Abstract
Today, religious-educational buildings in the city of Tehran, which were built during the Qajar period, have undergone adverse physical changes due to natural erosion and urban expansion. Also, these semantic and intangible values of these buildings have faded over time, so that the position of these schools in society has declined. In order to rehabilitate these buildings, it is necessary to identify and pay attention to all the effective values in the conservation process. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to study the architectural phenomena in the value protection of religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. To achieve this goal, the combined research method (qualitative-quantitative) has been used. The method of data collection is in the form of documentary-library studies, field visits and interviews with experts. Also, the method of data analysis is information using open coding, Chi-square test and Pearson correlation. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by consultation with experts. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between architectural phenomena and the protection of physical, behavioral and semantic values in religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. Also, the most important value in religious-educational buildings is related to the non-physical dimensions of the building, ie behavioral values with a correlation coefficient of 0.91, then semantic values with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. Therefore, in order to rehabilitate and revive the worthy values of this building, only paying attention to physical protection (tangible aspects of the building) with a correlation coefficient of 0.70 is not enough and intangible aspects of the building should be given serious attention. It was finally determined; The most important micro-variables affecting the phenomena of Qajar architecture in Tehran: design view in terms of form, use of the building in terms of performance, moral value in terms of idea, type of arch and roof in terms of technology and social value in terms of integrity have been identified.
Keywords: Mosque-School, Value Conservation, Architectural Phenomena, Qajar, Tehran.

Introduction
Schools are the most well-known educational spaces that have undergone fundamental changes over time in various fields, including architecture (Alaqmand et al. 2018: 5). The educational environment in Iran during the Islamic period was school. In line with the importance of learning science, the Prophet of Islam says: “Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon all Muslims”; Learning science is obligatory on every Muslim. The school can be briefly defined as an institution for higher education in which traditional Islamic sciences such as hadith, commentary, jurisprudence, etc. were taught (Brand 2012: 173). Religious sciences were taught in mosques and ulema houses in the early centuries. Gradually, with the expansion and advancement of the religious sciences, the prolongation of the period of education and the necessity of housing the students, the grounds for the emergence of schools were provided, most of which were located around mosques, markets, residential neighborhoods, squares and main passages or It has been the streets (Soltanzadeh et al. 2019: 450). The emphasis on teaching religious sciences had increased significantly during the Qajar period (Akbari 2012), so schools of religious sciences also became very important. Meanwhile, the city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran in the Qajar period, is the place of greatest concentration of religious schools. With the arrival of the Qajar period in Tehran and during the 130 years of rule, 38 schools of religious sciences have been built, of which 19 schools are still under the titles; Sadr School, Khan Marvi, Hakim Bashi (Agha Mahmoud), Haj Rajabali, Abdullah Khan, Sheikh Abdul Hussein, Old Sepahsalar (Shahid Beheshti), Haj Ghanbar Ali Khan, Moayer Al-Malak, Khazen Al-Molk, New Sepahsalar (Shahid Motahari), Kazemieh, Memarbashi , Majdal Doleh, Aqsa (Mushir Al-Saltanah), Philosopher Al-Dawlah, Mahmoudieh, Nizam Al-Dawlah and Mu’izz Al-Dawlah have remained (Neyestani et al. 2016: 146). All these schools in the old part of Tehran and in its six neighborhoods are called; Arg, Odlajan, Sangalaj, Bazaar, Chal Maidan and the government are located. Unfortunately, many of these schools have been destroyed and many others have undergone inappropriate physical and semantic changes that have caused irreparable damage to the values underlying this practice. The schools surveyed in this study are the same 19 schools that remain and are introduced. The reason for examining these schools is to identify the values that have led to the survival and stability of these schools to this day.

Statement of the Problem
The expression of the problem and the research concern can be examined in two parts. A) The known aspect of the issue, which indicates the position, importance and necessity of value-based protection in architectural heritage based on world literature. B) The unknown aspect of the issue, which expresses the lack and necessity of value-based protection in the use of Qajar religious-educational buildings in Tehran.
A. The obvious aspect of the problem: The Appleton Charter states that the better the values of an architectural heritage are known and interpreted, the better its protection and preservation (ICOMOS 1983). Architectural protection means the protection of valuable architectures or architectural values (Falahat et al. 2018). In the meantime, the way of recognizing and expressing the values hidden in the work has become of special importance (Ebrahimi Nejad and others 2014, 92) and value is one of the determining factors of validity and importance in special issues related to conservation science. It plays a very important role in the development of protection policies (De la Torre 2013; De la Torre et al: 2005). This type of protection is called value-based protection (Fredheim & Khalaf 2016). Values related to architectural heritage can be observed in three main aspects, tangible values (physical elements), intangible values (semantic values) and semi-tangible values (combination), which are appropriate in different societies according to the cultural context. And their environment includes a variety of priorities (Del et al. 2020; Del & Tabrizi 2020).
B) Unknown aspect of the problem: In the value-based protection process, considering the performance and use of the building, effective values in regeneration should be identified and the necessary protection measures should be taken based on it. In other words, effective values in the conservation process depend on the performance and use of the building (Fredheim & Khalaf 2016). For example, in the process of value-based conservation, the physical and semantic values of a historic cathedral will not be the same as the physical and semantic values of a historic castle (Del & et al. 2020). Therefore, due to the lack of knowledge of the latent and worthy values of protection in the religious-educational practice of Qajar Tehran, recognizing these values with regard to architectural phenomena is necessary and addressing it has priority.

Conclusion
Based on the results and data obtained, it can be stated that there is a significant relationship between architectural phenomena and the protection of physical, behavioral and semantic values in religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. Also, the most important value in religious-educational buildings is related to non-physical dimensions. Therefore, in order to revitalize and revive the worthy values of this performance, it is not enough to pay attention only to physical repair and management (tangible aspects) and the intangible aspects of the building should also be considered.
The results show that in physical values, it is the only construction technology that significantly affects the stability of the building. Also, in the behavioral values of all five levels of form, performance, idea, technology and integration affect the behavior of individuals to show the impact of the building and the built environment on the occurrence of value-based behaviors in the individual. In semantic values, the three levels of performance, idea and integration lead to the creation of semantic, mental and intangible concepts and themes.
In the study of the independent variable of the form related to religious-educational buildings of Qajar period of Tehran, it was observed that the most important subject is the designed facades which include courtyard facades, clock towers, porch and cell facades, exterior dome facades, minarets facades and entrances Is set. In the facades, attention is paid to fixed design principles such as symmetry and balance, optimal decorations and vertical orientation. The same principles in the design of the facade have caused these buildings to become an urban landmark in their time in terms of volume and form on the scale of the local texture and like the Sepah Salar Mosque-School. An examination of the performance-independent variable shows that the most important issue is user value. Tehran religious-educational buildings in order to realize three main uses; A) Residential use, b) Educational use and c) Prayer use have been designed and built that the combination of these three uses in a single building, shows the attention to the educational structure of students in the long run. In the study of the independent variable of the idea, the most important issue is moral value, so all the architect’s attention has been on the promotion of moral values through architecture and spatial examples. These ideas can be explored in the discussion of creating sociable spaces to enhance group interactions or the use of symbolic embellishments based on spiritual and moral themes. In examining the independent variable of technology, paying attention to choosing the type of arch and roof considering the use of space has been the most important issue; So that in these spaces, each arch has its own structural and geometric identity. In examining the independent variable of integration, attention to social value has been the most important issue. It is important to pay attention to social value at both levels of public presence and social interactions between students.

