009). “Test Excavations at the Middle Paleolithic sites of Qaleh Bozi, southwest of central Iran: a preliminary report”. In: M. Otte, F. Biglari, & J. Jaubert (Eds.), Iran Paleolithic: 29-38.
28. - Bird, I. L. & Bird, I., (1891). Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan: Volume 2: Including a Summer in the Upper Karun Region and a Visit to the Nestorian Rayahs (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press.
29. - Birtwistle, R. J. & Yeritsyan, B. G., (2012). “Late Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal networks and assemblage variability in Armenia: lithic evidence from Lusarket I rockshelter”. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society, 33: 5-16.
30. - Braun, D. R., (2005). “Examining flake production strategies: examples from the Middle Paleolithic of Southwest Asia”. Lithic Technology, 30(2): 107-125.
31. - Cachel, S. & Harris, J., (2006). “The behavioural ecology of early Pleistocene hominids in the Koobi Fora Region, East Turkana Basin, Northern Kenya”. In: E. C. Robertson, J. D. Seibert, D. C. Fernandez, & M. U. Zender (Eds.), Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology: 49-59, University of Calgary Press.
32. - Conard, N. J.; Ghasidian, E.; Heydari, S. & Zeidee, M., (2006). “Report on the 2005 survey of the Tübingen-Iranian Stone Age research project in the provinces of Esfahan, Fars and Kohgiluyeh-Boyerahmad”. Archaeological reports, 5: 9-34.
33. - Coon, C. S., (1951). Cave Explorations in Iran: 1949. University Museum of pennsylvania.
34. - Darabi, H.; Javanmardzadeh, A.; Beshkani, A. & Jami-Alahmadi, M., (2012). “Palaeolithic occupation of the Mehran Plain in Southwestern Iran”. Documenta Praehistorica, 39: 443-451.
35. - Dashtizadeh, A. & Hosseini, S. A., (2008). “Report of Discoveries of Paleolithic Remains in Bab Anar Plain, SE of Fars Province-Iran”. 2nd International Congress of Society of South Asian Archaeology (Book of Aabstract), S. Darvishi (ed.), Islamic Azad University of Kazeroun: 29-30.
36. - Dashtizadeh, A. & Mohammadi, A., (2012).” The evidence from a Middle Palaeolithic place in Kahmareh Sorkhi region, Southwest Shiraz, Fars Province: by some observation of ethnoarchaeology”. Modares Archaeological Research, 3/4(6-7): 25-33.
37. - Debenath, A. & Dibble, H. L., (1994). Handbook of Paleolithic Typology: Lower and middle paleolithic of Europe (Vol. 1). UPenn Museum of Archaeology.
38. - Dibble, H. L., (1984). “The Mousterian Industry From Bisitun Cave (Iran)”. Paléorient, 10(2): 23-34.
39. - Ekshtain, R.; Ilani, S.; Segal, I. & Hovers, E., (2016). “Local and Nonlocal Procurement of Raw Material in Amud Cave, Israel: The Complex Mobility of Late Middle Paleolithic Groups”. Geoarchaeology, 32(2): 189-214.
40. - Ferrigno, J. G., (1991). Glaciers of Iran. Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa: Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World, G31-G47.
41. - Garrod, D. A. E., (1934). “The Stone Age of Palestine”. Antiquity, 8(30): 133-150.
42. - Ghadimi, M.; Moghbel, M.; Gholamnia, M. & Pellikka, P., (2019). “Snow line elevation variability under the effect of climate variations in the Zagros Mountains: case study of Oshtorankooh”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(12): 348.
43. - Ghorbani, M., (2019). Lithostratigraphy of Iran. Springer.
44. - Golovanova, L. V. & Doronichev, V. B., (2003). “The Middle Paleolithic of the Caucasus”. Journal of World Prehistory, 17(1): 71-140.
45. - Hauck, T. C., (2011). “Mousterian technology and settlement dynamics in the site of Hummal (Syria)”. Journal of Human Evolution, 61(5): 519-537.
46. - Heydari-Guran, S., (2014). Palaeolithic Landscapes of Iran. British Archaeological Reports (BAR Series 2586).
47. - Hole, F. & Flannery, K. V., (1967). “The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran: A Preliminary Report”. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 33: 147-206.
48. - Inizan, M. L.; Reduron-Ballinger, M.; Roche, H. & Tixier, J., (1999). Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone (J. Féblot-Augustins, Trans.). Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée, Tome 5.
49. - Jaubert, J.; Biglari, F.; Bruxelles, L.; Bordes, J.; Shidrang, S.; Naderi, R.; Mashkour, M.; Maureille, B.; Mallye, J. & Quinif, Y., (2009). “The Middle Palaeolithic occupation of Mar-Tarik, a new Zagros Mousterian site in Bisotun Massif (Kermanshah, Iran)”. Iran Palaeolithic/Le Paléolithique d'Iran. UISPP, Proceedings of the XV World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).
50. - Khosrowzadeh, A., (2009). “1st Season Report of Archeological Surveys on Miankouh District, Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran”. Archive of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) (In Persian).
