Abstract
The ancient site of Natel is located in the village of Natel Kenar-e Olia, a district of the city of Nour, which is 6 kilometers southwest of this city in the west of Mazandaran province. According to historical written sources, this city was considered as one of the important cities in Tabaristan during the Abbasid period and had a military garrison. Due to the importance of this historical site, in addition to archaeological surveys, three excavations have been carried out in this site so far in 2008, 2010, and 2016 under the supervision of Abdolreza Mohajerinejad. The present study focuses on some pottery findings of the first and second seasons of these excavations, during which 2166 pieces of glazed and non-glazed pottery were obtained among other findings. Chronology of the aforementioned samples and consequently more detailed and precise knowledge of the settlement periods, better and greater recognition of the pottery of this site, in particular, and pottery of the Islamic period in the southern margin of the Mazandaran Sea, in general, awareness of the similarity and differences of the pottery obtained from this site with the major pottery centers of the Islamic era required a thorough and in-depth study of these samples in the form of classification, typology, and a typological comparison that was carried out in this research. The results of this study show that most of the studied samples belong to the early (3 and 4 AH) and mid-Islamic (5 and 9 AH) centuries, while the samples of the Ilkhanid and Timurid period in this collection are much lower in number than those of the previous centuries. Also, the results of statistical studies on pottery of the historical town of Natel indicate that these pottery wares have relatively good production quality and strength, but they have a lower level in terms of manufacturing technique and diversity of motifs. 
Keywords: Natel, Islamic Pottery, Classification, Typology, Typological Comparison.

Introduction
The ancient site of Natel is located in the village of Natel Kenar-e Olia, a district of the city of Nour, which is 6 kilometers southwest of this city in the west of Mazandaran province. Given the importance of this site in the Islamic period of Iran, especially the southern margin of the Mazandaran Sea, the first scientific studies to identify and determine the location of this town were carried out by Abdolreza Mohajerinejad in 2006 during a season of a survey (Mohajerinejad et al., 2017: 247) and then these studies were continued under his supervision during three seasons of excavation in 2008, 2010, 2016 (Mohajerinejad, 2008; ibid, 2010; ibid, 2016). During the first and second seasons of the excavation, along with other findings, 2166 pieces of pottery were discovered which were provided to the authors for further investigations. Therefore, during the classification and typology stages, 235 indicative pottery types were selected and excluded from the collection. To advance the research, the authors selected and studied 50 pieces from among the indicative samples selected from among the collection based on the non-repetitive variable. Due to the diversity and multiplicity of the pottery types and for better identification of the pottery of this site in particular and the pottery of the southern coastal areas of the Mazandaran Sea in general, the similarity and differences of pottery obtained from this site with those of the major pottery centers of the Islamic era, and also to gain more accurate knowledge of the settlement periods of the site, it was necessary to study the pottery samples very carefully. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the research questions through recording, registering, classifying, typology, and typological comparison of these pottery collections (2149 fragments belonged to the first season and 67 fragments belonged to the second season). The most important questions this research seeks to answer through scientific and systematic studies are: 1: to which period or periods do the pottery samples discovered in the historic town of Natel belong? 2: how is the status of the pottery samples discovered from the historic town of Natel, in terms of production quality and decorations compared to the major pottery centers of Iran during the Islamic era? In answer to the first question, it should be noted that the pottery discovered from the first and second seasons of excavation in the Natel historical site belongs to a time period extending from the early Islamic centuries to the Timurid era. And the answer to the second question is as follows: the production quality of the Natel pottery as well as the decorative quality of Sgraffito pottery are similar to those of the major Iranian pottery centers, but other pottery samples obtained from Natel are in a lower level in terms of their decorative quality, especially in color painting. 

A Summary of the Paper
Initially, the samples were classified according to two variables, i.e. their coating type and being simple or painted, which are divided into four groups: non-glazed simple pottery, non-glazed painted pottery, glazed simple pottery, and glazed painted pottery. Then, at the typology stage within the classification framework, each group of pottery was classified into several types and sub-types according to one or more variables. The investigations were carried out with great sensitivity and accuracy and finally, this resulted in the typology of the pottery in the form of 45 types and sub-types. Statistical studies on the ceramics of this collection indicated that the glazed simple pottery was the most frequent type among all the groups with a frequency of 46.53%. Overall, these ceramics have relatively good production quality and strength, but the glazed painted ceramics are at a lower level in terms of production technique and variety of motifs. The non-glazed painted pottery pieces in this collection have geometric motifs and the dominant motif type in this group is ripple motif in terms of motif design variable. At the typological comparison stage of classification which has been carried out according to the classification and typology of pottery collection, it was attempted to compare a large number of fragments with pottery found in Islamic sites. Therefore, in addition to reviewing various reports of excavations carried out in Islamic sites (generally, the northern sites of the country are considered), we have carefully studied the authentic sources of Islamic pottery prepared and organized by the efforts of foreign and domestic scholars and accordingly the pottery types, which were compared with similar example or examples, were dated and the comparisons are presented in the form of tables in the main text of the paper. From among the regions or sites whose ceramics are comparable to those of the Islamic period of Natel, Bamiyan, Nishabur, Jorjan, Poinak castle of Varamin, Imam Zadeh Ali Lafourak in Savadkouh, Sarqala of Lavasan, Sheikh Safieddin Ardebil’s tomb, Sistan, Golkhandan fortress, Kaseh al-Mout, Gaskar site of Gilan, Haft Daghnan of Gilan, northwest of Iran, Osbou Kola Lofer, and Jahan Nama site can be mentioned. 

Conclusion 
According to the contents of the present study as well as the classification, typology, and typological comparison of the pottery discovered from the historic town of Natel, it can be stated that there are a total of 45 different ceramic types and subtypes in this collection. The results of typological comparisons of the pottery of the Islamic period of Natel showed this collection had the highest rate of similarity and relationship with the pottery obtained from the sites of the Islamic period in the north of the country; this cultural and artistic similarity supports the existence of a wide cultural and connection network between Natel and its neighboring regions and indicates the production and expansion of formal and standard pottery types during different Islamic times that were produced in specific centers and exported to other regions. Their production techniques were imitated in local workshops with a lower quality. In general, the results of this study suggest that most of the studied samples belong to the early (3 and 4 AH) and mid-Islamic (5 and 9 AH) centuries. The results of the statistical studies on the pottery of Natel also indicate that these pottery findings have a relatively good production quality, but they are at a lower level in terms of production technique and diversity of motifs.  

Abstract
The study of human remains derived from burial and non-burial contexts is one of the subcategories of Archaeometry. According to these studies, archaeological researchers, with the help of physiologists, have quantitative and quantitative aspects of the remnants of past humans, including age, Sex and the use of medical tests, especially pathology, diseases and causes of death. The topic of interdisciplinary studies in the Khorasan area, due to the lack of material evidence until the present decade, lacked any research, although the importance of Khorasan has always been mentioned in this cycle. In the last decade, according to the approach of researchers in this field, the subject of quantitative studies has flourished. In this regard, the human remains of three burials belonging to the late bronze age from the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site were used to determine the age and gender of the samples, as well as to identify the ethnic race in the study of physical anthropology. In this research, human skeletons of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site were first cleaned up. Finally, with the participation of the Medical Society of Isfahan, the determination of age, gender and race was performed on the basis of morphology and anthropology. Then extracted DNA was isolated and dental samples were taken. The results of physical anthropology studies on the samples indicated that, the samples studied belong to the population of Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site, which is of age in both adolescents and adults (2 adolescents and 1 adult) and sexually belonging to two male and female groups. Men and women). In relation to the mortality rate and demographic average of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, due to the low volume of samples, it cannot be clearly summoned, but according to the current samples and the number of burials, it shows the high rate of low-mortality in the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh Site. 
Keywords: Shahrak-e-Firouzeh, Age, Gender, Bronze Age, Environmental Damage.

Introduction
The study of human remains from burial and non-burial contexts can be considered in the following subcategories of Archaeometry. For these studies, archaeological researchers, with the help of the physiologists, have quantitative and quantitative aspects of the remnants of past humans, including Age, gender, and using medical tests, diseases and causes of death. The present study is one of the interdisciplinary studies in the field of physical and genetic anthropology in the cultural field of Khorasan. After the accidental discovery of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site during construction, in 2009, the first excavation season on this site was run by Hassan Basafa, and so far, four archaeological excavations have been conducted on this site. The ancient site of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh in the northwest of Neyshabur with 36 ° 12 ‘longitude and 58 ° 47’ longitude, is located in the Firoozeh construction site on the eastern side of the river Farub Ruman. Among the cultural materials discovered on this ancient site (third and fourth seasons) are human burial remains buried in the Late Bronze Age. What this research seeks to answer is determining the age and gender, as well as the impact of the environment on the mortality rate of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community on the small scale, as well as the impact of post-sediment processes on samples.
The present study was conducted in two ways: library studies and laboratory studies in a descriptive and analytical manner and using the approaches of physical anthropology. In the style of library studies, information on the history of research on human remains has been gathered, and in analyzes and adoption of study methods. Also, in the section on human anthropometric studies, based on the evidence on the teeth, the suture on the skull, the size and texture of the femur bones, pelvic size and other evidence, it has been attempted that the age group, gender group, Skeleton height, samples of the campus Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site are evaluated. It should be noted that tests on the determination of age and gender on skeletal specimens have been carried out under the supervision of specialists in Isfahan Medical Sciences. Based on physical anthropology studies, the results are divided into two groups of adolescents and adults in terms of age and gender in both males and females, and also indicates the high mortality rate at the young age of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, which can be The most important factors are the unsuitable environment conditions due to the impact of the hydrological effects of the river along the settlement.  

Identified Traces
The study samples of this study include two skulls and a complete skeleton in this section to examine how to determine the age and gender of these remnants. The first one, a skull is roughly average. The thickness of the existing bones, the shape of the lower jaw, the posterior bumps, the rigid bone tissue, the maximum length, width and height of the skull, as well as the shape of the forehead of the sample is steep, which according to these characteristics is the first example of a man’s skull. Considering the formation of the teeth type, especially the third molar, considering the low erosion of the crown of the teeth and the presence of enamel of the teeth, as well as the qualitative aspects of the skull joints, in particular the closure of the crown part of the seam which is characteristic of individuals 25 years and the closure of the section of the seam At the age of 35, the age of this sample can be determined between the ages of 25 and 34. 
The second specimen is a relatively small, medium-sized cranium found in a gravel gorge. The fineness of the skull bones, the shape of the lower jaw, the nasal blade, Peshafi’s flatness, the smooth tissue of the bones, the maximum length, the delicacy of the cavity bumps, the width and height of the skull, as well as the form of the forehead of the sample, directly and without the prominence of the cavity above, Paying attention to these features is the second example of a woman’s skull. Finally, by examining bone tissue, skull volume, elegance, flattening of the skull structure, non-prominence in the post-serous bone, ear hole, root canal examination, and the time of their formation, the last tooth formed in the jaws of the sample, which is the second lower molar, as well Maximum length, width, face width, forehead bone, can be attributed to a teenage girl between the ages of 11 and 16. The third example is the complete human skeleton that is obtained from burial with a hole structure. Examining the height index of the sample, as well as the fineness of the ribs, the destruction of the toes and the hand of the skeleton, as well as the failure to weld the joints of the hip, the age-specific sample belongs to a teenager of 11 to 16, but due to the lack of sufficient evidence for gender identification In this sample, the sex group has not been identified.

Conclusion
As mentioned in the text, the establishment of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh Site is one-period site belonging to the final phase of the Bronze Age (2100 to 1500 BC), located next to one of the important rivers of Neyshabur Plain, called Farub Ruman, which originates from the Binalud Mountains. The gradual continuation of the accumulation of flood and alluvial layers over several years or decades on the surface of this establishment caused excessive moisture to penetrate the ancient bedding of the studied samples, as well as washing the surface of the surrounding area by flooding, also solving the harmful mineral elements, including salt It is found in Neyshabur Plains and other harmful mineral salts with alluvial layers, which caused the greatest damage after the sedimentation process on the studied specimens. In addition to high humidity, which causes the decay and degradation of most parts of the bone samples studied, the heavy flood layers on the substrate also cause compression of the anterior substrate and fracture of different bone sections. According to physiological anthropological studies, the samples belong to people from the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, which are of age in both adolescents and adults (2 adolescents and 1 adult) and sexually belonging to two male and female groups (men and women).

Abstract
Urban archeology pays special attention to religious minorities and their role in the historical and social context of cities. The study of subsistence, index architecture, and how religious minorities interact in the urban context are among the topics of interest in this branch of archeology. Tehran’s Ciye Tir and Mirza Kuchakkhan streets, which are the subject of this study, were part of the newly established government neighborhood, according to the division of urban areas in the late Qajar period. Existence of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Armenians, The Gospel Church of St. Peter belongs to Protestant Christians, The Haim Synagogue belongs to the Jews and the Zoroastrian Adrian which were created in this area from the end of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign to the end of the first Pahlavi period has a distinct urban texture compared to other parts of the city. From the perspective of archeology, the present study will examine the architecture, visibility, and interaction of these works in the historical context of Tehran to reveal the position of these minorities in the social structures governing the city. Also, by comparing these works, the amount of influence of each religion in the context of Tehran will be determined. The study found that the minorities had created distinct structures within the urban fabric by changing their attitudes toward religious architecture over the pre-constitutional era. Meanwhile, Armenians, due to their rich history in architecture, have benefited the most from the socio-political conditions after the constitution and have had a great impact on the urban fabric of Tehran. This research is a kind of fundamental research. The research data were collected by field study and library research and presented by the descriptive-analytical method. 
Keywords: Religious Minorities, Tehran, Urban Archeology, Architecture, Visibility.

Introduction
The streets of Ciye Tir and Mirza Kuchak Khan in Tehran are the subjects of this article, which includes four religious buildings by Armenian Christians, Protestant Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. These buildings, with the growth and development of Tehran in the late Qajar and Pahlavi periods, were created for various political and social reasons in the western part of the Dolat neighborhood. Leading article for proper understanding and understanding of the social and political conditions of religious minorities after the constitutional period and the first Pahlavi From an archaeological point of view, to examine the influence of religious minorities in religious places and how they interact and view in the historical context of Tehran, as well as the role of different religions in this work. 
Objectives and Necessity of Research: Religious minorities are influential groups in society. An accurate and comprehensive understanding of how these groups interact with the environment affects the proper understanding of social structures. The present study will examine the interaction between religious places of religious minorities and their impact on the historical body of Tehran by examining the ancient comparative study of four religious buildings of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians of Tehran around Ciye Tir Street. It will also measure the impact of different religions on each other to reveal the position of minorities in the governing social structures of Tehran. 
Question: How has the texture of Tehran’s city been influenced by the religious minorities during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? Has the religious architecture of different minorities been equally influential in the urban fabric of Tehran during this period?
Research Methods: This research is a kind of fundamental research. The research data were collected by field study and library research and presented by the descriptive-analytical method.

Identified Traces
The Haim Synagogue is a different structure in Jewish religious architecture. First, it is built outside the Jewish Quarter, and second, it has a clear view of the urban fabric but in terms of architecture, it is no different from the surrounding residential buildings and if the title of the Synagogue is removed from the entrance, there is no distinctive feature between it and other buildings, so it is not one of the most significant and influential buildings.
The interpretation of Zoroastrian past religious architecture and its comparison with Adrienne Tehran shows that the inherent connection of Zoroastrian religious architecture with what existed before Islam has been severed. Therefore, although Adrian Tehran is a magnificent building, its introverted design, which is surrounded by high walls and surrounding buildings, does not reflect much on the overall appearance of the city.
 The Church of Peter was built by American missionaries and the Church of Mary with the architecture of Nikolai Markov. In addition to the differences in the plan of these churches, there is another difference in the location of the church altar. The features of St. Peter’s Church are those of American builders and their distinct religious denominations, so the church’s architectural style bears no resemblance to churches in Iran. Despite its outstanding architecture, the Church of St. Peter’s is not well-visible due to the building’s introversion pattern and is far from public view, indicating a reluctance to be seen in public due to social and political conditions.
Finally, the Church of Mary, with its distinctive architecture, extroversion, and the use of religious symbols, is the most different religious building on Ciye Tir Street and this shows the freedom of action, the application of previous architectural experiences, and the proper use of the social conditions of the time. 

Conclusion
The research shows the position of minorities in social structures and their impact on the urban fabric. In response to the research questions, it was found that religious minorities experienced a level of extroversion and a tendency to see more religious architecture within the urban context, given the distinct post-constitutional social and political conditions. However, the impact of religious architecture on different religions has not been the same in urban contexts.
Unlike in the past, the Jews tended to be seen in the urban space, but the Haim Synagogue is not an influential building in the urban context due to its lack of special architectural style and significant elements in architecture. Archaism, the display of past splendor, and the use of Achaemenid architectural elements were essentially in harmony with Zoroastrian thought, but the type of introverted architecture did not place Adrian among the most influential buildings in the urban fabric. Religious missionaries of the Protestant denomination, despite the architectural capacities of the Church of St. Peter, were reluctant to reveal themselves in the urban fabric due to government restrictions and opposition from the Armenian Diocese. Having sufficient experience in religious architecture, working with architects with foreign influence, and not be required to follow the pattern of Iranian architecture, were the factors that led to the greater exploitation of the existing conditions by Armenians. The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an influential building in the context of Ciye Tir Street. It should be noted that although the constitution and the first Pahlavi provided freedoms and facilities for religious minorities, the ratio of their use was not the same for the followers of different religions, and each of them used it according to their historical capacities and records. Accordingly, Armenians are the most influential minority in Tehran’s urban fabric.

Abstract
Despite the importance of the eastern regions of Iran, especially South Khorasan in the process of historical developments in Iran, archaeological research has not been done in this region. Kahnak archaeological site is an important Islamic site in South Khorasan province in the east of Iran where the weakness of environmental conditions and climatic constraints, especially the lack of water resources, has led to the formation of large and densely populated areas and settlements in this region. As this site provides economic, social, and cultural connections between the northern (Khorasan) and the southern regions (Sistan), which is also on another main route, it is very important for archaeological studies in the east of the country. Main routes have been a decisive factor in the location of human groups throughout history, and this has been more influential in areas where their habitats have been adjacent to major trade routes and communication roads. Kahnek site is considered as a place for educational activities of the Department of Archeology of Birjand University. From 2014 to 2019 excavation activities in this area have continued for six consecutive seasons. In this research, the fourth season of these excavations and their findings are introduced. The study aims to identify and analyze the architectural space called Kahnek Castle on the east side of the area in the winter of 2016. According to the surface data and excavations, the Kahnek site belongs to the third and fourth centuries until the Timurid period, and most of the gathered data include potteries and architectural structures are related to the Islamic Middle Ages. The architectural structures found in this season of excavation are mainly related to the architectural spaces of the castle. The present work is carried out in descriptive-analytical method and historical-cultural approach based on field data and library resources. 
Keywords: Establishment of the Islamic Period, Archaeological Excavation, Sarbisheh City, Kahnek Site.

Introduction
Regarding the archeology of the east of the country, especially South Khorasan, no studies have been conducted in this region, and the knowledge of researchers from the mentioned areas is more limited to the information contained in historical sources and texts and so far few articles and books about Archeology of this area has been published. One of the important sites of the Islamic Middle Ages in this region is the Kahnek site in Sarbisheh city. This site was selected in 2014 by the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of South Khorasan and in collaboration with Birjand University as an internship site for archeology students of the Faculty of Arts - Birjand University and archaeological activities continuously until 2019, In this, it has continued. In the past, the Kahnek area was located as a settlement on an important communication route, which according to the cultural data obtained, it was determined that the establishment of Kahanek continued its life from the third and fourth centuries AH to the late Islamic (Safavid) centuries. In this study, the findings of the fourth chapter of the site are introduced. The cultural data obtained from the excavation of this site, in addition to architecture and pottery, have been other materials such as animal bone remains, decorative and functional metals, glassware pieces, metal and pottery ornaments, etc. This research tries to address these questions: 1- What is the plan of the explored architectural spaces of the ancient castle? 2- Can the influence of neighboring cultures be seen in the pottery of the Kahnek area? The research hypotheses are as follows: 1- According to the excavations, the old castle has a relatively circular plan and limited architectural spaces with square rooms. 2- Kahnek site is affected by neighboring areas due to its location in an important communication route that extends from north to south so that Neishabour-style pottery is one of the leading pottery styles of this area in the first centuries.

Geographical Location and Description of Excavation in Kahnek Site
Kahnek area is located in South Khorasan province, Sarbisheh city, in Mo’menabad rural district of the central part of this city and 50 meters east of Kahanek village and is located at 764602 longitudes and 3603433 latitudes. Architectural spaces in the fourth season of excavating the old area in 2015 are related to rooms with dimensions of 2×3 meters, which are related to the space of the castle tower. The potteries obtained in this excavation season are divided into two glazed and unglazed groups belonging to the early to late Islamic centuries. In addition to the potteries, an oil lamp, a metal scrap (possibly a coin), parts of quern-stones, a saw, pieces of glass, a chunk of glazed brick, a sharpening knife, and remnants of animals bones were found. According to the excavations and cultural materials and architectural evidence, three stages can be considered for this site. In the first and new stage of the site, it has been used as a temporary settlement in connection with livestock and agriculture. The second stage is related to the Islamic Middle Ages and at the same time with the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, and Timurid eras in which the site is at the greatest prosperity and development. The third stage of the area and the oldest one is related to the early Islamic centuries and the formation of the area, which shows the extensive connections of this area with northern Khorasan. At this stage, the architectural structures are built of clay with a wide foundation and thinner upperparts.

Conclusion
Archaeological excavation of the Kahnek site was carried out in 2016 with the cooperation of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of South Khorasan and Birjand University. The findings in this season of the excavation are the architectural works of several interconnected rooms with different dimensions. The walls of these architectural spaces are mostly made of clay; adobe and stone are rarely used in their foundations. Since most of the architectural spaces are detrital and in some spaces the adobes are placed diagonally next to each other, the roof of the residential spaces was probably made of rough-arch adobe. The pottery samples of the Kahnak area, which are the most important documents for the chronology of this area, can be compared with the samples and potteries of different regions in South Khorasan, particularly in North Khorasan and Kerman. The results of studies of samples and their comparisons show that the pottery in this area is related to the early Islamic centuries to the late Timurid and early Safavid periods. It can be said that trade routes played a key role in the process of communication and cultural similarities between different regions. Moreover, the Greater Khorasan Road is not only important for east-west connections but also it has been important for connecting the north and south of the Iranian plateau. Main routes have been an important factor in the location of human groups throughout history, which is more effective in areas where their ecosystems are adjacent to major trade routes and communication roads. However, it can be said that the climate has the most important impact on the process of leaving the inhabitants of this area, and agriculture, which is the main economic pillar of the region, has caused it to be abandoned due to climate change.

Abstract
City locals can be considered as the smallest unit of framework and social at traditional parts of Iranian cities and folks, however, in cities comprehensive plan historical districts bear sever changes and their traditional structure gradually decayed and lost its influence due to nonconformity with modern conditions. This lead to decrease in habitant’s relationship with each other. Hamadan was important city at western side of Iran at Islamic period. Its structures age returns to pre-Islamic period. Apart from any kinds of bordering rules among locals, dividing locals were of special attention at cities, in a period that urbanism was moving fast and division among locals of cities was important from city management point of view. Also, there is no research about Hamadan city locals in recent Islamic centuries. This research tries to introduce main elements of local formation, based on existing architectural and historical evidences. Based on mentioned aim, the main question is this: How was the space and framework structure of Hamadan’s historical locals? Research results shows that most of the locals gradually take circular and linear form at structural framework of locals, there are elements playing important role in meeting habitant needs from them; we can refer to Mosque, Bath, Grass, Holy shrine, Crypt and Caravansary. From this viewpoint, mosques were of important structures at each local. 
Keywords: Hamadan, Ghajar Period, Space Structure, Local Mosques, Improving Social Relationship.

Introduction
Historical locals were part of space structure of city. City plans changed the traditional old locals and they gradually lost their efficiency. In Hamadan city expansion was based on religious structure and space. Structure focus was round the mosque, holy shrine, which totally made a collection these elements were reflects of social condition and locals’ architectural structure at Ghajar period local was at the main bases of city framework and keeping locals and effect on social life balance. At Ghajar period Hamadan had many locals and villages. There were 30 lanes and locals in different forms. Hamadan as a case study in this paper, has a lot to think about city progress rules. Hamadan is a prominent sample of a city with different locals due to its genuine texture and commercial nature which lasts till now. In this research, we study and introduce the formation method and space structure of Hamadan locals.
Investigation Questions: According to the mentioned goals, important questions were as follows: How was the framework and organizing structure of Hamadan’s historical locals? Which mechanism follows space governing models of Hamadan locals?
Research Methods: This research is functional and belongs to qualitative research family which done by analytical- qualitative method. Creditable sources for research have been chosen first hand documents and matching study based on the existing evidence for this study have been chosen. Also, study uses of three method including documents study, interview with local habitants and observing texture and architecture and architecture kind.

Conclusion
With close look at local space and framework structure we notice that the main route of locals leads to local center. In other word, local mosque had the most access and focus to local formation and all planning about space organization was done at mosques. On the other hand, baths and springs had the most interaction for organization. About space structure of locals, we can say no preplanning was done and although their design was natural. However, its functions cover was so that all people take benefit of it, so that each local has private gate and realm and was separated from others. From other hand, mosques bath and springs more over than their main function had Other use as meeting places so they are main factors of structure of Hamadan locals. These elements respectively have the most frequency. Other results show that Hamadan locals center have linear and circular shapes. These shapes created for access to center. Also, there is other element named grass with quadrant, rectangular and trapezius shape or without shape This place plays a significant role at consolidating loyalty relationship among people, so that all people attend in this place for recreation and meeting.

Abstract
Using laboratory of XRD & XRF, this research project was performed to identify the component of the pottery related to Seleucid/ early Parthian period. In excavations performed in western Iran, a number of Seleucid & Parthian site were identified, regarding shape and technical formatting roughly homogenous pottery pieces were found. It could not exactly be determined how many of the discovered pottery pieces of the Seleucid/ Parthian period’s -whether found from surface or stratigraphy excavations- had a regional origin. Determining their homogeneity which was solely based on external similarities and typology has given rise to possibilities of widespread trading of pottery or major centers of production. The main problems in research include How was the selection of consumables for the production of stained glassware in western Iran in two periods of Seleucid and Parthian? How can one know about the similarity and difference between the soil elements and the percentage of pottery and logic soil, whether they are indigenous or imported? Despite the apparent similarities, is the conditions and technique of pottery baking types in the western region in two periods, or has it changed with the evolution of governance in the fabric of pottery? This research is qualitative and has a descriptive-analytical nature. The research method in this paper is a combination of archaeological field activities, laboratory studies, and librarian compilation. Awareness of the explorations carried out in the Seleucid-Parthian sites of the western part of Iran, as well as mineralogical studies based on library information. However, as no archaeological evidence has been found to indicate the existence of such centers, such hypotheses could not be considered. The XRD & XRF methods were used to study the building elements in the excavated pottery samples. Using these methods, the similarities and differences between the clay used in making Seleucid & Parthian period’s pottery and the clay found in the region were studied. Ten sample pieces collected from Delfan, Alashtar, and Nahavand regions, were studies. The samples were selected from archaeological site of Chogha Taghi, Pat-Koole, Zarin Deh Sefid tepe, Hassanabad Sanjabi, Cheshme-Kaboud tepe, Aliabad, Molaghala Adlabad, Shaelie (Shahian), and Laodicea. The 10-pottery sherd often have a bright red peppermint, a dense bubbled glaze, a soft mineral mixture, and geometric paintings and images of birds and animals that are painted in brown and black. The shape of the dishes often shows small bowls and small cups that are well polished and polished and cooked at a proper temperature. However, as these methods usually because a great damage and in most cases destroy the samples, smaller and less important pieces which had these componential characteristics were used. The results of this study indicates that, matching the raw materials of the pottery with the geological structure of the region, it can be noted that the pottery was produced in the studied area. Also, the type, technique, and their baking technique from pottery are similar to each other and confirm that its local production and it dismisses the change in the production process or the non-localization of the production of clay crowns during the Seleucid period.. 
Keywords: Seleucid Period’s, Parthian Period’s, Pottery, XRD, XRF, Western Iran.

Introduction
Our recognition of the western Iran Seleucid/ early Parthian painted pottery is so little in limited due to so many various reasons. The potteries as such are painted and fragile and belong to Seleucid era and early Parthian period party in the period in question is an outstanding type which sounds unobtainable or minimally scarce in considerations. The pieces as such mostly attain light red and beige natural disposition, light rose-colored mantle painted like similar to the metal, fine mineral allegation, geometrical paintings, and animals in birds’ pictures being drawn ocher brown and black. The Potteries shape almost always indicates soft, ting bowls and cups the surface of which is well polished well-furnished and baked in a convenient temperature. The external similitude between late Seleucid and early Parthian potteries nourishes the persisting thought of such a tradition from Seleucid to Parthian. This research is to examining the recognition of the absence/presence of the production and business tradition of the Western Iran area in Seleucid/ early Parthian era. Therefore, using XRF and XRD methods, attempts have been made to deal with the identification of the compounds and elements used in grain utilized conforming western Iran painted pottery.
The propounded hypothesis in this regard is that they did discovered pottery type/species in the west area is possibly none native and imported. The native inference or pottery’s being imported deeply depends upon its natural disposition minerals compound similitude percentage with the minerals present in the area’s soil. In line whit this debate, three questions are replied:
1- How much similar to and different from one another are the soil elements used in Seleucid/ early Parthian painted potteries, compounds, being discovered excavated from some of the Iran Zones? 2- How homogeneous are the elements, present in texture and composition of Seleucid/ early Parthian painted potteries -being discovered in the west of Iran-, whit the structure elements and area geology zone? 3- Are these potteries similar to/different from one another in terms of composition, elements type, and baking conditions?
The selected samples of this research are prominent pieces which are picked up from three areas of Delfan, Alashtar, and Nahavand on ten of which laboratory experiments have been implemented. Among these prominent samples the option of each environment has been done. The XRF experiment on powdered samples has been done in Tarbiat Modarres university and XRD experiment has been implemented in Hamedan Bu-Ali Sina University physics lab, Tehran. These potteries are named as follows: Samples number 1(L.CH.T) from Chogha Taghi in Noor Abad City; sample number 2 (L.P.K) from Pat-koole; sample number 3 (L.Z.D) from Zarrin Deh Sefid tepe; sample number 4 (L.H.A.S) from Hassanabad Sanjabi; sample number 5 (L.CH.K) from Cheshme-Kaboud tepe; sample number 6 (L.A.A) from northern district of Noor Abad city; sample 7 (L.M.GH) from Adl-Abad village; sample number 8 (L.SH) from village Shaeile in Qalaei City; sample numbers 9 & 10 (H.N.L.1) & (H.N.L.2) from Loudich of Nahavand. 

Discussion
The results show that the silicon (oxide) rate is high in the samples obtaining low calcite (like sample number 9, and in the samples with high calcite, the silica (oxide) rate is low. Regarding the composition’s present in potteries body, making use of XRD and XRF methods, it can be inferred that the samples productions are associated with the area itself. Moreover, it can be stated that there are compounds such as Quartz in all soils, which is one of components of soil. There is calcite in all samples because of the presence of the calcareous sediments’ presence. The presence of the calcium carbonate and diopside in the potteries body indicates that the temperature of these potteries is less than 750 degrees centigrade. Three compounds of Aluminum oxide, Silica in Calcium carbonate (SiO2, Al2O3, Cao). Additionally, the percentage of the scarce elements in sample number 3 is different from the other ones. Except for these two, it seems that all of the samples are more or less similar to one another. The pottery’s body color is due to this element (Iron) and its oxidation, and red patterns upon potteries contain Iron as well. Pondering upon most of the painted potteries samples of early Parthian / Seleucid era from  Western Iran, it seems that their color is not that beige in comparison with the Clinker pottery type from Parthian era, which are mostly related to the middle and late of this era, and less homogeneity is observed in their color in comparison white Clinker pottery. These results assert that the production of Seleucid/ early Parthian period painted pottery in comparison with Parthian period Clinker pottery should be considered from a different or perspective. There is Manganese in some of the samples number (7 & 9 and little rate in sample 3) the black color of which possibly contain such an element. The presence of Calcium can be because of the calcareous sediments (probably) or some gypsum in the sample. The presence of sediment on all of the samples stems from burial area, moisture, and its omission then, and formation of calcareous sediments as well. The other elements such as Sodium, Potassium Phosphorus, and Titanium are among the ones present in the soil, the rate of which is from some percentage to a few hundred percent.

Conclusion 
The results of XRF & XRD analysis show that the major part of the examined potteries samples including three compounds of Aluminum oxide, Silica in Calcium carbonate (CaO, Al2O3, SiO2). This compound indicates that there is a share of the soils of the transformations stones (SiO2) in the soil used in building mentioned potteries in addition to calcareous soils (Al2O3, CaO). There is Manganese in some of samples (number7, 9, and a little rate in number 3 simple) which possibly has been because of the pigments usage for decorating the potteries patterns. Moreover, the existence of calcium can be possibly due to calcareous sediments or some plaster in the sample which implies the presence of sediment on all of the samples because of the burial area moisture, and then it’s elimination and calcareous sediments formation. The results demonstrate that the Seleucid/ early Parthian period painted potteries obtain more silica (oxide) rate in comparison with Parthian period Clinker pottery (the late and middle of this period), bring analyzed in western Iran, and also it attains a lower Calcite rate in comparison with Clinker potteries type. According to the potteries external features in terms of color and patterns, the similarity between- the ingredients of raw material (soil) is obvious in making pottery, indicating the production of the Portway in research area of although these painted  potteries of Seleucid often there is less homogeneity in their color in western Iran; and also, their baking technique and mode from pottery are similar with one another, and improve their native and domestic production (it is worth mentioning that there has no analysis regarding  Seleucid/ Parthian period painted pottery in the other areas been done) and it eliminates the issue of importing production of  Seleucid/  early Parthian period painted potteries. 

Abstract
Khosf county with a hot-dry climate is located in South Khorasan province in eastern Iran and on the eastern edge of the Lut desert. Despite the existence of historical monuments in this region of Iran, little is known about them to archaeologists, urban planners, architects, and art historians. Special attention was paid to the historical urban fabric and residential houses which are mainly related to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras, in the archeological survey conducted by the authors in the Khosf region in 2014. Three relatively intact and well-established historical urban fabric in the city of Khosf and the villages of Khor and Noghab were studied during this study and 45 historical houses in these areas and other historical villages of Khosf were examined. The studied historical/traditional fabrics are mostly active and today with some changes in the body of the building, they are still used by the local people of the region. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the way of collecting data is also based on archaeological studies in the region to document and collect information about traditional houses of Khosf, and Then based on library studies. This research seeks to answer three main questions: 1- How much has the climate affected the type of structures and architectural components of traditional Khosf houses? 2- Do these conditions prevent the influence of the changes and developments of the common architecture of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods or not? 3- And what have been the common decorative techniques in the architecture of Khosf houses? Based on the research questions, the main objectives of the present study are to investigate the impact of the climatic conditions of the region on traditional houses Khosf and developments in Iranian architecture, as well as the study of different structures and architectural components of these buildings and their related decorations. Despite the general resemblance to traditional architectural patterns in hot and dry regions of Iran, the results show that it is strongly influenced by the climate of the region and in terms of architectural structure and related decorations is slightly affected by Qajar to Pahlavi period architectural developments..
Keywords: Khosf, Residential House, Qajar, Pahlavi.

Introduction
Man has always had many buildings from distance past, many of which have been destroyed over time. Among these, residential houses are the most important and abundant architectural structures that have always been built or reconstructed by humans. But these buildings are generally destroyed over time and turned into a pile of soil. Therefore, it is necessary to study and document the remaining traditional and historical buildings of the country and study their construction and decoration methods and topics such as the impact of climate on them. In Iran, due to the richness of the country’s historical antiquity, many relics of traditional houses and urban fabrics have been left. At present, most of the ancient houses in Iran mainly belong to the Qajar to the first Pahlavi period. Many studies have been done on the architecture of traditional houses in different parts of Iran, which are mainly based on the historic and magnificent houses of Yazd and Kashan, but less attention has been paid to the study of simpler houses in small towns and suburbs. One of such areas where a large number of traditional/historical houses and to some extent some of its traditional fabrics have survived is the city of Khosf in South Khorasan Province, where no independent research has been done on the urban fabric and historical houses. Accordingly, the present study is the first step in studying and analyzing these architectural spaces. in this study, 45 historical houses located in three historical contexts of Khosf city and Noghab and Khor villages and surveyed by the authors in 2014 are considered as the statistical community. Considering that traditional houses, in addition to using the knowledge of their predecessors, have also been affected by climatic conditions and changes in Iranian architecture, it is necessary to know the extent of these effects in different regions. The main objectives of the present study, based on research questions, include the study of the decorations, structure, and various architectural components of traditional Khosf houses and recognizing their impact on climatic conditions and architectural developments in Iran.
Research Questions: The present study seeks to answer three main questions: 1- How much has the weather condition affected the type of structures and architectural components of urban fabrics and traditional houses of Khosf? 2- Do these conditions prevent being affected by the changes and developments of the common architecture of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods or not? And 3- What are the common decorative methods in the architecture of Khosf houses and how have they been?
Research Method: The method of this article is a descriptive-analytical one and the method of collecting data is also based on archaeological studies in the region to document and collect information about traditional houses in Khosf and then Based on library studies.

Article Text
With a hot and dry climate, Khosf is one of the southwestern counties of South Khorasan province, which is located in the eastern margin of the Lut desert. In most parts of the year, most of this area sees wind that has direct and indirect effects on the type of architectural structure of the region. Archaeological study of Khosf county has resulted in the identification of 45 residential buildings that date back to the Qajar to the early Pahlavi period. These buildings were identified in different parts of the county, from mountainous and foothill areas such as Ark and Bein Abad to desert areas such as Khosf, Khor, and Noghab. According to the objectives of the present study, Khosf traditional houses are studied based on the principles of traditional Iranian architecture such as urban form, introversion, direction, scale, spatial hierarchy, and architectural components of houses such as the entrance, courtyard, building materials, plan, colors and decorations and the effect of climatic conditions of the region and Iranian architectural developments on these works were investigated. For example, in terms of direction, most of the traditional houses of Khosf have been built in the northeast-southwest direction, and climatic issues such as the direction of the sunshine and the direction of the wind have had a direct impact on this choice. On the other hand, the studied buildings have a compact plan as much as possible and try to keep the external surface of the building smaller than its volume. This density and compactness of the house plan minimize the amount of heat exchange through the outer walls of the building in both summer and winter, thus preventing the penetration of heat into the building in summer and its loss in winter. Also, many of the studied buildings had one-way wind deflectors that brought cool air into the house in summer. Other features of the traditional Khosf houses include: having a central courtyard and rooms around it, having two porches on either side of the courtyard, having one or more windbreak rooms, having a room fireplace for winter, use of local and traditional materials, have very little decoration such as plastering or brickwork. 

Conclusion
Khosf is one of the hot and dry cities on the eastern edge of the Lut Desert that is directly affected by this climate. From the past until now, this county has largely preserved its traditional identity in the construction of various architectural works, due to its distance from very large cities. One of these works is the traditional houses of this county, which currently have a large number of them in areas such as Khosf, Khor, etc. Given that these houses have not yet been studied and surveyed, and at the same time have largely retained their traditional texture, it was necessary to address them in an independent study. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the general purpose of studying traditional and old houses in Khosf city and with other purposes such as investigating the role of climatic and traditional factors in the formation of various spaces of these buildings. According to these studies, it can be concluded that the traditional houses of Khosf show their great influence on the climate and geographical conditions of the region. This issue can be observed in various factors such as the direction of the construction of alleys and their dimensions, direction of the construction of buildings, location of rooms in a building, type and number and direction of the windbreak, number and structure of porches, dimensions of rooms, little use of opening spaces such as windows, etc. Of course, with some factors such as the isolation of the Khosf region, its distance from the main route of commercial and communication highways, and its lack of proximity to major cities, this city will benefit less from the architectural and urban developments of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. This issue is seen in the introverted architectural structure of buildings as well as related decorations. Accordingly, the traditional architectural model of this region can be introduced as a traditional, indigenous, and unique model, and it is necessary to take more measures for the continuation and further prosperity of this model. 

Abstract
The architecture of the Qajar period due to being in the transition from traditionalism to modernity has special features and this issue makes it important and attractive to study, also the evolution of buildings in this period due to changes in architectural culture and urban life is very important. The influences of various other factors such as climate, cultural relations, the influence of Western architecture, etc., and has had a remarkable effect on the formation of the architecture of Tehran’s palaces. In this study, in addition to studying the above factors in the field of differences, especially in how the architectural effects of each era, its evolution in each period is also examined. In this regard, the present study examines the architecture of palaces of each period of the Qajar kings and examines the process of its changes and compares their differences and similarities in terms of architectural style. In this study, in order to understand why and how. The achievement of architects in this specific pattern and the degree of influence of past techniques and the impact of Western architecture on the architecture of this period are presented. The most important buildings of this period have been studied by field observation and library studies and previous researches by descriptive-analytical and comparative research methods, and the differences and commonalities of each of them have been evaluated. Considering that no significant research has been done on Tehran palaces and Qajar period architecture from the point of view of stylistics and their characteristics, this article can cover the existing research gap to some extent by recognizing the factors and the formation of palaces architecture. The findings of this study show that despite some influences of Western architecture in this period, the architecture of this period is still based on the basic principles of Iranian-Islamic architecture such as the principle of introversion, privacy and... 
Keywords: Qajar Period, Tehran Palaces, Golestan Palace, Aristocratic Mansions.

Introduction
The formation of architecture of the Qajar period can be divided into two time stages. Safavid period architecture and Isfahan style and the second part are integrated and taken from the architectural style of the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries. Maghrib is the earth, this style entered the architecture of Iran as a symbol of modernity and strongly influenced the architecture of Iran (Rezaei Nabi and Salehi Tabrizi, 2012: 6). Of course, this effect is much greater in the last years of the Qajar period than in the early years. In fact, the reign of the last Qajar king can be considered completely different from previous periods. Some historians consider this period as a mere imitation of Western architectural style (Talebzadeh, 2007: 14). Others, however, believe that the self-critical view resulting from the defeat in the Iran-Russia wars caused transformational tendencies to form in Iranian society during the Qajar period, and that the different Qajar architecture is the product of this idealistic approach. This can be attributed to the lack of importance to the tradition and original identity of the past in this period, and socially, the class gap between sections of society has increased and also political relations with Western countries caused the affluent strata of society after traveling to Western countries with what. They chose Western architecture and used it in their mansions (Saremi and Radmard, 1997: 143) and because the information was transmitted through the minds of these people, it was similar to the same building - with local and experimental materials and technology. And not scientific - they built, which often formed a fusion of traditional and Western architecture.
Objectives and necessity of research: Our purpose in this article is to examine the historical maps and documents and the results of field research, the formation and changes over time on the palaces of this period. In this research, the process of formation and evolution of Qajar period architecture and the influence of Western architecture on it are studied. The necessity of such research can be expressed in the physical analysis and typology of palaces of this period.
Research Questions and Hypotheses: Considering the fact that the establishment of the Tehran Government Citadel coincides with the capitalization of this city and the construction of the Nasserite fence, the main question is how the palaces of the Qajar period were formed and evolved? The present study seeks to understand why and how architects achieve this specific pattern and be influenced by past techniques and Western neoclassical style, as well as how they relate to each other and their similarities.
Research Methodology: The research method is based on the purpose of basic research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and comparative, the subject matter is obtained using the basic and basic data required through field studies. In order to compare and contrast the simultaneous data, the method of data collection has been done in a library manner and by comparing and analyzing them, it has come to a conclusion.

Background Research
In terms of the background and thematic background of the research, it should be acknowledged that fortunately in the field of architecture of the Qajar period and especially Golestan Palace, extensive research and studies have been conducted by several researchers, the most important of which are in the form of two thematic axes. They include general architectural studies of the Qajar period as well as studies on the architecture of Qajar royal mansions, some of which are mentioned below. One of these researches can be found in the book History of Construction.

Conclusion
In the traditional architecture of Iran, one point has always been considered by architects and that is the observance of interior and exterior spaces in architecture. From ancient times, Iranians were more spiritually and emotionally compatible than indoor and outdoor spaces to modern spaces. These elements and patterns were observed and preserved in Iranian architecture during the Safavid, Zandi and the first years of Qajar rule.
Certainly, architecture changes in each period in accordance with the lifestyle of human beings in each country. From the middle of the Qajar period, with the change of intellectual resources and ideas governing the society and also being aware of the developments, different needs were felt than in the past. These needs did not develop much at first and were more prominent among the courtiers and the affluent classes. They considered responding to these needs and the solution in modeling Western methods. The establishment of the Academy of Arts, sending students to Europe, hiring foreign teachers and publishing newspapers changed the social and political attitude in the Qajar period. The atmosphere of Qajar architecture followed the same attitude. From the middle of the Nasserite era onwards, the confrontation between tradition and modernity led to the victory of modernity, and architecture has since lost its ancient forms and taken on a Western appearance. The palaces of this period played the most important role in carrying out this evolution by being a pioneer in reflecting the architectural developments of their time. This architecture is a break from the previous tradition and in line with Western traditions and the achievements of Western civilization. The weakness of the Qajar government and the inability of the traditional system to confront the Western traditions created changes and currents in Iranian architecture. Iran’s entry into the Third World during the Qajar period caused Western civilization to become a model in many fields, including architecture, and among these, the first examples were seen in palaces and mansions. The decline of Iranian architectural traditions began in the middle of the Qajar period. In fact, the Qajar period is the era of weakening the historical and original Iranian traditions and the development and spread of Western architecture in Iran.
 Over time, in the years following the reign of Fath Ali Shah, buildings were erected that were considered the source of changes in traditional architecture. With the construction of a building such as Shams al-Amara, which has not benefited much from Western technology and can only be pointed out to be high-rise. Towards the end of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign, the shape and construction of buildings and palaces shifted to the European neoclassical style.
As we approach the end of the Qajar rule, the construction of buildings has become easier and there is no more traditional and introverted architecture, and modern buildings are being replaced by western and extroverted methods. Towards the end of this period, a number of elements of European architecture entered Iranian architecture and were used in combination with the same so-called traditional architecture. Some of these elements were borrowed from classical and neoclassical European architecture, and others were influenced by modern architecture. In short, Qajar architecture rightly upgraded the old Iranian architecture along with Western architecture, principles, principles and patterns and created innovations in terms of space. But it did not seem to have the strength to create a new architecture. In fact, in this period, due to the influence of Western architecture in Iran, our architects immersed it in the principles and patterns of traditional Iranian architecture, but by combining the two, they could not create a new style or pattern.

Abstract
The settlements of human societies have always undergone cultural changes in their place over time. One of the reasons for this alteration is the change in livelihood strategies as a result of climate change, in the social organization seeks change in production, technology and.... Among these, the most important factor should be considered livelihood and a kind of biogeography-dependent determinism in meeting basic needs, in the structure of the pattern of human settlements, so economic, social and environmental frameworks complement each other to analyze why change. Or lack of it in the biological patterns of humans throughout their historical life. Kabudrahang plain has been one of the northern plains of Hamedan province and one of the most important ways of communication between the cultures of the Central Plateau, the northwest and the Central Zagros during different periods. This plain in the summer of 2007, under the title: “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang” has been studied in a survey by collecting cultural materials from the area, in two seasons. The result of field studies includes 140 sites from different periods of Chalcolithic Period to late Islam, which shows environmental and cultural changes in the settlement patterns from the period of Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era. One of the main topics addressed in archeology is the study of changes in ancient sites and, finally, the attempt to analyze the changes and developments of habitat patterns and their causes over time. In this regard, to examine the trend of changes in settlement patterns, hypotheses based on the influence of factors such as: “space”, “time” and “place” in the process of these changes are presented. However, the main question of this research is that what were the influential factors in the cultural changes of the settlements of Kabudrahang plain from the Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era? The method selected in the present study will be the use of “Kennethe F. Watt” theory strategies based on GIS analysis with a historical-analytical approach. The results of the study of Kabudrahang plain settlements from the Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era, show a change in the adaptive strategies of human groups present in it, based on livelihood patterns in location with the impact of the geography of the study area on the needs of human communities..
Keywords: Kabudrahang Plain, Archaeological Study, Settlement Pattern, Location, Geography.

Introduction
Human settlements have always undergone various changes in location over time. Among the reasons for that are changes in livelihood strategies as a result of climate change, changes in social organization following cultural changes, technology, and so on. In addition to socio-economic reasons, cultural issues and a kind of determinism related to environmental geography could also affect the structure of human settlement patterns; Thus, economic, cultural, social, and environmental frameworks complement each other to explain why human life patterns have changed, throughout their historical life. Kabudrahang plain with the length of 50 km northwest-southeast and north, including the northern plains of Hamadan province and has been one of the most important communication routes between the inhabitants of the Central Plateau, northwest and central Zagros. Kabudrahang, with its diverse geography including mountainous areas, high slopes, lagoon (Shirinsoo) and mid-mountain plain on the northeastern slopes of Alvand Mountains, has experienced various biological and climatic changes over time. In the summer of 2007, Kaboudrahang plain was intensively surveyed by collecting cultural materials from the region during two seasons, with a field project entitled “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol- Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang”, which resulted in 140 sites being identified. Different types of Chalcolithic Period have been identified from the period to the end of the Islamic period, which includes different types: hills, caves, castles, cemeteries, stone paintings, baths, bridges, etc. In this research, the location changes of settlements, cultural effects and developments of archaeological findings in this cultural field will be studied, which is one of the main objectives of this research.

Settlements and Sites of Kabudrahang Plain
As mentioned in the introduction, Kabudrahang plain was studied for the first time in two stages with the research project “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang” (NazariArshad, 2007). in the first stage (Summer 2007) 60 works and in the second stage (Autumn 2007) 80 ancient works were identified. Accordingly, in the study of the area in the first Season, for each area, a location code number after the letter “KA”, which is derived from the name “Kabudrahang” was considered; So that after the investigation in the first Season 60 codes and in the second Season, 80 codes (140 codes in total in two Seasons) were allocated for all identified works. The identified ancient sites include: caves, stone carvings, baths, bridges, cemeteries, mountain castles with stone and brick materials for residential and governmental use, and other items in the form of ancient hills from the Chalcolithic period to the Qajar period. In the following, information about the typology of different places and ancient hills of Kaboudrahang based on known archeological periods and cultures will be provided.
Chalcolithic Period: The oldest artifacts and common cultures identified from Kabudrahang plain belong to the Chalcolithic periods, among which, from 13 sites, the artifacts of the period have been identified.
Bronze Age: Bronze Age artifacts of Kabudrahang plain have been identified in 16 settlements.
Iron Age: Iron Age artifacts in Kabudrahang plain are limited and have been identified from only 5 settlements.
Parthian and Sassanid Period: The settlements of the historical period of Kaboudrahang plain have been identified from 106 sites, which can be considered more related to the Parthian and Sassanid eras.
Islamic Period: Remains of the Islamic era of Kaboudrahang plain were identified from 125 sites. These sites belong to different periods of the early, middle and late Islamic centuries and include different types of monuments such as baths, castles, bridges, cemeteries and ancient hills.

Conclusion 
The ideas and analysis of the settlement patterns of Kabudrahang plain can be discussed from two perspectives; First: livelihood economy, which has caused spatial changes in order to benefit and adapt its different communities to the environment, which sometimes includes livestock with a semi-integrated approach and sometimes agriculture and permanent settlement in different areas of the plain. These environmental compromises have been manifested in all prehistoric periods (Chalcolithic Period) to the late Islamic period (Qajar) in Kaboudar plain. Second: Roads and communication spaces and the location of the region have been political, cultural and commercial borders. In different historical periods, roads, trade and economic prosperity have always been considered as a component of the durability and stability of governments. Road surveillance, awareness and prevention of possible movements of military attacks, required important infrastructure such as: military bases along the way, proper access roads and most importantly security. Therefore, the construction of castles has always been considered important and serious by the rulers and the city government, which in the Kabudrahang plain has shown the most in the Parthian and Qajar periods based on the type of settlements (Fortifications Castle). Existence of surface waters such as seasonal and permanent wetlands and rivers and being located in communication roads and borders of different cultures in the northwest, central plateau and central Zagros has made Kaboudrahang plain more important in different periods (from prehistoric to Islamic period). Finally, it can be said that the main areas of this plain are occupied by settlements of less than half a hectare and a limited area of one to three hectares, which indicates the existence of small and large villages to supply their core in prehistoric times and central governments in the emerging historical period. Feudalism (especially in the Parthian and Qajar periods) has been with the approach of master and servant using geography, ecology and environmental capabilities of the region.

Abstract
The historical site of Qalat Mutabad in Piranshahr is of paramount importance in numerous historical and cultural documents such as potteries and brick architectural remains, especially in terms of architectural maps and plans. The existence of a star-shaped plan in the design of the site’s outer fence illustrates the importance and pivotal role of this area in the Piranshahr plain. The site is located beside one of the branches of the Little Zab (or Lower Zab) River, which has been gradually destroyed due to the passage of time and the land-use change, “use as a military base in the contemporary period,” and currently the evidence of the architectural debris of the building at the site is evident. Examples of star-shaped plan design in different parts of Iran, as well as European fortresses, can be observed, and it is comparable to the plan of Qalat Mutabad in this respect. The main problem of this article is to evaluate the site relying on the available documents and evidence so that we study the importance of military forts in the Piranshahr plain while achieving a relative dating of the site. Accordingly, some questions about the architectural structure, especially its plan and the military and residential function of the site arise. According to written historical sources, the study of similar examples, as well as material artifacts at the site level, hypotheses concerning the attribution of the site to the period after Safavid, “Afshar or Qajar,” military function inspired by Western architectural elements, are presented. This study was conducted in a historical, descriptive-analytical method. In addition to studying historical sources and field documentation by the authors at the site, aerial images and data gained from these images were exploited. 
Keywords: Qalat Mut-Abad, Form and Function Based, Star-Shaped Plan, Piranshahr.