Abstract
Lorestan bridges have been of particular importance in different eras due to being located on ancient roads. Bridges built for various purposes, including political, religious and economic, have acted as valley bridges in addition to linking different areas through crossing ravaged rivers of Lorestan at the time such as Kashkan and establishing road safety. Lack of awareness by the local people, the country and the international community of the value of these properties, the destruction of their properties and their associated environments by indigenous peoples and domestic tourists, the lack of a comprehensive and integrated conservation program and the lack of proper budget allocation for their restoration, Their natural context for conservation and restoration has all made these valuable and indigenous properties in the process of destruction. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to identify the cultural landscape of historical bridges attributed to the Sassanid period of the Kashkan River and to establish a structuralist framework through the analysis of national and international laws, charters, conventions, and treaties to conserve their cultural landscape. In this research, library and field data were collected and four bridges: Kashan, Kelahor-e-Mamulan, pol-e-dokhtar, and Gavmishan were selected as study samples due to historical and architectural values. In the following, recommendations for the conservation of selected bridges’ cultural landscapes were categorized into two categories, generic and specific to the selected bridges themselves using qualitative research method, data analysis, and coding operations at three levels to reach the final results of the research. 
Keywords: Conservation of Cultural Landscape, Historic Bridges, Sassanid Period, Lorestan, Kashkan River.

Introduction
Lorestan province, with its rich and important rivers such as Seymareh, Kashkan and Cesar, has one of the richest flowing water networks. In addition to communicating with the two capitals (Susa-Ekbatan), this province has always established the connection between the old Babylon, then Ctesiphon, and then Baghdad, to Isfahan, through Khorramabad. (Siroux, 1978: 32-33). From other roads, separated from Lorestan, we can refer to Susa to Bisotun and Susa to Masbazan road (Minorsky, 1937). The need for quick and easy access and constant communication between these areas, despite the rich rivers and deep valleys, has led to the construction of huge bridges that makes a man wonder7 (UNESCO, 2016). These bridges have been built to connect large civilizations and some extent of the realization of human rights, religious, ethnic, economic and cultural ties, as well as development, prosperity, security and comfort in difficult mountainous regions (UNESCO, 2016). The undiscovered identity and value of these works for the indigenous people of Lorestan and at higher levels, the country and the international community, the destruction of the works themselves and the natural environment, associated with, by indigenous people (intentionally interfering with the cultural landscape of the bridges), lack of comprehensive conservation and restoration plans and lack of necessary credit allocations from organizations, entrusted with these works, the non-formal and mere physical restoration of some properties, regardless of the context in which, they are formed, have all made these valuable properties of art and cultural landscape associated with, to increasing degradation. In Lorestan cultural domain, these properties have been constructed with the highest quality of locating and building, and study of these works and conservation challenges of their cultural landscapes, can certainly Conserve bridges, with addition follows:
• To illuminate and conserve various historical layers of the region;
• To preserve the natural environment (including river, valley, etc.) where the bridges are located;
• For legibility and conservation of the region’s indigenous culture and
• To achieve construction technologies of bridges, for future conservation and restoration of these properties.
This research seeks to identify the Cultural landscape of Historic Bridges on the River Kashkan and its conservation challenges, in order to provide a basis for helping, define a systematic model to conserve its cultural landscape. In this regard, the following question is defined as:
• What is the definition of the cultural landscape of historic Bridges on the River Kashkan?
• How can a systematic, structuralist model be achieved to conserve the cultural landscape of historic bridges over the Kashkan River?

Discussion
According to the epigraph left by the bridge, Badr-ibn-Hasanwayeh has introduced himself as a constructor to this bridges. The cultural landscape of these Bridges is an integrated collection, interacting with humans over time in the geographical domain of middle Zagros. Despite the vagueness of the “cultural landscape” meanings, today this word has become one of the most controversial words in the World Heritage Convention. Challenges are coming into place when modern science cannot face the challenges of different levels and disciplines (Zibalkalam, 2018). Conservation is also no exception to this and has undergone various changes over time to respond to problems, encountered in conservation. The analysis of this research is carried out through “codifying” at three levels: first cycle codifying, second cycle (middle) codifying, and third or final cycle codifying (post-coding). The codes were reviewed and stored to verify the qualitative data, in order to identify conservation principles of the cultural landscape of these Bridge (the core of the research), at the final stage (Afshar, 2014). In the following, by integrating, the results of code analysis are compatible with the dispersive components of the image (Giviyan, 2016). In the following, recommendations for the conservation of selected bridges’ cultural landscapes were categorized into two categories, generic and specific to the selected bridges themselves using qualitative research method, data analysis, and coding operations at three levels to reach the final results of the research.

Conclusion
This research, in the form of fundamental-applied research, was able to identify the conservation of the cultural landscapes of the studied historical bridges and make them applicable to other similar historical bridges in Lorestan. This study was able to introduce recommendations in two general categories Generic and specific to the bridges themselves. In response to the first part of the research question, the concepts and constituent elements of the cultural landscape of historical bridges were identified through the library, field studies, and analysis of various concepts in the subject literature and in accordance with the native conditions of the cultural landscape under study. In answer to the second part of the research question, it can be said that by analyzing the collected literature and taking a look at field studies, by examining and analyzing the challenges of conserving cultural landscapes and the meanings and concepts of conservation in national charters, conventions and treaties, and International; Investigating and analyzing the meanings and concepts of cultural landscapes in national and international charters, conventions and treaties. These recommendations, since taken from the very context of the aforementioned research and context, have been categorized into a specific framework and have created a systematic model for the conservation of the cultural landscapes of the historical bridges studied. 

Abstract
Chehelsotoun Palace has always been a source of traditional and new interventions in the restoration of murals, which indicates the evolution of views on this issue in Iran. This study aims to understand the evolution of conservation and restoration approaches to murals by referring to the tradition of previous repairs and new approaches to conservation and restoration has studied murals in Chehelsotoun Palace and has sought to answer these questions: What were the procedures of the previous repair tradition? What were the new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals and their fundamentals? What were the differences between the two? Data collection was done by documentary method. First, by adopting a comparative and descriptive method, the previous repairs will be examined. Then, the research, which has a qualitative and interpretive approach, uses an analytical method to explain the issues about the tradition of previous repairs and the fundamentals of new approaches. In the end, the results will be explained with logical reasoning. The research findings indicate that the previous repairs were performed in the form of repainting on the original murals, in the continuation of the life of Iranian Traditional Paintings. Such repainting, while following the visual elements of the original murals, also has different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair, which was rooted in the tradition of previous mural repairs and their contexts. New approaches were based on historical authenticity and aesthetic integrity, and led to the removal of some of the stages of mural development and reintegrated of the lacunas with a distinction from the original murals. The aesthetic and historiographical approaches of the West were the source of the differences between the new interventions and the semantic procedures of traditional repair which always focused on the nature of things. 
Keywords: Repair Tradition, Conservation and Restoration Approaches, Mural, Chehelsotoun, IsMEO Group.

