Abstract
The tomb of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, is one of the most important buildings of the early Achaemenid period in Pasargadae. The function of the tomb has changed over time, the most important of which is the transformation of it into a mosque in the Ataba-kan period and the construction of a miḥrāb inside the chamber of the tomb on the southern wall. In addition, the walls and stone surfaces of this building contain signatures of visitors, tourists, and pilgrims who have visited the building over time. Previous research has been done on the miḥrāb of Atabaki Mosque, but its inscriptions and memorabilia have received less at-tention. The purpose of the present article is to classify and identify the petroglyphs left on this tomb, which, as a result of a field study of all the motifs and lithographs, has been fully de-signed and documented. In the library study stage, all historical sources have been studied and, according to the inscriptions as well as the comparison of the signs engraved on the walls, each one has been studied separately. The following questions have been asked in this regard: What are the tomb’s oldest petroglyphs or inscriptions? Is there an inscription on the stone blocks of the tomb from the Achaemenid period? To which historical figures do the inscriptions on the tomb belong? The results of this research are the identification of more than one hundred in-scriptions and petroglyphs, the oldest of which are signs belonging to the Sasanian period. Many of the signs and inscriptions on the tomb belong to the contemporary era, which has led to the study of part of the historical course of this valuable building.
Keywords: Tomb of Cyrus the Great, Pasargadae, Memorial, Petroglyph.

Introduction
The tomb of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest throughout its life, and many people who have visited or lived around it have written inscriptions on its stone walls. From the com-mon people to European travelers and agents, Since many humans, animals, plants, and geo-metric motifs are engraved everywhere on the stones of the tomb of Cyrus the Great, a number of motifs were selected and studied from each category.
 The purpose of this article is to classify and identify the drawings, which were the result of a detailed study of all the stones in the tomb of Cyrus the Great. In the first stage, all the litho-graphs have been fully designed and documented, and in the next phase, by referring to the ex-isting books and documents, as well as comparative studies, he has analyzed and interpreted the lithographs and signs. The result of this research is the identification of more than one hundred inscriptions and engravings, the oldest of which are motifs belonging to the Sasanian period. Many of the motifs and inscriptions on the tomb belong to the contemporary era.
Azizi Kharanaghi and Ms. Salimi have studied the tombstone lithographs and one of the animal motifs of the tomb under the title “Pasargadae petroglyphs” (Azizi Khoranaghi and Salimi 2011). Also, Mirza Abolghasemi has already studied the Mihrab inside the tomb and the inscriptions on the columns and stone pieces under the title “Pasargadae inscriptions in the Islamic period” (Mirza Abolghasemi 2011). A comprehensive study of the signs on the tomb has not been done yet.

Inscriptions
On the stone blocks on each step, there are many inscriptions in Persian, Arabic, and Latin. Most of the themes are names, dates, prayers, and some poems, each written in a different size, style, and script. Many of these texts were written on top of each other; that is, at the point where the stone was flat, a text was written. After time and erosion, another person wrote the same text on the previous text.

Human Motifs
A scene of cattle grazing is carved on the stone blocks in the northwest corner of the tomb. In one part of this scene, two people are depicted standing with very light bodies. On the foot sur-face of the second platform on the south side of the building, a large number of engravings, in-cluding the face of a woman whose long hair is silver, by creating a line on the right side of her face and the left side by creating several parallel lines.

Animal Motifs
Most of the motifs are related to animals such as goats, sheep, and a number of dogs, which were probably created by cattle breeders and shepherds in later periods. The most interesting animal motifs that can be mentioned are the needle motif of five deer standing. The signs are created with shallow lines on the stone and some of the details of the animals’ bodies are finely silver-plated. These needle designs probably belong to the Sasanian period.

Plant Motifs
Five plant motifs are carved on the stone blocks of the tomb. The role of a flower with short stems and two oval leaves, which is very primitive and can be seen obliquely inside the tomb room and on the north walls, The wheat cluster on the blocks on the west side of the tomb, the role of a six-pointed flower on the platform on the north side, the role of a flower with a long stem, two leaves, and a very simple three-leafed flower, and next to it, the word Shirazi with number 39 on the third platform.

Geometric Signs 
Many different geometric signs can be seen on tombstones, including circles, squares, rhom-buses, and irregular geometric patterns that have been repeated over and over again. A marker for the qibla has been created in the southern corner of the third platform of the tomb with a diameter of 20 cm. The outer circle is about 20 cm in diameter and the inner circle is about 15 cm in diameter.
A square has been created in the western corner, the interior of which has been filled with inter-secting lines. Below this picture and attached to it, the two words “Action ------- Al-Hamdani” is written with a space between them.

Other Signs
Other motifs and works that can be mentioned are scissors, horseshoes, and instrumental mo-tifs. A grid square is one of the most notable works that has been seen several times on some of the petroglyphs.

Conclusion
In this research, the signs have been classified into six categories: more than 100 lithographs in Persian, Arabic, and Latin and 200 lithographs including human, animal, plant, geometric, and other signs have been identified. All the motifs and inscriptions identified in the tomb belong to the post-Achaemenid period. Given its style and subject matter, the needle motifs of the deer on the north wall of the tomb might belong to the Sasanian period. Some of the writings belong to famous people and officials from Iran and European tourists who have engraved their names or titles in Latin and beautiful script with history. The existence of a number of inscriptions and memorabilia of high-ranking officials and people shows the importance of this building in the Islamic periods. The present study has been written as a preliminary, and its supplementary studies will be published in the future.

Abstract
The purpose of this research is preliminary studies and speculation on a shipwrecked ship off the coast of Talesh city in Gilan province related to the Qajar period. In this regard, field studies and sampling of various parts of the hull (wood, metals, water and soil inside and outside the hull) as well as microorganisms such as fungi and moss on the hull have been done. It is noteworthy that the samples were taken from both the open parts and the buried parts of the hull and the surrounding area. After that, the necessary analyzes were performed. The purpose of collecting and interpreting the data resulting from the analysis in this study is to provide a suitable solution for the protection, restoration and maintenance of this valuable historical monument to be considered at the national level and its location as a special tourist museum site. A region should be given priority and the heritage and cultural value of this work should be heard by foreign and domestic tourists. Therefore, the first step of this research has been field studies, speculations and necessary analyzes in the field of protection and restoration, which in the next stages should be considered by considering the appropriate conditions of maintenance and application of reconstruction processes with special protection instructions. And restoration, this ship should be formed in its original form and the lost parts should be restored. In this study, water samples inside and outside the ship were measured with a pH meter. After performing relevant analyzes, including spectroscopy of samples of wood textures of the hull, the presence of hydrocarbon compounds and petroleum derivatives (bitumen) has been determined from FTIR analysis. Other essential analyzes in this study are microbial tests taken from samples. Analyzing the results obtained from the cross section of the samples, this ship was Russian, which was used to transport petroleum products with a wooden structure made of Russian pine (coniferous leaf). In terms of antiquity and time, during the Qajar period and before that, for unknown reasons, it has blossomed on the shore of Ghorogh in the Talesh section of Gilan province.
Keywords: Russian Shipwreck, Qoroq Coastal, Talesh Region of Guilan Provence, Oil Derivatives, Russian Pine, FT-IR Analysis.

Introduction
The pinnacle of underwater archaeological advances is more related to the time when the Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was invented. Figure 1 This discipline has revolutionized underwater, seas, and oceans and has yielded valuable achievements and discoveries (Dekker, David, 1889; Davis, 1955; Quick, 1970). Underwater archeology, especially the study of sunken and wrecked ships, is a field of archeology that has the most expertise in the study and exploration of sunken ships. Its techniques are a combination of archeological and diving techniques to become underwater archeology. Therefore, shipwrecks have sunk on some shores and can be discovered and studied as a valuable historical document (Mireskandari, 1379). Study and research with acquired information from historical shipwrecks with objects sunk on the shores or sunk in the seas and oceans themselves is the expressive language and image of the valuable history and civilizations of many centuries and in the processes and patterns of ancient trade, Transportation and migration bring rich information and also transfer culture, knowledge and civilization to future generations. In the past, human beings have been able to conquer the sea and oceans with the least facilities, and this has been a sign of the genius and continuous efforts of people in ancient times and times (Glisan, 1366; Mireskandari, 1379). Therefore, the study of the history of maritime trade and the structure of the historic ships of the Caspian Sea is a necessity that has not been seriously considered by researchers. In this study, the wood structure as well as the necessary analyzes for wood science and extraction materials as well as microbial tests and environmental factors on this ship were studied and with different technologies such as FT-IR and also with extraction processes with solvents. Organic on the internal samples of this shipwreck, useful results have been obtained, including the presence of petroleum derivatives in the internal parts of the hull. The processes of this research are used as basic studies in order to use the best scientific methods and principles in the next stages for its protection, restoration and implementation of technical maintenance operations.

Material and Method
For initial investigations, ambient humidity and ambient temperature were measured at several points with a data logger to analyze the effect of ambient humidity on damage to the ship’s structure and hull for additional studies. At first, with the necessary inspection and visit to the site, the damages that were visible in the structure and appearance of the work were identified, which include the following: 1- Change in the appearance and texture of the wood used; 2- Corrosion of the surface of the metal (mainly nails) iron ones) used for connections and fastenings; 3- Change in color, shape and texture of the covering and strengthening material of the used wood; 4- Burning of wooden surfaces on the southwest side due to lighting a fire on the side of the ship; 5- Fracture and the lack of parts of the ship’s skeleton in some parts of it; 6- Growth of microorganisms and moss cover on a part of the wooden surfaces that were exposed to stagnant moisture; 7- Accumulation of cement tissue around metal joints and fasteners and its homogenization with joints; 8- The inadequacy of the environmental conditions of the ship’s structure, including humidity and temperature in the parts buried in the sand and the outer parts of the ship; 9- The wear of the wooden surfaces of the outer body of the ship due to the movement of sand particles through the wind can be mentioned. For preliminary investigations, ambient humidity and ambient temperature were measured at several points with a data logger device in order to analyze the impact of ambient humidity on the damage caused to the structure and hull of the ship for further studies. By drying the wood specimen of the ship’s hull to prepare the microtome, the work steps were performed according to the working method and cross sections were prepared from the samples. Russia. Also, Microbial tests with moss and mold on wood and microorganisms have been performed in the microbial environment. The results obtained from the microbial tests of the Bio-microbiology Laboratory are as follows. Necessary analyzes have been performed on wooden samples of ship hull with FTIR to check the structure of wooden structures and effective materials.

Results and Discussion
The identified fungi are Aspergillus niger (Aspergillus niger), Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus (Aspergillus fumigatus) that is worth mentioning that due to the coverage of the entire surface of the plate by Aspergillus fungus, it is possible that some fungi in the environment that have a lower growth rate were not grown and isolated on the subrodextrose agar culture medium. The results of the identification of bacteria grown on nutrient agar medium are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Staphylococcus and Arthrobacter.
Bacteria and fungi lead to the deterioration of wooden works through the production of cellulose and lignin decomposing enzymes in the structure of wood. In this study, all the fungal species identified belonged to the genus Aspergillus. This genus of fungi, which includes more than 300 different species, can be found on a large scale all over the world in different environments, including soil, and they multiply quickly in the right conditions, including access to humidity and the right temperature. The production of different enzymes, including cellulase, by different types of Aspergillus species has been proven, hence the isolation of this group of fungi on wooden works indicates their high potential in destroying organic compounds in wood. On the other hand, it should be noted that due to the high growth power of Aspergillus fungus that quickly covers the entire surface of the culture medium, it was not possible to identify and isolate other possible fungi in the environment.
All the bacterial genera isolated in this study are among the bacteria that are abundantly found in various surveys of environmental samples, including soil, therefore, the isolation of these bacterial genera in this study is not far from the mind. The production of extracellular cellulase enzyme has been proven by some of this group of bacteria, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. It is worth mentioning that the isolation of the relevant bacteria from wood is the reason for the production of 100% cellulose or lignin decomposing enzymes by them, but in an environment with a high microbial population, microbes can use the organic substances released in the environment by the enzymes extracellular produced by other microorganisms to use for growth and reproduction. In total, the culture results of the relevant samples indicate high bacterial and fungal contamination, which often have a high potential to produce enzymes and substances that damage the structure of wood. 

Conclusion
According to the results obtained from various analyzes, including FT-IR results from samples extracted from the hull of a historic ship in the Ghoroq area of Talesh city in Guilan province, due to its high antiquity and its historical and cultural value in the region in different dimensions Including tourism can be very important, so scientific studies for its protection and reconstruction are among the topics that are currently left on the beach without any protection operations and have been exposed to a variety of natural and unnatural damage. These studies are the source of a suitable solution for following the necessary protection and repair instructions. Therefore, in the beginning of these activities, recognizing the injuries and providing a solution is essential. Through field research and analysis of samples, the wooden structure of the hull was made of coniferous wood from Russia and its use has been active in the transportation of goods, including petroleum derivatives. With the analyzed samples of the in-ship jute texture in FT-IR spectroscopy, most of the parts show the wood texture, but some samples show the presence of hydrocarbon compounds that mainly constitute the structure of kerosene. Therefore, considering that the structure of the main timber of the ship’s hull, in addition to being saturated with water, is full of oil compounds, so it needs special protection and restoration operations to perform the best reconstruction and restoration on these valuable historical monuments. The commercial, economic and cultural history will chart a new path for future economic activities and also serve as a professional tourism center for domestic visitors and foreign tourists.

Acknowledgments 
The cooperation of Mr. Abdulmajid Naderi from the oceanographic research institute in the area of the Qoruq ship in Talash city of Gilan province in field studies and sampling is greatly appreciated. Appreciation is given to the respected Research Assistant of the Cultural Heritage Research Institute who always provide the necessary assistance in the direction of research. We would like to thank the dear experts of the Cultural Heritage Research Institute for the necessary assistance for the analyses. We sincerely thank Mrs. Sahar Nouhi for her help in FT-IR spectroscopy, Dr. Nasreen Nouhi Babajan for the microbial analysis of the samples, and Mrs. Irfan Menesh for her cooperation in the extraction process.
The Authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Tehran, Iran. It should also be noted that this program is with license 98102964 on 9/24/2018 with the financial support of the Ports and Maritime Organization and with the participation of the Research Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, by the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism of the country
 

This paper utilizes an approach that combines studies of Samanid period artifacts and textual accounts with modern genetic studies to explore the identity of the people who were involved in long distance trade from the far eastern regions of the Central Asia into Northern Europe. Although this study does not analyze the Samanid works, it reiterates and illustrates how important Iran/Persia was in the history of Europe as well as Central Asia. The information contained in the artifacts and texts gives us the evidence needed to understand the vast trade network and the people who were responsible for the movement of these goods, people and ideas.  This study reconfirmed recent genetic studies that the people, collectively termed Rus or Vikings, were a mixture primarily of Scandinavians, Slavs, and Turks, with additional admixing with local populations. The importance of the Persian and Arabic sources addressing contact between the Rus and Eastern people has been thoroughly discussed by Thorir Jonsson Hraundal. In these texts, the Rus were referred to by different names including Majus, Northmanni, Urduman, Warank as well as by other names. One of his many observations is the unmistakable influence of Turkic culture on that of the Rus. This complex ancestry is supported by recent genetic studies and will be discussed in more detail below in light of archaeological evidence. Thus, the term Rus refers to a way of life rather than a homogenous ethnic or cultural group. However, this study refined the identity of the people responsible by observing a correlation between the distribution of the genetic haplogroup R1a sub-clade and the long-distance trade routes across Central Asia to Northern Europe, with the central focus in Eastern Europe.  Despite the vast distance, the evidence indicates that there were cultural contacts between people with linked ancestry. The study is important because it begins to reveal the unexpected influence of Eastern cultures on those of Northern Europe. 

Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Manṣūr Mubarākshāh al-Qurashī was born around 1150 CE, probably in Ghazna, and eventually joined the court of Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak, the first Turkish Mamlūk or “Slave King” of northern India. He died around 1224 CE. His Ādāb al Ḥarb wa’l Shujācah (“Rules of War and Bravery”) was a treatise on statecraft in the Persian tradition of “Mirrors for Princes”. A substantial, if idealised discussion of warfare, it includes sections on tactics, troop organisation, various weapons, sieges and many military-historical anecdotes. Nevertheless, these chapters also include more recent, more localised Indian and Turkish elements, plus otherwise lost aspects of military practice or theory. For example, the essentially traditional Islamic or ʿAbbāsid sections include Chapter 12 which describes “How to arrange an army firmly and to maintain that (arrangement)”. The first part of Chapter 13 describes “How to bring the army to a halt and the (best) place to do this”. Some specifically military chapters of theĀdāb al Ḥarb wa’l Shujācah are clearly based upon ʿAbbāsid military theory as developed during the 8th to 10th centuries CE; notably sections such as “How to arrange an army firmly and to maintain that (arrangement)”, and “How to bring the army to a halt and the place to do this”. Other sections reflect more recent Indo-Islamic, Indian and Turkish military ideas, as well as otherwise lost aspects of earlier military practice, plus plans of military arrays, idealised encampments and exercises in the tradition of Islamic furusīyah military training manuals. Chapter 11, which is interpreted here, concerned the characteristic features, advantage and usage of a wide array of weapons. Chapter 19, which is also interpreted here, focussed on various aspects and variations in the array and deployment of an army for battle.