Introduction
Qalat Mutabad site with an area of 20 hectares is located in Piranshahr city, 15 kilometers away from Tamrchin border crossing in south of Little Zab River. The plan of the site is star-shaped, overlooking the border crossings. In terms of architectural plan and location, Qalat Mutabad is noticeable and worthy of study.
Significance and Objectives of the Research: Concerning the destruction of the site and the ever-rising expansion of degradation factors, while introducing and recognizing Qalat Mutabad due to the lack of historical and archaeological data of the Islamic periods in Piranshahr, this study can contribute to the completeness of the information.
Questions and Objectives of the Research: Qalat Mutabad belongs to which period? What are the factors affecting the construction and star-shaped design of the site? It seems that this site belongs to the late centuries of Islam. Due to its geographical location and exposure to natural and political boundaries, Qalat Mutabad was built as a fortress and military base to repel the attacks of the Ottoman state or local insurgency.
Methods: The research method in this article is historical, and content analysis is descriptive-analytical. Aerial images explore written historical evidence and archaeological findings.
Literature Review: The historical site of Qalat Mutabad was pointed out in the photo book of Ali Khan Vali (Ali khan vali, 1862-1900: 183). In archaeological investigations, the Qalat Mutabad site with a history of 2500 BC, registration No. 611, was recorded in 1966 (West Azarbaijan Cultural Heritage Archives: 2019). The survey carried out in 2002 reviewed the site of Qalat Mutabad, and the area with historical-Islamic antiquity was registered as the hill of Qala-e-Mut with registration No. 7526 (West Azarbaijan Cultural Heritage Archives: 2019). In the study of Ali Binandeh for the master’s thesis “Archaeological Study of the Little Zab River,” he attributes this site to the Bronze Age, historical and Islamic period (Binandeh, 2008: 73).

Qalat Mutabad
Qalat Mutabad faces multiple problems, including the use of the site as a military base until recent years, industrial workshops in the area and boundary of the site, destruction by agricultural land, construction of garden houses, and the activities of unauthorized diggers. Problems have caused the site to lose its architectural structure and identity. For a detailed study, by utilizing satellite images of the Corona satellite taken in 1969, the site and its architectural structure are initially studied. Using the pictures of Ali Khan Vali’s book, a more accurate study of the site and its architectural evidence will be then addressed.
Below is the recorded photo, taken by Ali Khan Vali in the Qajar period, in which the word Qala-e-Mutabad was exploited. In addition to demonstrating that the site is a fortress, this historical document proves that the name of Mutabad has not been newly known in this area and has historical and old roots (Ali Khan Vali, Ibid: 183). The term Qalat in the Kurdish language means fortress, and it seems that Mutabad has come from the two words Mut + Abad. According to the evidence, before Iran’s Islamic revolution in 1978, there was a village called Motabad, which was evacuated after using the site as a military base in 1978 (Binandeh, Ibid: 73).
In Corona satellite images, the site has two parts of the outer fence with a star-shaped plan and the area’s inner part as a hill with a natural bed. There is a hill with a natural bed in the interior of the site. In unauthorized excavation cuts performed in the site, the thickness of ancient layers up to 2 meters is visible. Based on the Corona satellite images, an almost square-shaped area with suspicious architectural features can be seen at the top of the site.

Conclusion
Due to enjoying environmental potentials and also being located in the border strip of Iran with Mesopotamia, the Piranshahr region has always been a buffer zone due to successive wars from the Safavid period onwards with the formation of Safavid and Ottoman rules. With the coming to power of the Safavids and due to various gaps, local powers such as the Bilbas Tribal Union, the local governments of Savojbolagh Mokri and Urmia in Iran, as well as the local government of Baban in the Ottoman-ruled areas of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq, have turned the Piranshahr area into a scene of regional battles for various political, religious, and ethnic reasons. Historical documents and texts provide concise and beneficial information about the political and military situation in the Piranshahr area. Regional conflicts and wars mainly exhibit the military importance of the region and efforts to rule in it. About the existence of pottery findings and architectural works in the site of Qalat Mutabad and the lack of accurate dating of these findings because of their simplicity and locality, achieving a final decision based on the findings of pottery is impossible. Due to the existence of Corona satellite images and the intactness of the star-shaped plan of the Qalat Mutabad site and the presence of a photo of the site from the Qajar period and naming the site as the fortress, as well as the soundness of parts of the wall, towers, and architectural works in the photo, we can argue that not much time has elapsed since the destruction of the fortress. Accordingly, with comparative studies, the state of the landscape of the site and also the existence of similar examples of military fortresses with regular and star-shaped plans in the post-Safavid period “Afsharieh or Qajarieh” which are made inspired by European elements, the site of Qalat Mutabad can be attributed to Afsharieh or Qajar era.

Abstract
During the Safavid period, the Shiite denomination spread in the Dekan peninsula and some sultans of the region having some common religious beliefs established good political relations with the Safavid government. The migration of Iranian shiits to one of the eighth century AH had significantly increased and reached its peak in the tenth and eleventh centuries. One of the emigrants who played a decisive role in strengthening the political relation between Nezam Shahian dynasty and the Safavid government was Shah Tahir. This paper aims to study the role of Shah Tahir, the factor in that ralationship and its impact on both governments. The authors applying a descriptive- analytical method try to explain the role of Shah Tahir in propagation of Shiism and consolidation of relations between the two countries. Data was collected through a research and library method. Although Nezam Shahian unlike Adel Shahian and Qutb Shahian had initially no connection with Iran and the Safavid dynasty, in fact they weren’t among those who had migrated to southern India, Shah Tahir’s migration led to the establishment and development of political, cultural relations with the Safavids. However the Nezsm Shahian lagged significantly behind the other Shiite governments in southern India, converting to Shiism, its attitude to Shiism was closer to that of the Safavid to it. And this led to a special connection between the Safavid government during Shah Tahmasb’s reign and Nezam Shahian dynasty. So we can say that the factor of religion played a key role strengthening the relation between the Safavid and Nezsm Shahian and the person who caused such a religious closeness was the Iranian bureaucrat, ShahTahir. In fact the migration of the Iranian bureaucrats to the southern India led to the spread of Shiism in that region and Shah Tahir influencing the king of Nezam Shahian caused the Shiite to become official in the region. That was the beginning of a Safavid-Nezam Shahian solid relation. 
Keywords: Shiite, Shah Tahir, Safavid, Nezam Shahian, Dekan Peninsula.

Introduction
The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Shah Taher as an Iranian bureaucrat who, by migrating to Deccan during the reign of the Shah, has caused the spread of Shiism in this region and the political relationship between the two governments.
The important question raised in this study is what role did the Iranian bureaucrats, including Shah Taher, play in strengthening the relations between the Shahs and the Safavid government? It seems that the similarity of religion was the most important reason for the closeness and strengthening of political relations between the Shahs and the Safavid government. Among them were Iranian bureaucrats who led the Shiites to accept the Shiite religion, and Iranian bureaucrats, including Shah Taher, who operated in the royal court, promoted Shiism among the Shahs and the Safavids, strengthening the religious unity of the Shahs and the Safavids and strengthening their political, economic and cultural relations.
The present research is descriptive-analytical and its data collection method is library.
Cultural and civilizational relations between Iran and India have a long history. Among them, Iranian bureaucrats have played an indispensable role in deepening these relations and relations, especially in the Deccan region. The Iranian bureaucrats, who were themselves great scholars and had the Shiite religion, by infiltrating the court of various sultans, tried to attract their attention in order to gain the material and spiritual support of these rulers, and by inviting Shiite scholars and elders from Iran to Deccan and on behalf of Other appropriate mechanisms in the Deccan have promoted their Shiite ideas. Among these people are Mir Fazlullah Injui, Khajeh Mahmoud Gavan, Shah Nawaz Khan Shirazi, Afzal Khan Shirazi, Shah Taher, Mir Mohammad Mo’men Astarabadi, Ibn Khatun are among the great Shiite scholars and politicians who migrated to Deccan from Iran during the various governments of Deccan. They entered the system of government and progressed rapidly. They played a very important role in establishing governments and suppressing the uprisings and oppositions of that time, and by inviting Shiites, giving them positions, building mosques and schools, they played a very important role in the cultural and political developments of Deccan, especially deepening and spreading beliefs. They had Shiites. Among them, Shah Taher was an Iranian bureaucrat who played a key role in the tendency of the Shahs to Shiism as well as the strengthening of relations between the Shahs and the Safavids.