Introduction
In recent years, the need to pay attention to the tradition of indigenous conservation in accordance with the specific cultural, intellectual, religious, historical and social contexts of each land; has been considered by international forums. In Iran, there are still many points about the tradition of heritage protection and repair that need researched and will cause to be known, like Western societies, the origins and evolution of views, procedures and approaches in the field of conservation and restoration in Iran. Chehelsotoun Palace murals have always been the subject of a variety of interventions, from previous repairs to new conservation and restoration approaches that became common in the mid-1940s. Today, only a few traces of the previous procedures of repairing murals in Iran have been left. In particular, the undesirable evaluation of traditional repair procedures has left no opportunity for their recognition. While in international treaties and documents have always been emphasized the importance of indigenous conservation traditions in each region and the role of recognizing these traditions as an intangible aspect of heritage in its preservation has been considered important. On the other hand, despite the continuation of many new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals those took place in the mid-1940s; their constructive principles and criteria, and how they deal with previous procedures, have not been studied. This study will also explore the tradition of previous repairs to some of Chehelsotoun murals and how they were transformed into new conservation principles.
The aim of the present study is to gain an understanding of the tradition of previous repairs and the foundations of new approaches to conservation and restoration in Chehelsotoun murals, and finally an analytical cognition of how they differ from each other.
In conducting the research, the following questions were considered: What were the procedures of the previous repair tradition? What were the new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals and their fundamentals? What were the differences between the two? Data collection was done by documentary method. First, by adopting a comparative and descriptive method, the previous repairs will be examined. Then, the research, which has a qualitative and interpretive approach, uses an analytical method to explain the issues about the tradition of previous repairs and the fundamentals of new approaches. In the end, the results will be explained with logical reasoning.

Discussion
In previous procedures, the purpose of the artist in charge of repair was to Continuing the spiritual dimension of the heritage. The artist performed traditional repairs according to the moral, intellectual and spiritual functions that traditional art had given him. Such repairs to the murals in question took the form of repainting performed by the artist directly on the original mural. These repainting, while having visual elements and general similarities with the original murals, also displayed different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair. The traditional repairs in imitation of the original murals, along with different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair, were a kind of mimesis of the original murals, as a representation of the original mural through the wishes, thoughts and ideology of the artist in charge of the repair. Also, the process of traditional repairs of murals had a hierarchy in the tradition of teaching art techniques. Such repairs, in the midst of the prevalence of the eclectic style of Qajar painting and then the abandonment of past traditions and covenants, were a kind of revival of the themes and features of traditional painting in the form of murals.
Restoring the Safavid identity and recovering the older layers of the murals was one of the main approaches of the new currents of conservation and restoration in Chehelsotoun Palace, As the IsMEO group seldom left evidence of traditional repairs on murals. IsMEO also used a system recognizable of distinct restorative additions to older sections in order to avoid misleading restoration operations in addition to establishing aesthetic integrity. Following the emphasis on preserving all the remains of the surviving murals from the Safavid period, the treatment of the murals with strategies resulting from the application of science gained a lot of importance. Thus, the use of new materials to help materials that no longer had the desired function, found a new place in the conservation and restoration of murals in Iran. It should be noted, however, that with the exception of a few experiments, the results of an accurate assessment of the compatibility between such solutions and the main materials of the murals and the traditional methods of their construction have not been published by IsMEO.

Conclusion
The new approaches to the preservation and restoration of the murals discussed at Chehelsotoun were based on an assessment of the aesthetic and historical aspects of the murals. IsMEO’s methods for reintegrating the lacunas of murals were also linked to the two fundamental categories of the historical authenticity and artistic integrity of murals. Aesthetic approaches in the new currents of conservation and restoration, derived from the perspective of art for art and beauty in a pleasant and enjoyable sense. Following this view; Attention to the main intention of the artist, and subjectivity, found a special place in many approaches to conservation and restoration. In contrast, traditional repairs were semantic in nature rather than aesthetic in appearance. Previous procedures were subject to spiritual concepts and also used visual values to express spiritual and epistemological expressions.
Emphasis on the historical authenticity in new currents was another way of distinguishing it from previous procedures. This view arose following the disintegration of Western societies from the past and the formation of historical consciousness, and forbade the process of re-creation and competition with the original artist in restoration. But in contrast to the new approaches focused on the nature of things and their semantic and epistemological aspects, they were independent of the time and place of the phenomena.

The artifact studied in this paper is a bimetallic sword made of bronze handle and an iron blade, which was excavated from the Tol ancient cemetery, located in Talash city, Gilan province, in 2001 by Mohammad Reza Khaltabari. This research aims to study the technology and pathology of the mentioned object by conducting comparative and archeological studies using the library method, conducting technological studies using the laboratory methods of radiography, metallography, and microstructural observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). The phase analysis of corrosion products was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as knowing the manufacturing method and identifying the types of damage and corrosion. The result shows that this work belongs to the Iron Age. Also, the tests performed on the two parts of the handle and the blade showed that the material of the iron blade is iron-carbon alloy. The amount of carbon in different parts of the body of blade is not the same and the handle is made of bronze alloy with casting and hammering techniques. It also has a galvanic corrosion effect.

Abstract
Today, architectural heritage management faces many challenges due to the extent of assets, limited financial resources, development threats and change in concepts and social values. Accordingly, comprehensive principles are essential for integrated management and conservation prioritization. Most developed or developing countries in the region have reached a logical framework for the classification of immovable cultural heritage as an instrument for management and conservation, But in Iran, an independent policy and approach in this field has not been presented yet. This study tries to develop theoretical concepts in the field of classification system by reviewing the constitutions, national guidelines and experiences of countries of the common cultural field of Iran in East and Central Asia. The main question is the types of approaches, Classification levels and how to evaluate the assets in the decision-making process in the countries of the region. Due to the subject, the research approach is qualitative and with the method of documentary study, first, policies and actions are reviewed and regulated and then the content analysis done by descriptive-interpretive and comparative. According to the research findings, achieve an appropriate mechanism to prioritize the level of conservation for the implementation of integrated policies in order to raise awareness of local communities and economic participation, respect the rights of private owners and facilitate future decisions, has been the main aims of classification. Architectural heritage classification in case countries is done with a Managerial- Conservative approach in a specific system. In this process, after comprehensive identification and listing, based on criteria of Cultural Significance, Historical and Architecture importance, Outstanding Values, Uniqueness, Authenticity and Integrity, Aesthetic features and at risk, by the advisory committee in the presence of government officials, experts and stakeholders, level of assets is evaluated and determined. Finally, classification is considered as a tools to explain the management approach and level of conservation.
Keywords: Architectural Heritage, Classification, Heritage Management, Conservation, Asia.

Introduction
Architectural heritage, like biology, requires an integrated and centralized organization system and pattern for classification, given the wide and diverse range of assets. Iran has many cultural properties from prehistoric period to modern times that are difficult and intricate to manage and protect based on the current situation. Despite the passage of more than one hundred years of modern cultural thought in Iran, to date, no independent policy and approach for classification of immovable cultural heritage has been presented; while most developed or developing countries in the region have reached a logical framework in this regard.
One of the main challenges that led to the formation of this research is the lack of appropriate tools to create a unified procedure in decisions and conservative measures. This study tries to help develop knowledge in the field of management and conservation by review, survey and analyzing constitutions, guidelines, policies and experiences of countries with a common cultural sphere with Iran in East and Central Asia. Achieving the aims, approaches, evaluation process and criteria for classification of architectural heritage in other countries in the region is the main purpose of this study. The two main questions of this research are: 1-What policies and approaches have the countries of East and Central Asia used in the system of management of assets and classification of architectural heritage? 2-What is the level and process of decision-making in evaluating the classification of the architectural heritage of these countries? This research has a qualitative approach and the method used is descriptive-interpretive. Research data have been collected and organized through documentary studies and have been evaluated by interpreting and analyzing the content.

Identified Traces
Japan is a leader in the classification of heritage among the countries of the East Asian region, and the Republic of Korea has largely followed its policy. Tangible cultural in Japan are first divided into two categories, “national treasures” and “important cultural”, and then national treasures are divided into two groups: “architectural heritage” and “fine arts and crafts”; finally, architectural heritage is classified according to a “Designation System” at three levels: national, regional and local. South Korea first classifies its heritage into three levels: national, provincial, and local, and then categorizes each into different groups. Thus, South Korea’s cultural heritage is classified into five levels based on national, provincial, or local significance, period of construction, and location, with intangible, tangible, movable, and immovable heritage.
China lags behind other countries in the region in terms of classification due to many challenges such as the large number of assets, political conflicts, as well as rapid development. China’s architectural heritage is classified into three levels of protection, including national, provincial and local, and unclassified assets are listed and registered only to inform the Authorities of the location and type of the assets. Hong Kong, in a specific process and according to an administrative system, classifies architectural heritage into three levels, including: Grade 1: Buildings with outstanding features and competencies that must be maintained; Grade 2: Buildings with special qualifications that are protected selectively and on a priority basis; Grade 3: Buildings with relative competencies that will be desirable to protect and if conservation is not possible, other methods and tools can be substituted.
The policy of management and protection of architectural heritage in Turkey and Egypt emphasizes the implementation of laws with international standards and the promotion of world heritage sites as tourist destinations and the use of existing capacities such as local councils, endowments, municipalities and the private sector. In these countries, decisions on classification are made by interdisciplinary advisory committees at the regional and national levels. The Government of India considers classification to be a subset of the categories “economic”, “cultural” and “environmental” and considers this policy to be in the interest of society and the people. Indian architectural heritage is classified into three levels: One: Buildings of national or historical significance. Two: buildings of regional or local importance and Three: Important buildings for the urban landscape that evoke architectural, aesthetic or sociological features.

Conclusion 
The process of architectural heritage conservation includes inclusive activities that the provision of management tools can greatly help to prioritize and facilitate actions by responsible Authorities and the community. Therefore, it would be useful to develop logical principles for classification of architectural heritage by reviewing the experiences of other countries. According to the research findings, achieve an appropriate mechanism to prioritize the level of conservation for the implementation of integrated policies in order to raise awareness of local communities and economic participation, respect the rights of private owners and facilitate future decisions, has been the main aims of classification. Architectural heritage classification in case countries is done with a Managerial- Conservative approach in a specific system. In this process, after comprehensive identification and listing, based on criteria of Cultural Significance, Historical and Architecture importance, Outstanding Values, Uniqueness, Authenticity and Integrity, Aesthetic features and at risk, by the advisory committee in the presence of government officials, experts and stakeholders, level of assets is evaluated and determined. According to the structure of laws and policies in East and Central Asia, architectural heritage works are classified into three levels: National, Provincial (state, city, and region) and Local (municipalities and councils).

Acknowledgment
The authors feel obliged to express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers of the journal who graciously accepted the task and enriched the content of the article with their constructive suggestions.

Observation Contribution
Equally between authors.

Conflict of Interest
The authors, while adhering to publication ethics, explicitly declare the absence of any conflict of interest in this research.

Abstract
Lorestan province has established the connection between the capitals and important cities of Iran during different eras. The need for quick and easy access and permanent communication between these areas has led to the construction of huge bridges despite the rivers full of water and deep valleys. Because these bridges are a natural interwoven complex and have interactions with humans, bridges over time in the geographical area of Middle Zagros of Lorestan connect with great civilizations and in a way realize human rights and religious, ethnic, and economic relations. and cultural as well as the development of welfare, security and comfort are used in difficult mountainous areas, they can well represent the concepts of the cultural landscape. Studying these properties and their cultural landscape can help to identify the components of cultural landscapes and their conservation in addition to conserving the bridges themselves. On the other hand, the first and most important step is to identify the challenges that have not been identified and classified so far. Based on this, the research aims to identify the challenges of conserving the cultural landscapes of Lorestan’s historical bridges through the review and analysis of documents related to this issue. In this research, library and field information was collected on the valuable historical bridges of the Kashkan River, and then the concepts of challenges and their subsets through analysis using the qualitative research method. Data analysis was done through coding operations at 3 levels and finally, the challenges and sub-challenges related to it were categorized into 6 general categories according to the characteristics and indicators of the study samples.
Keywords: Conservation Challenges, Historical Bridges of Lorestan, Cultural landscape, Kashkan River, Coding.

Introduction
Bridges have existed in the mountainous land of Iran as buildings with Iranian architecture since prehistoric times. These properties made the distances shorter and faster because they made it possible to pass easily and safely through the natural complications of rivers and valleys. The need for quick and easy access and permanent communication between these areas has led to the construction of huge bridges (Minorsky, 1937). So far, a significant number of bridges have been reported in the mountainous land of Zagros, which surrounds Khuzestan (Siroux, 1949). Most of these bridges are located in Lorestan. Lorestan is located between the two ancient capitals of Susa and Hamedan. Therefore, the existence of roads, highways and bridges has been necessary as a means of communication. The traces of 100 historical bridges have been observed in more than 25 ancient sites on the map of Lorestan, some of which were built in the Sassanid period in parallel with the expansion of cities and have made great progress in terms of engineering methods and understanding of hydrodynamics it has been observed. Lack of awareness and knowledge of the high value of these properties and related elements (cultural landscape) have caused them to be exposed to much damage. On the other hand, the custodians of conservation have never been able to achieve the necessary successes in the field of conservation of Lorestan historical bridges due to a lack of knowledge of the challenges of conserving these properties and the context in which they are located and the one-dimensional view of conservation on this issue.
The challenges faced in conserving cultural landscapes show the inefficiency of the current system of conserving cultural landscapes, which, if not identified and categorized and solutions are not considered, can lead to the following crises at different times:
• The emergence of a one-dimensional perspective (mere physical protection) and one-dimensional approaches such as a product-oriented approach to the issue of cultural conservation of historical bridges of Lorestan;
• Ignoring the important and key issues in planning the cultural landscape of Lorestan historical bridges;
• Inability to educate and attract the participation of the public to preserve these valuable properties;
• Failure to provide appropriate solutions and not identify internal and external threats in the field of policy and legislation to conserve the aforementioned properties;
• Making the problem of increasing the level of expertise of experts concerning the mentioned cultural landscapes.
Therefore, this research has tried to introduce and categorize the challenges as far as possible to understand. Considering the qualitative and objective of the research, to achieve the research objectives, the following questions are raised:
• What are the challenges of cultural conservation of Lorestan historical bridges? 
• How can we achieve a classified, classified structure of the challenges of conserving cultural landscapes of Lorestan historical bridges?

Identified Traces 
Since each qualitative research is unique and inimitable, the analytical approach used in this research is also unique, but as mentioned, coding was done in 3 Stages through searching in documents, and related charters and used in the form of first-round, second-round (middle) and third round (post-coding). The term “cultural landscape” itself has been a double essence in its nature since the early years of its creation in the field of scientific societies. The challenges posed in conserving cultural landscapes themselves demonstrate the inefficiency of the current system of cultural landscape conservation. Eventually, 137 codes to 68 codes and finally 18 common codes in the field of cultural landscape conservation challenges were achieved. This research has been conducted by continuing to analyze and adapt the common outcomes with the study samples, reaching 10 common categories and 6 main concepts that form the main framework and conclusion framework of the research.
“These concepts are the beginning of writing theories, reading the challenges of conserving the cultural landscape of Lorestan historical bridges, and the last stage of the journey from reality to abstraction.”
Therefore, as mentioned, the challenges that have been achieved from the researcher’s study in the literature of the research subject to conserve cultural landscapes have been used and adapted with the field studies of the researcher to achieve the challenges of cultural landscape conservation of historical bridges, were finally categorized into the following 6 categories:  
• Policy making and legislation;
• Conservation approaches;
• The level of expertise of cultural landscape experts in the areas of identification, evaluation, monitoring and management of cultural landscapes;
• Educating the community to conserve cultural landscapes
• Threats arising from internal and external factors of cultural landscapes; and
• The paradigm shift of Conserving Cultural Landscapes.

Conclusion
This research tried to identify the meanings and concepts of challenge, as qualitative and applied research, and to classify the challenges of cultural conservation of historical bridges of Kashkan River in Lorestan by analyzing the literature and theoretical foundations. Finally, these challenges were divided into 6 groups through coding in three stages and the path from reality to abstraction, with related sub-challenges of each category. The number of codes and percentage of each of the challenges were presented in the relevant tables to be able to familiarize readers with them, study the most important of these challenges and their impact on the studied properties in different dimensions if needed and be aware of them. 
In response to the first question of the research, all the challenges of conserving the cultural landscapes of the mentioned historical bridges were obtained through library and field studies and then by analyzing the literature and theoretical foundations of the subject in 6 general categories along with the sub-challenges. Challenges that each one needs to understand, plan and use different experts to meet them at different time intervals.
In response to the second question, the research attempted to achieve a structured, classified, and categorized framework by collecting, and analyzing the literature and theoretical foundations of the research, exploring the concepts and challenges of conserving cultural landscapes through the process of conservation in charters, conventions and treaties related to the subject, and localizing the mentioned challenges to be adaptable and using them as a conservation factor.
These achievements are certainly not complete and only part of the researcher’s achievements in this field are due to interest and dependence on valuable and unrepeatable properties of the historical bridges of Lorestan. properties that have embraced the identity and cultural values of a people from a long time ago and require the participation of all people, especially local communities whose main beneficiaries. In all stages from identifying challenges to conserving cultural landscapes of Lorestan historical bridges, the unmatched role of indigenous people and local communities should be considered the most important factor in conserving historical bridges, because they are the main owners of these monuments and the most important unclaimed conservationists.

Abstract
Many important materials throughout the world are composed of a variety of textiles, which are stored and presented in museum collections, galleries, and libraries. These textiles are one of the most important elements of cultural heritage and interpret essential objects that document the past human life, artistic creations, international trade, agricultural development, technological developments, and their cultural and social values.  As a result, it is necessary to study and apply suitable methods to protect and conserve these kinds of unique heritage textiles for our future generations. The method of conservation of these cultural-historical textiles is one of the most versatile branches of conservation and depends on various parameters. A number of bio-deterioration of cultural-historical textiles and also the disadvantages of conservation methods on these objects, human health and the environment, show the need for evaluating the bio-degradation mechanism of different microorganisms on these kinds of textiles and the use of latest methods for their conservation. In this way, the present work aims to investigate how cultural-historical textiles have been degraded, as well as the latest conservation methods. To achieve the purpose of the research, the qualitative content analysis method was used. The main research questions are what is the mechanism of biodegradability process of textiles? What is the importance of nano technologies in the protection of historical textiles? The results showed that one of the newest and most effective methods of protecting cultural-historical textiles against erosion caused by biological factors is the use of nanomaterials. These panicles have been intensively studied for various textile applications and demonstrated to provide multi-functional performance such as self-cleaning, release of dirty, protection against ultraviolet rays, antimicrobial properties, long-lasting, and multi-functional performance without compromising the intrinsic properties of the textile, which can be utilized to protect the cultural-historical textiles and slow down their degradation processes.
Keywords: Museum, Cultural-Historical Textiles, Conservation, Microorganisms, Nanomaterials.

Introduction
Since prehistoric times and in all cultures, textiles have played an important role in the traditions and life. They have been considered one of the most important elements of cultural heritage that in different periods of a country history have usually been a number of antique textiles, such as decorative and artistic fabrics, clothing, carpets, tapestries, ecclesiastical vestments, woman’s belts, bags, and paintings. They are mainly obtained from tombs, archaeological excavations, mansions, crypts, sunken ships, and churches. Although, these valuable textile artefacts interpret essential objects that document the past human life, artistic creations, international trade, agricultural development, technological developments, and their cultural and social values but they are considered to be degradable materials due to a combination of various pollutions, biological, physical, environmental, and chemical parameters. The challenge has been to develop effective strategies for the conservation of these cultural-historical textiles, considering the strategies depend on several factors such as storage conditions, textile ages, the chemical types of their fibers and also their history period of use. There are different chemical and physical methods to protect from the historical textiles (Gutarowska 2017: 2388-2406; Karbowska 2011: 223; Sequeira 2012:  67; Valentin 1999: 85; Wirtanen 2003: 293). Nowadays, nanomaterials and technologies are becoming more important than the physical and chemical methods due to their multi-functional performance such as self-cleaning, release of dirty, protection against ultraviolet rays, antimicrobial properties, long-lasting, and also due to their multi-functional performance without compromising the intrinsic properties of the textile, which improves the conservation process of cultural- historical textiles and slow down their degradation processes (Lite et al., 2022: 610; Gutarowska 2014: 277; Lite et al., 2022: 609; Zambrano et al., 2020: 9817; Syafiuddin 2019: 794).
Following this tendency, there are several worldwide studies available on this regard but very limited studies have been done in Iran. These studies have been mainly investigated the effects of optimal environmental conditions, the atmospheric pollutants, and ultraviolet rays on the conservation process of textiles (Kianoush 2008; Samanian and Bahmani 2018; Hamzovi 2019). This is in while; the majority of Iranian studies have various drawbacks in terms of evaluating the bio-degradation mechanism of different microorganisms on the historical textiles and the use of latest methods for their conservation. In this regard, the present study attempts to disclose how cultural-historical textiles have been degraded, as well as the latest conservation methods by using descriptive and analytical method and also based on library information. 

Discussion 
The term biodegradation is defined as an irreversible process leading to a significant change of the material properties by the action of vital activities of microorganisms (through enzymatic or metabolic action)، (Zambrano et al., 2020: 9789). This biodegradation of organic compounds frequently causes the conversion of many of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur components in the primary molecules to the inorganic products and also creates of new cell material. In general, stages of biodegradability of materials can be expressed in the following (Fig. 1)، (Nofal 2022: 5-6):
A) Primary stage: Substance chemical structure alteration resulting in substance removal of a definite property.
B) Environmentally acceptable stage: The biodegrading process to the extent of elimination of specific unacceptable compounds properties. This process is similar to the primary biodegradation approach, and it depends on the environmental conditions.
C) Ultimate is full compound decomposition or breakdown into simple molecules fully reduced or oxidized (such as CO2/methane, nitrate/NH4+, and H2O). 
The textile biodegradation process depends on the composition of the findings and the storage conditions and can occur slowly or quickly in the three following stages: 1) bio-deterioration and bio-fragmentation, 2) assimilation, and 3) Mineralization. (Lite et al., 2022: 608). Microorganisms digest the organic products of plastic degradation under aerobic or anaerobic conditions (Zambrano et al., 2020: 9790). The process of decomposing organic matter in the existence of oxygen is called aerobic bio-degradation. Anaerobic respiration is the practice of decomposing compounds by the action of microorganisms in oxygen absence and bacteria and fungi use the acceptor of an electron other than O2 as a chemical entitle (Nofal 2022: 7). 
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing materials science in a pervasive way, in a manner similar to polymer chemistry’s revolution of materials science over the preceding century. The continuous development of novel nanoparticle-based materials and the study of physicochemical phenomena at the nanoscale are creating new approaches to conservation science, leading to new methodologies that can “revert” the degradation processes of the works of art, in most cases “restoring” them to their original magnificent appearance (Giorgi et al., 2010: 695). The most intensely studied nano-structures for textile artefact conservation are metal nano-particles (AgNPs), metal oxides (zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and titanium dioxide), hydroxide nanoparticles (calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide) and modified nano-clays due to their remarkable antimicrobial properties, UV-absorbers, water-repellents, and dirt repellents (Lite et al., 2022: 609; Giorgi et al., 2010: 702-703; Palladino et al., 2020: 3). 

Conclusion
Our country, with its ancient history, is one of the most important centers with rich cultural-historical works in the world. A large part of these works are textiles which can be degraded using microorganisms due to their chemical structure. More and more studies are necessary for the field of historical textile conservation to preserve the memory of our predecessors, maintain up-to-date knowledge regarding new methods, and for future generations. Most of the studies conducted in Iran, have been investigated the effects of optimal environmental conditions, atmospheric pollutants, and ultraviolet rays on the conservation process of textiles. This is in while; the majority of Iranian studies have various drawbacks in terms of evaluating the bio-degradation mechanism of different microorganisms on the historical textiles and the use of latest methods for their conservation. In this way, the present work attempts to take a step towards the existing gaps. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the term biodegradation is defined as an irreversible process leading to a significant change of the material properties by the action of vital activities of microorganisms. This process occurs in the three stages i. e. bio-deterioration and bio-fragmentation, assimilation, and mineralization. The mineralization catabolic pathway depends on the environment where the microorganisms can grow and they digest the organic products of plastic degradation under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. During both processes, aerobic or anaerobic, microorganisms need a carbon source for growth and reproduction. 
In order to reduce the biodegradability of textiles, several physical and chemical conservation methods have been reported in the literature. The main method of preservation is maintaining the findings a microclimate to limit degradation by adjusting the brightness, humidity, and temperature of the area in which they are stored or exposed. Recently, special attention has been given to nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing materials science in a pervasive way, in a manner similar to polymer chemistry’s revolution of materials science over the preceding century. The continuous development of novel nanoparticle-based materials and the study of physicochemical phenomena at the nanoscale are creating new approaches to conservation science, leading to new methodologies that can “revert” the degradation processes of the works of art, in most cases “restoring” them to their original magnificent appearance. The most intensely studied nano-structures for textile conservation are metals, metal oxides, hydroxide nanoparticles, and modified nano-clays due to their remarkable antimicrobial properties, UV-absorbers, water-repellents, and dirt repellents.

Abstract
Wall paintings drawn in the past depict valuable aspects of history and culture of the time of their creation. The goal of this paper is to explore the concept and readability in the wall paintings of Chehel Sotoun Palace in Isfahan. To what extent the approaches of traditional artists and conservators have been based upon Iranian cultural and artistic heritage. how can the meaning behind Chehel Sotoun’s paintings’ readability be evaluated? The research method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical. The goal is to examine the thoughts and theories of conservation and preservation scholars in regards to the influence of Iranian-Islamic cultural background on traditional conservation and preservation approaches in these works. It also explores the perception and significance of the main readability element during the mentioned conservation period. The analyses conducted indicate that approaches of traditional conservators and artists were based on attention to the history and art of the Iranian culture and artistic styles of their own time. Relying on emulation and reinterpretation of paintings and emphasizing on passing on the content and inner meaning of the work through the preservation of the narrative form of mural paintings in Chehel Sotoun, they have provided greater readability of these works for the audience.
Keywords: Protection, Conservation, Readability, Mural, Chehel Sotoun.

Introduction
Establishing a proper connection between the audience and artworks will not be possible unless we understand and grasp the inner meaning. The principle of readability is always based on the relationship between the creator, the art, and the audience. Mural painting have been a symbol of human enthusiasm for creating artworks. Starting from simple forms that symbolize celebration and hunting, Mural Paintings have transformed into concepts that represent the culture and national symbols of a nation or a group of people. The passage of time leads to physical damages to an artwork. When it comes to wall paintings, the conservator must make sure to adhere to scientific principles and important conservation considerations such as aesthetics, authenticity, integrity, and readability. To respect the integrity of an artwork is an essential part of artistic authenticity and will contribute to the readability of the artwork (Great, 2006, p. 6, Pollsson).
In Iran, we still observe that the restoration of historical artefacts are done based on personal views. Salvador Muñoz Viñas argues that classical conservation seeks the objective truth of an artwork and the purpose of conservation is to reinforce its structural and cognitive integrity in order to preserve its true nature. Artworks contain a wealth of information, messages, and meanings. The role of the conservator should be performed properly to enhance the readability of the artwork.
Readability has a hierarchical structure that ensures the preservation of the authenticity and cultural values of an artistic work. Understanding the various dimensions of communication between the creator of the work and the contemporary and future observer and audience has received considerable attention from conservation scholars. The audience, depending on different political, social, and cultural and personal views, can have different perceptions of the work. Conservation and preservation operations also have a significant impact on the readability of artistic works in order to understand and interpret the inner truth of the work.
Objective: 1- This study aims to explore the approaches and methods of traditional preservation and conservation in the wall paintings of Chehel Sotoun Palace in Isfahan, Iran. It aims to analyse the cultural and artistic history of Iran reflected in these paintings and to elucidate the concept and significance of readability in these artworks during the conservation process.
Question: The question is to what extent Iranian cultural and artistic history has been considered by the traditional artists and conservators. With regard to the wall paintings, the question asks how the concept of readability could be evaluated.
Hypothesis: Readability, as a principle in the preservation and conservation of historical-cultural artifacts, especially wall paintings, can depend on the theoretical and practical conservation approaches of its historical period.
Method: Following research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative and interpretive approach. Data is collected through document studies, library research, observations, and fieldwork to analyze the relevant topics regarding the significance of readability in the approaches of preservation and conservation of the said wall paintings.

Discussion
This research examines the significance of readability in the preservation and restoration of the wall paintings in the Chehel Sotoun Palace in Isfahan, Iran. The findings reveal that the techniques employed by past artists and restorers are deeply intertwined with Iran’s cultural and artistic heritage, prompting critical questions about how these methods affect the artworks’ overall readability.
The study indicates that aesthetic considerations often take precedence over traditional restoration practices, resulting in a neglect of the intrinsic value and historical context that enhance a work’s readability. This emphasis on aesthetics can lead to misunderstandings regarding the artists’ intentions and the cultural narratives embedded in the wall paintings. While restorers aim to preserve the quality and visual appeal of the artworks, their methods may inadvertently result in a loss of originality and meaning, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the narratives intended for modern audiences.
Moreover, the paper identifies a significant gap in existing research concerning the evaluation of readability after restoration. Although many studies focus on the technical aspects of restoration, few address how these interventions impact the viewer’s ability to understand, interpret, and engage with the artworks. This gap highlights the necessity for a paradigm shift in restoration practices, prioritizing readability rather than treating it as an afterthought. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study; the findings are specific to the wall paintings examined and may not generalize to all restoration practices. The cultural nuances and historical significance of artworks vary greatly across different regions and periods. Additionally, the subjective nature of readability complicates the creation of a standardized framework for assessing the effectiveness of restoration methods.
Based on these findings, future research should focus on developing a comprehensive methodology for evaluating readability in restored artworks. This could involve interdisciplinary collaborations among restorers, conservators, art historians, and audience researchers to better understand the impact of restoration practices on viewer experiences. Incorporating audience feedback into the restoration process could enhance readability and engagement, preserving both the aesthetic and narrative dimensions of the artworks for future audiences.
Ultimately, this research emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural heritage, artistic intent, and audience engagement in restoration methods. By doing so, it fosters a deeper appreciation of the historical narratives within artworks and the artists’ visions, ensuring their continued relevance and readability for contemporary and future audiences. This approach honors the original creators while illuminating the cultural roots of our shared heritage.

Conclusion
Previous artists and conservators made interventions in their preservation and conservation approaches to the wall paintings of Chehel Sotoun Palace in Isfahan, taking the Iranian cultural and artistic history as well as methods and techniques of their predecessors into account. These interventions are considered significant due to their consideration of the historical period, cultural-artistic perspective, style, and techniques of that era. This phenomenon also existed in European countries, where skilled painters would perform conservation work on their own or on the works of others, thereby leaving their artistic presence on the intended artwork. They aimed to keep the inner content of the work alive as well as reinterpret and transfer that content to their own era, providing a platform for the audience to receive the narrative and inner content of the work. The longevity of the narrative in the mind and memory of the audience leads to the readability of the work. This kind of understanding is what makes the art readable.
If the traditional approaches to the protection and conservation of wall paintings in their own era and time are evaluated, not only the perspective and method that is considered as part of their valuable traditional heritage and historical-cultural values will not be condemned, but it will be contemplated and protected more than ever. Looking at traditional conservation will not only face criticism but will also have the potential and value to envision a better future for the preservation and conservation of historical-cultural works in Iran. 

Abstract
Damage to cultural artifacts after discovery occurs due to various factors. One of these harmful cases is moisture originating from underground water, which appears as soil moisture, and over time, due to the oxidation process and the salts and ions in the water, as well as the incompatible pH of the environment with the texture and construction of the artifacts, it aggravates the process of destruction. In line with the mission of archaeometry as a bridge between archeology and other sciences, hydrogeology is used in this study in order to protect ancient artifacts. Iron Age Museum of Tabriz is located in the central area of the city and among the young Quaternary sediments that form the free aquifer of Tabriz. Underground water is one of the main factors causing corrosion and decay in the bones in this museum site. There are various solutions for lowering the water table locally, which according to the location coordinates and technical requirements of the site, the best method is to use underground water pumping. In this study, by using the available data in the study zone which is taken from the Tabriz urban train project and the data obtained from the Regional Water Company of East Azarbaijan, by using computer methods, the appropriate amounts of water pumping have been simulated according to the optimal water level drop and We define the placement of bones in a dry position. The use of new sciences for archeometric purposes is the main goal of this study and an attempt is made to solve the problem of destruction of ancient bones by establishing this connection.
Keywords: Conservation, Groundwater, Pumping Well, Soil Moisture, Tabriz Iron Age Museum.

Introduction
The discovery of ancient bones belonging to the Iron Age of the first and second millennium BC in the area of Tabriz Blue Mosque in 1997 is an important event in the field of archeology and ancient anthropology in Azarbaijan. When this ancient area has been discovered, studies have been carried out in the fields of dating about these bones and studies related to the origin and the migration (Kasiri, 2019) and the conservation and restoration of the graves in the Iron Age Museum area in 2016 was carried out by Majidi and Razani. In recent years, the effect of humidity on buried organisms in the soil has been the subject of many researchers’ studies. Soil moisture can play an important role in decomposition (Swift et al, 1979). Fluctuations of groundwater in the soil is one of the most important factors affecting microbial activity in the field conditions (Lund and Goksoyr, 1980). Iron Age Museum of Tabriz is located in the central area of this city and among the young Quaternary sediments that form the unconfined groundwater aquifer of Tabriz. Tabriz aquifer has an alluvial nature, which has expanded as a result of the Mehran Rood River flowing in its ancient path and creating numerous meanders during geological time. Hydrogeology as a new branch of earth sciences and engineering studies the condition, behavior and hydrological characteristics of the layers of the earth. As a porous environment, the basement contains soil grains, and the empty space between these grains can be saturated with water and provide a path for the flow of groundwater. The voracity of water movement in the basement compared to the surface currents is very low and varies from a few centimeters per year to several meters per day. Due to passing through various minerals and rocks, groundwater often has a significant amount of different solutes and has relatively high electrical conductivity (E.C). These solutes can cause a lot of damage to cultural works by sedimentation or crystallization in case of evaporation of groundwater. The climatic conditions of each region are different in the occurrence of damaging moisture factors and their effects in different seasons of the year (Nawai, 2016). The amount of humidity in the environment, which can cause destruction due to freezing with the participation of the temperature change parameter, will cause serious damage due to the transport of new solutes and sedimentation at each stage and the recrystallization of previous sediments. In addition to the above, the penetration of moisture through underground water can change the pH of the environment, and this change causes the destruction of cultural works by increasing the acidity.