51. - Khosrowzadeh, A., (2010a). “2nd Season Report of Archeological Surveys on Miankouh District, Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran”. Archive of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) (In Persian).
52. - Khosrowzadeh, A., (2010b). “Preliminary Results of the 1st Season of Archaeological Survey of Farsan, Iran”. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 317-337.
53. - Khosrowzadeh, A., (2011). “3th Season Report of Archeological Surveys on Miankouh District, Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran”. Archive of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) (In Persian).
54. - Khosrowzadeh, A. & Bahraminia, M., (2018). “Continuity of the nomadic lifestyle in the Bakhtiari Region from Prehistory to the modern era: based on the archaeological evidences from Miankouh, Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinc”. Historical Sociology, 10(1): 123-147 (In Persian).
55. - Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; & Rubel, F., (2006). “World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated”. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3): 259-263.
56. - Kuhn, S. L., (2002). “Paleolithic archeology in Turkey”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 11(5): 198-210.
57. - Lindly, J. M., (1997). “The Zagros Mousterian: A Regional Perspective”. Ph.D. Dissertation. Arizona State University.
58. - Mishra, S.; White, M. J.; Beaumont, P.; Antoine, P.; Bridgland, D. R.; Limondin-Lozouet, N.; Santisteban, J. I.; Schreve, D. C.; Shaw, A. D.; Wenban-Smith, F. F.; Westaway, R. W. C. & White, T. S., (2007). “Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity”. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(22): 2996-3016.
59. - Mohammadifar, Y.; Mollazade, K.& Noruzi, A., (2017). “Middle Elamite Artchaeological Evidence in the Upper Karun Basin”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 8(2): 131-150.
60. - Nowruzi, A., (2010). “Archaeological Studies on Northern Karūn Basin (Chahārmahāl-o-Bakhtiyārī Province)”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 1(2): 161-175.
61. - Odum, E. P., (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3 ed.). Saunders.
62. - Piperno, M., (1972). “Jahrom, a Middle Paleolithic Site in Fars, Iran”. East and West, 22(3/4): 183-197.
63. - Philip, G.; Abdulkarim, M.; Newson, P.; Beck, A.; Bridgland, D.; Bshesh, M.; Shaw, A.; Westaway, R. & Wilkinson, K., (2005). “Settlement and Landscape Development in the Homs Region, Syria”. Report on Work Undertaken during 2001–2003. Levant, 37(1): 21-42.
64. - Roozitalab, M. H.; Siadat, H. & Farshad, A., (Eds.). (2018). The Soils of Iran (1st ed.). Springer.
65. - Rosenberg, M., (1985). “Report on the 1978 Sondage at Eshkaft-E Gavi”. Iran, 23(1): 51-62.
66. - Rosenberg, M., (1988). “Paleolithic settlement patterns in the Marv Dasht, Fars Province, Iran”. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. USA.
67. - Rosenberg, M., (2003). “The Epipaleolithic in the Marv Dasht”. In: N. F. Miller & K. Abdi (Eds.), Yeki Bud, Yeki Nabud, Essays on the Archaeology on Iran: 98-108, The Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California.
68. - Roustaei, K., (2010). “Discovery of Middle Palaeolithic occupation at high altitude of Zagros Mountain, Iran”. Antiquity, 84: 325.
69. - Roustaei, K.; Biglari, F.; Heydari, S. & Vahdatinasab, H., 2002. “New research on the Palaeolithic of Lurestan, west central Iran”. Antiquity, 76(291): 19-20.
70. - Roustaei, K.; Nasab, H. V.; Biglari, F.; Heydari, S.; Clark, G. & Lindly, J., (2004). Recent paleolithic surveys in Luristan. Current Anthropology, 45(5): 692-707.
71. - Sagheb-Talebi, K.; Sajedi, T. & Pourhashemi, M., (2013). Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future (Vol. 10). Springer.
72. - Sagheb-Talebi, K.; Sajedi, T. & Yazdian, F., (2005). A look at the forests of Iran. The Research Institute of Forests and Pastures Publications, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
73. - Shea, J. J., (2013). Stone tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A guide. Cambridge University Press.
74. - Trinkaus, E., & Biglari, F., (2006). “Middle Paleolithic human remains from Bisitun cave, Iran”. Paléorient, 32(2): 105-111.
75. - Unesco., (1979). Map of the world distribution of arid regions: explanatory note. MAB Technical Notes 7, Unesco.
76. - Wojtczak, D., (2014). “The Early Middle Palaeolithic Blade Industry from Hummal, Central Syria”. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Basel. Basel, Switzerland.
77. - Wright, H. E., (1962). “Pleistocene glaciation in Kurdistan”. E & G Quaternary Science Journal, 12(1): 131-164.
78. - Young, T. C. & Smith, P. E., (1966). “Research in the prehistory of central western Iran”. Science, 153(3734): 386-391.
79. - Zagarell, A., (1982). The prehistory of the Northeast Baùhtiyāråi Mountains, Iran: The rise of a highland way of life. In Kommission bei Ludwig Reichert Verlag (Wiesbaden).
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |