year 9, Issue 34 (3-2026)
Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud. 2026, 9(34): 359-382 |
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Harifi R, ZamaniFard A. (2026). Explaining the Principles of Conservation of Historical-Archaeological Sites (Case Study: Arjan Historical-Archaeological Site). Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud.. 9(34), 359-382. doi:10.61882/PJAS.1062.791.2
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-1062-en.html
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-1062-en.html
1- M.A. Graduate in Conservation and Restoration of Historical Buildings and Urban Fabrics, Department of Conservation & Revitalization of historical buildings & urban fabric, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
2- Associate Professor, Department of Conservation & Revitalization of historical buildings & urban fabric, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). ,zamanifard@art.ac.ir
2- Associate Professor, Department of Conservation & Revitalization of historical buildings & urban fabric, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). ,
Abstract: (182 Views)
Abstract
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These areas always have diverse values, which identification and understanding of these values provides the basis for recognizing their protectable aspects. Today, most of these sites in Iran are in vulnerable conditions and their values are being forgotten. The historical-archaeological site of Arjan is located in the Khuzestan plain, which existed from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. Today, this area is in unfavorable conservation conditions. Considering the values and historical importance of the old city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, it is very important to protect this area and create a suitable platform to benefit from its values. Among the questions that are answered in this research;1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values? Accordingly, the objectives of the research؛ 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of international charters, declarations, conventions and documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and value it. The general research method of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on the data collected through library resources and field observations. Then, after analyzing and reviewing international documents and recognizing the historical site of Arjan and its conservation challenges in four fields of cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site, principles such as providing information to the public, developing a comprehensive interaction plan, developing public management plans, reversibility of actions, preserving originality and respect for historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of the sites are presented.
Keywords: Arjan, Historical-Archaeological Site, Conservation, Historical Values, Introduction of Values.
Introduction
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites will answer many general and partial questions that can be varied and variable over time, so the conservation of the sites is essential for transfer to future generations. Historical archaeological sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always protected. After archaeological excavations in Iran, these sites are often in vulnerable conditions and are exposed to forgetting their values.
The archaeological site of Arjan is located in the plain of Khuzestan. Arjan is a city with various urban organs in the historical periods of Iran. This site has values, features and elements that are unique in its kind. In 1362, a tomb belonging to Kidin Hotran, one of the Elamite kings, was discovered. Afterwards, Esmaeil Yaghmaei carried out archaeological excavations and studies in the Arjan area and in the area of Maroon Dam and Arjan Grand Mosque and Dr. Abbas Moghaddam conducted archaeological excavations in the area of the oil well during two seasons. With the cessation of excavations in this site, the old city of Arjan, like most historical sites in Iran, was placed in undesirable conditions of conservation.
Research Necessity: The city of Arjan has been standing from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. (Today, this area, despite its historical and archaeological importance and values, is in unfavorable conservation conditions) Considering these values and the historical importance of the ancient city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, as well as the necessity of continuing archaeological studies and the availability of its original data among researchers and enthusiasts, it is very important to protect this site and create a suitable platform for benefiting from its values.
Research objectives: 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of charters, statements, conventions and international documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and valuation of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Research Questions: 1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values?
Research Methodology: The general research method is descriptive-analytical approach. In this research, library studies and field studies have been utilized to gather information.
Discussion
“Archaeological heritage” is a material heritage that includes all traces of human life and includes places that show human activities, abandoned structures, and remnants, along with all the movable cultural objects discovered related to it (ICOMOS, 1990). These sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always conserved. By reviewing the international documents related to the sites in Table 3, the set of conservation principles in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical, and the introduction and valuation of the site, has been displayed.
The archaeological site of Arjan with an area of 500 hectares is located on the slopes of Khoiz Mountain and in a wide plain next to the Maroon River, which includes the Mosque Jammeh, the Arjan Dam Bath and Bridge, the Qadamgah of Imam Reza (AS), the Rosh Mehr Building, the Arjan Qanats and the ancient hills. By examining the site and the buildings in it, the values are divided into two categories, cultural values and contemporary economic and social values (Diagram 5). At present, the buildings in the Arjan site are in an undesirable state of conservation and their values are in danger of being forgotten. Through field surveys, the damages and challenges of the Arjan site were identified in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical and tourism, and were divided into two groups, internal and external factors. Internal factors include cognitive domain, exhaustion (functional physical) and weakness in the infrastructure of the Arjan site, and external factors include lack of alignment of organizations and weakness in the managerial and legal structure. According to the mentioned damages and challenges, by identifying their roots and categorizing them in the form of internal and external factors, we have achieved five conservation challenges related to the historical archaeological site of Arjan (Diagram 4). By adapting the principles of conservation of historical sites to conservation challenges, the principles of conservation of the Arjan site are stated in Table 4.
Conclusion
Historical archaeological sites can be considered as the most important sources for answering the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites always have a variety of values, and identifying and understanding these values can provide the ground for recognizing their protectable aspects. In the twentieth century (in 1914 and 1916), the main law for the protection of historical sites was adopted, and at that time, terms for the protection of historical sites were created in international charters. In the first part of this research, international charters, documents and conventions were examined in terms of keywords related to historical archaeological sites and the conservation principles related to the sites were identified in 4 areas. In the second part, in relation to the study area, with the knowledge of the old city of Arjan and with an analytical view of field studies, through the analysis, investigation and categorization of the challenges of conserving the historical archaeological site of Arjan and the comparison of the challenges with the principles extracted from international charters, documents and conventions, led to the explanation of the principles of the conservation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan.
The principles of conservation of the Arjan site were presented in four areas: cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site. One of the most important principles in the field of cognition was to provide information to the people and to develop a comprehensive interaction plan. Formulation of public management programs, coordination and cooperation between institutions and people, and formulation of intervention laws are among the most important principles in the field of management and law. In the physical field, the reversibility of actions, preservation of originality, continuity of vernacular architecture and native materials, and documentation of changes were mentioned. Respecting the historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of historical buildings and sites is one of the most important principles in the field of introducing and valuing the site. It should be noted that these cases, along with other conservation principles proposed in the research, lead to the improvement of the condition of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These areas always have diverse values, which identification and understanding of these values provides the basis for recognizing their protectable aspects. Today, most of these sites in Iran are in vulnerable conditions and their values are being forgotten. The historical-archaeological site of Arjan is located in the Khuzestan plain, which existed from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. Today, this area is in unfavorable conservation conditions. Considering the values and historical importance of the old city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, it is very important to protect this area and create a suitable platform to benefit from its values. Among the questions that are answered in this research;1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values? Accordingly, the objectives of the research؛ 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of international charters, declarations, conventions and documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and value it. The general research method of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on the data collected through library resources and field observations. Then, after analyzing and reviewing international documents and recognizing the historical site of Arjan and its conservation challenges in four fields of cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site, principles such as providing information to the public, developing a comprehensive interaction plan, developing public management plans, reversibility of actions, preserving originality and respect for historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of the sites are presented.
Keywords: Arjan, Historical-Archaeological Site, Conservation, Historical Values, Introduction of Values.
Introduction
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites will answer many general and partial questions that can be varied and variable over time, so the conservation of the sites is essential for transfer to future generations. Historical archaeological sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always protected. After archaeological excavations in Iran, these sites are often in vulnerable conditions and are exposed to forgetting their values.
The archaeological site of Arjan is located in the plain of Khuzestan. Arjan is a city with various urban organs in the historical periods of Iran. This site has values, features and elements that are unique in its kind. In 1362, a tomb belonging to Kidin Hotran, one of the Elamite kings, was discovered. Afterwards, Esmaeil Yaghmaei carried out archaeological excavations and studies in the Arjan area and in the area of Maroon Dam and Arjan Grand Mosque and Dr. Abbas Moghaddam conducted archaeological excavations in the area of the oil well during two seasons. With the cessation of excavations in this site, the old city of Arjan, like most historical sites in Iran, was placed in undesirable conditions of conservation.
Research Necessity: The city of Arjan has been standing from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. (Today, this area, despite its historical and archaeological importance and values, is in unfavorable conservation conditions) Considering these values and the historical importance of the ancient city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, as well as the necessity of continuing archaeological studies and the availability of its original data among researchers and enthusiasts, it is very important to protect this site and create a suitable platform for benefiting from its values.
Research objectives: 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of charters, statements, conventions and international documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and valuation of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Research Questions: 1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values?
Research Methodology: The general research method is descriptive-analytical approach. In this research, library studies and field studies have been utilized to gather information.
Discussion
“Archaeological heritage” is a material heritage that includes all traces of human life and includes places that show human activities, abandoned structures, and remnants, along with all the movable cultural objects discovered related to it (ICOMOS, 1990). These sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always conserved. By reviewing the international documents related to the sites in Table 3, the set of conservation principles in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical, and the introduction and valuation of the site, has been displayed.
The archaeological site of Arjan with an area of 500 hectares is located on the slopes of Khoiz Mountain and in a wide plain next to the Maroon River, which includes the Mosque Jammeh, the Arjan Dam Bath and Bridge, the Qadamgah of Imam Reza (AS), the Rosh Mehr Building, the Arjan Qanats and the ancient hills. By examining the site and the buildings in it, the values are divided into two categories, cultural values and contemporary economic and social values (Diagram 5). At present, the buildings in the Arjan site are in an undesirable state of conservation and their values are in danger of being forgotten. Through field surveys, the damages and challenges of the Arjan site were identified in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical and tourism, and were divided into two groups, internal and external factors. Internal factors include cognitive domain, exhaustion (functional physical) and weakness in the infrastructure of the Arjan site, and external factors include lack of alignment of organizations and weakness in the managerial and legal structure. According to the mentioned damages and challenges, by identifying their roots and categorizing them in the form of internal and external factors, we have achieved five conservation challenges related to the historical archaeological site of Arjan (Diagram 4). By adapting the principles of conservation of historical sites to conservation challenges, the principles of conservation of the Arjan site are stated in Table 4.
Conclusion
Historical archaeological sites can be considered as the most important sources for answering the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites always have a variety of values, and identifying and understanding these values can provide the ground for recognizing their protectable aspects. In the twentieth century (in 1914 and 1916), the main law for the protection of historical sites was adopted, and at that time, terms for the protection of historical sites were created in international charters. In the first part of this research, international charters, documents and conventions were examined in terms of keywords related to historical archaeological sites and the conservation principles related to the sites were identified in 4 areas. In the second part, in relation to the study area, with the knowledge of the old city of Arjan and with an analytical view of field studies, through the analysis, investigation and categorization of the challenges of conserving the historical archaeological site of Arjan and the comparison of the challenges with the principles extracted from international charters, documents and conventions, led to the explanation of the principles of the conservation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan.
The principles of conservation of the Arjan site were presented in four areas: cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site. One of the most important principles in the field of cognition was to provide information to the people and to develop a comprehensive interaction plan. Formulation of public management programs, coordination and cooperation between institutions and people, and formulation of intervention laws are among the most important principles in the field of management and law. In the physical field, the reversibility of actions, preservation of originality, continuity of vernacular architecture and native materials, and documentation of changes were mentioned. Respecting the historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of historical buildings and sites is one of the most important principles in the field of introducing and valuing the site. It should be noted that these cases, along with other conservation principles proposed in the research, lead to the improvement of the condition of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Keywords: Arjan, Historical-Archaeological Site, Conservation, Historical Values, Introduction of Values.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Interdisciplinary
Received: 2024/06/5 | Accepted: 2024/07/20 | Published: 2026/04/26
Received: 2024/06/5 | Accepted: 2024/07/20 | Published: 2026/04/26
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