Discussion
Iron Age Museum of Tabriz, as a result of its archaeological excavations, 108 graves were identified, based on the typology of pottery and metal artefacts and the method of burial and comparing them with the collections discovered from the excavations of Hassanlou Hill and Dinkhah Tepe, dating from around 1200 to 800 BC and the period of Iron Age I and II have been estimated for them, which of course is relatively consistent with the results of carbon 14 dating of these sites (Hojbari Nubri, 1381 and 1383). Its cultural, historical, social and economic nature, along with the aesthetic quality and historical and cultural importance of that area; The type of constituent materials and the composition and method of construction of the works found in it, the value, validity and information and messages hidden in those findings and how they are used are valuable documents of its cultural heritage collection. These works, mainly from archaeological excavations, have been obtained over several years, and their preservation in relatively inappropriate conditions has led to the progress of damage caused by the burial of these objects in the ground, and after a rather long period of time, they will disappear (Bagherzadeh Kasiri, 2016, 8). Based on the studies of Tabriz Urban Railway line 1, water level data is available near the study area of Asr Ahan Museum site, and according to the principle that the groundwater level almost follows the topography, it is possible to estimate the groundwater level in The location of the museum was found. For this purpose, the water level data was collected in the study boreholes near the study area (Table 8) and the map of the ISO lines of ground water in the study area was drawn (Fig. 10). It is necessary to explain that ISO lines or equipotential lines of groundwater are curves on each of these curves, the level of ground water has the same values and the map of parallel lines shows the changes of the level of ground water in the study area. It is possible to draw this type of map both manually and by using software that allows for interpolation and drawing. Next, modeling of groundwater drawdown due to pumping from the extraction well was done using GMS software version 16.4. For archeological stratification, before installing the drilling machine, a manual well should be dug to the desired diameter and to the depth of the ground water, and after reaching the depth of the underground water, the drilling machine will continue drilling from inside this well until it hits The stone should be foamed.

Conclusion
The Iron Age Museum site of Tabriz is one of the prominent sites in the northwest of the Iran, which is facing major problems due to the groundwater infiltration. This research uses information and data of the studies of the aquifer of this region with taking account to the problem of how to intervene in the ancient sites. It has provided a solution to deal with the problem of groundwater in order to reduce its flow, and in this regard, by introducing the place of preliminary evaluations using speculation and Finally suggests a piezometric well to start working in this area and control the groundwater level. Noting that the change of seasons and amount of rainfall can affect the condition of groundwater to some extent; Therefore, by changing the flow rate and duration of pumping, other values of drawdown can be achieved. For this reason, it is suggested that if the plan is implemented, a piezometer well should be drill as close as possible to the museum site so that the condition of the groundwater as well as the amount of its draw done due to pumping from the extraction well can be under immediate control. To prevent the water used in the green space and other uses of the museum site from returning to the area of ancient graves, drainage channels should be used between the area and the main space of the museum.

Abstract
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These areas always have diverse values, which identification and understanding of these values provides the basis for recognizing their protectable aspects. Today, most of these sites in Iran are in vulnerable conditions and their values are being forgotten. The historical-archaeological site of Arjan is located in the Khuzestan plain, which existed from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. Today, this area is in unfavorable conservation conditions. Considering the values and historical importance of the old city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, it is very important to protect this area and create a suitable platform to benefit from its values. Among the questions that are answered in this research;1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values? Accordingly, the objectives of the research؛ 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of international charters, declarations, conventions and documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and value it. The general research method of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on the data collected through library resources and field observations. Then, after analyzing and reviewing international documents and recognizing the historical site of Arjan and its conservation challenges in four fields of cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site, principles such as providing information to the public, developing a comprehensive interaction plan, developing public management plans, reversibility of actions, preserving originality and respect for historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of the sites are presented.
Keywords: Arjan, Historical-Archaeological Site, Conservation, Historical Values, Introduction of Values.

Introduction
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites will answer many general and partial questions that can be varied and variable over time, so the conservation of the sites is essential for transfer to future generations. Historical archaeological sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always protected. After archaeological excavations in Iran, these sites are often in vulnerable conditions and are exposed to forgetting their values.
The archaeological site of Arjan is located in the plain of Khuzestan. Arjan is a city with various urban organs in the historical periods of Iran. This site has values, features and elements that are unique in its kind. In 1362, a tomb belonging to Kidin Hotran, one of the Elamite kings, was discovered. Afterwards, Esmaeil Yaghmaei carried out archaeological excavations and studies in the Arjan area and in the area of Maroon Dam and Arjan Grand Mosque and Dr. Abbas Moghaddam conducted archaeological excavations in the area of the oil well during two seasons. With the cessation of excavations in this site, the old city of Arjan, like most historical sites in Iran, was placed in undesirable conditions of conservation.
Research Necessity: The city of Arjan has been standing from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. (Today, this area, despite its historical and archaeological importance and values, is in unfavorable conservation conditions) Considering these values and the historical importance of the ancient city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, as well as the necessity of continuing archaeological studies and the availability of its original data among researchers and enthusiasts, it is very important to protect this site and create a suitable platform for benefiting from its values.
Research objectives: 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of charters, statements, conventions and international documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and valuation of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Research Questions: 1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values?
Research Methodology: The general research method is descriptive-analytical approach. In this research, library studies and field studies have been utilized to gather information.

Discussion
“Archaeological heritage” is a material heritage that includes all traces of human life and includes places that show human activities, abandoned structures, and remnants, along with all the movable cultural objects discovered related to it (ICOMOS, 1990). These sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always conserved. By reviewing the international documents related to the sites in Table 3, the set of conservation principles in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical, and the introduction and valuation of the site, has been displayed.
The archaeological site of Arjan with an area of 500 hectares is located on the slopes of Khoiz Mountain and in a wide plain next to the Maroon River, which includes the Mosque Jammeh, the Arjan Dam Bath and Bridge, the Qadamgah of Imam Reza (AS), the Rosh Mehr Building, the Arjan Qanats and the ancient hills. By examining the site and the buildings in it, the values are divided into two categories, cultural values and contemporary economic and social values (Diagram 5). At present, the buildings in the Arjan site are in an undesirable state of conservation and their values are in danger of being forgotten. Through field surveys, the damages and challenges of the Arjan site were identified in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical and tourism, and were divided into two groups, internal and external factors. Internal factors include cognitive domain, exhaustion (functional physical) and weakness in the infrastructure of the Arjan site, and external factors include lack of alignment of organizations and weakness in the managerial and legal structure. According to the mentioned damages and challenges, by identifying their roots and categorizing them in the form of internal and external factors, we have achieved five conservation challenges related to the historical archaeological site of Arjan (Diagram 4). By adapting the principles of conservation of historical sites to conservation challenges, the principles of conservation of the Arjan site are stated in Table 4.

Conclusion
Historical archaeological sites can be considered as the most important sources for answering the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites always have a variety of values, and identifying and understanding these values can provide the ground for recognizing their protectable aspects. In the twentieth century (in 1914 and 1916), the main law for the protection of historical sites was adopted, and at that time, terms for the protection of historical sites were created in international charters. In the first part of this research, international charters, documents and conventions were examined in terms of keywords related to historical archaeological sites and the conservation principles related to the sites were identified in 4 areas. In the second part, in relation to the study area, with the knowledge of the old city of Arjan and with an analytical view of field studies, through the analysis, investigation and categorization of the challenges of conserving the historical archaeological site of Arjan and the comparison of the challenges with the principles extracted from international charters, documents and conventions, led to the explanation of the principles of the conservation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan.
The principles of conservation of the Arjan site were presented in four areas: cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site. One of the most important principles in the field of cognition was to provide information to the people and to develop a comprehensive interaction plan. Formulation of public management programs, coordination and cooperation between institutions and people, and formulation of intervention laws are among the most important principles in the field of management and law. In the physical field, the reversibility of actions, preservation of originality, continuity of vernacular architecture and native materials, and documentation of changes were mentioned. Respecting the historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of historical buildings and sites is one of the most important principles in the field of introducing and valuing the site. It should be noted that these cases, along with other conservation principles proposed in the research, lead to the improvement of the condition of the archaeological site of Arjan.