Discussion
The Shahs were a dynasty of Deccan kings who ruled in Ahmadnagar province from 895 AH to about 1042 AH. The founder of this dynasty was named Ahmad Shah, whose father held the position of minister in the court of Bahmani sultans. Ahmad Shah was also called Nizam al-Muk Bahri and it was because of this Nizam al-Mulk that this dynasty was called Nizam al-Shahi. After the death of Queen Ahmad Nizam Shah Bahri in 914 AH, his son Borhan became king. He was a lover of science and scholars. Many scholars depended on him. He had a special interest in Iranian scientists. During his reign in 928 AH, Taher Ibn Razi Hamedani, known as “Shah Taher Hosseini”, entered Ahmadnagar from Iran and created a map in the religious and political environment of the court. He influenced the argument with his knowledge and grace. Burhan Nizam Shah chose him as his minister and Shah Tahir settled that land and tried to serve Burhan and caused that in 962 AH, Burhan Nizam Shah turned to Shiism and introduced it as the official religion.
Shah Tahir, who was initially a supporter of Shah Ismail Safavid in Iran, opposed him and was about to be killed. He secretly went to India and lived in the court of a very honorable royal system. He trained many scholars in various Islamic subjects and his field of study was one of the largest in India. Burhan Nizam Shah Ahmad Nangari, the second ruler of the Nizam Shah dynasty in Ahmad Nangar, under the influence of Shah Tahir, converted to Shiism with his relatives and rulers and made it the official religion of his country.

Conclusion
About 3,000 people converted to Shiism in imitation of the Shah. The Sunni people and the great Sunni scholars reacted strongly to this move, they even besieged the royal palace, but to no avail. Following the change of the official religion of Ahmadinejad’s monarchy, there were changes in relations with foreign countries and conflicts with neighboring countries, but good relations were established with the Iranian government. Shah Ismail Safavid showed interest in friendship with Borhan and sent his ambassador to Ahmadnagar. Until the time of Shah Tahmasb, good relations between the Shahs and the Safavids continued.

Abstract
The Kur river basin located on the center of Fars province is one of the main regions in Iran for the formation and development of prehistoric settlements. The Persepolis plain on the marginal areas of southeastern the basin has been a strategic and cross-cultural place for socio-economic exchanges from prehistoric times. The area during Chalcolithic period including Bakun and Lapui phases in 5th and 4th millennium B.C. has been settled by small villages such as Tal-e Bakun and Jalyan Archaeological sites. Jaylan is a complex site constituted of three parts and mounds that its name was the adaption of a neighboring village (Jaylan or Galyan), is situated 3.2 northwestern of Persepolis palaces and inside of its Buffer Zone. The site is completely flat on the farming lands, which can identify just by some surface finds, especially pottery sherds. The most important landscape complication of the ancient site is the Polvar (Sivand) river close to 100 m., and flows across the plain continuing southwest join to Kur river. Archaeological soundings at Jaylan excavated on the six trenches in various sizes between 7×5 m., 3×3 m., 2×6 m., and 2×2 m. Furthermore, 10 small test trenches at a distance of 10 to 50 m. from the center of site to recognize its core area and buffer zone that these didn’t have any cultural layers. So the area of the site is restricted to 0.5 hectares. a large quantity of Lapui pottery assemblage was found in lower levels, which generally divided into two categories including common ware and fine ware form to red, orange, and slight quantity in grey and buff colors. other significant finds are human burial and foundation of a large mud-bricks wall. Archaeological excavations at Jalyan show the site related to Lapui period, was a small settlement with two occupational phases. 
Keywords: Lapui, Jalyan, Kur River Basin, 4th Millennium B.C., Archaeological Excavation.

Introduction
The Kur river basin located on the center of Fars province is one of the main regions in Iran for the formation and development of prehistoric settlements. The Persepolis plain on the marginal areas of southeastern the basin has been a strategic and cross-cultural place for socio-economic exchanges from prehistoric times. The exchanges and transformations continued to the historic period with the formation of great ancient cities such as Persepolis and Istakhr during the Achaemenid and Sasanian eras. 
Tal-e Bakun is one of the diagnostic prehistoric sites on the area that formed from the fifth millennium B.C. identified by painted fine buff ware, several occupational phases, architectural spaces, and administrative documents such as seals and sealing. The last cultural settlements of the Tal-e Bakun found slightly thin occupational layers of the Lapui period during the late fourth millennium B.C. with plain fine red ware. In the period, new settlements were raised on the Kur river basin usually near the strings such as Tal-e Jalyan, which are commonly small in size.         
Lapui period during the first half of the fourth millennium B.C is the argumentative subject in the studies about prehistoric Fars region, providing some questions: why did abruptly change the pottery style during the transition from Bakun to Lapui period? How is the occupational nature of Lapui settlements? how sparsely small Lapui settlements transformed to the great city of Anshan (Tal-e Malyan) during the Banesh period on the late fourth millennium B.C.? and finally why Lapui period settlements of the Fars couldn’t develop akin to Susiana and Mesopotamian cities in the early of fourth Millennium B.C? how is the administration and socio-economic organization of the Lapui small settlements in the several plains of Kur river basin? 

The Site of Jalyan
Given the questions, it is necessary to do systematic surveys and archaeological excavations on some sites related Lapui period. Although firstly archaeological excavations on the Jaylan in 2019 found late Islamic layers on the surface levels based on the Geomagnetic survey results and anomalies, but by continuing of some soundings to get virgin soils old occupational phases from the Lapui period uncovered about 1 to 2.5 m. in dept. that established on the virgin soils.
Jaylan is an archaeological complex site constituted of three parts and mounds that its name was the adaption of a neighboring village (Jaylan or Galyan), is situated 3.2 northwestern of Persepolis palaces and inside of its Buffer Zone. The site is completely flat on the farming lands, which can identify just by some surface finds, especially pottery sherds. The most important landscape complication of the ancient site is the Polvar (Sivand) river close to 100 m., and flows across the plain continuing southwest join to Kur river. based on delimitation soundings, the estimated core area of the site is approximately 0.5 hectares with 2 to 2.5 m. the thickness of cultural layers.  
Archaeological soundings at Jaylan excavated on the six trenches in various sizes between 7×5 m., 3×3 m., 2×6 m., and 2×2 m. Furthermore, 10 small test trenches at a distance of 10 to 50 m. from the center of site to recognize its core area and buffer zone that these didn’t have any cultural layers. So the area of the site is restricted to 0.5 hectares.    

Finds
Besides some Islamic Pottery sherds on the upper levels, a large quantity of Lapui pottery assemblage was found in lower levels, which generally divided into two categories including common ware and fine ware form to red, orange, and slight quantity in grey and buff colors. Lapui fine ware has a hard dense buff or red body, with frequent lime inclusions, fired to a uniform red or buff through the core. Surfaces are smooth, sometimes with a slight luster, and scraping or burnishing marks are common. Lapui common ware has a coarse black grit-tempered body. An oxidized grey core is characteristic of many sherds and breaks leave a rough crumbly edge, as compared to the sharp smooth edge of breaks in fine ware. The surface is usually slipped, roughly burnished. Forms include bell-shaped or cylindrical beakers, open bowls, and restricted hole mouth or low necked jar. Rim forms are usually smoothly rounded but some are slightly thickened or pinched. Bases are usually flat although a few disk bases and ring bases are found. 
One of the significant finds on the excavation of Jalyan is a human burial found in trench 5 that form hole-shaped, constructed by chine wall surrounded it. Another burial from this period was just found at Tappeh Lapui on the Marvdasht plain, similar to Jalyan squat burial. Additionally, fauna and human bones were collected at the site with the number of 38 pieces and 384 gr. in weight. By the reason of little excavation in the Lapui deposits, there are small numbers of architectural residues. Nevertheless, the architecture show buildings constructed through mud-brick and chine walls. The foundation of a large wall was found in the Trench 4 with north-south direction, created by three rows of mud-bricks in light brown color, and 115 Cm. thickness. In parallel to other architectural samples in Lapui sites such as Tappeh Mehr Ali, Tol-e Spid, Tol-e Nurabad, Tol-e Bondo, and Tol-e Sozo, as yet hasn’t found the similar huge structure that could assume concerning to defense and monumental buildings of a complex society. 
Based on old satellite imagery such as Corona photos and also new imagery of Google and Bing, two other small sites are neighboring Jalyan that called Jalyan 2 (Tale- Kharkhane Ard-e Naghsh Rostam) and Jalyan 3 (Tal-e Gavdari) at a distance of 500 and 700 m. far from the site. Both sites also belong to Lapui period. Thus, the sites display this place was a cluster of small villages adjacent to Polvar river during Lapui period that confirm its important situation. Nevertheless, we should anticipate increasing the number of Lapui settlements to more than 96 sites on the Marvdasht plain, as specified by W. Sumner in former archaeological surveys. 

Conclusion
Archaeological excavations at Jalyan show the site related to Lapui period, was a small settlement with two occupational phases. Architectural remains, especially large mud-brick wall with around 1 m. thickness display a village settlement that established close to the Polvar river. however, the prehistoric village was abandoned after a short period. The site was ruined for more than five thousand years under sediments and natural deposits of Persepolis and Marvdasht plains on the Kur river basin, and at last, resettled again as a camp seasonal site by pastoral nomadic tribes during late Islamic periods. Indeed, natural sediments and also sporadically various historical ruins sometimes covered and protected a large number of prehistoric sites that it needs to revise essentially to archaeological surveys and methods.   
W. Sumner`s archaeological researches on the Kur river basin that was comprehensive and updated methods during same time need to review after 50 years. Nowadays many of the identified archaeological sites are destroyed through agricultural activities and developmental projects, but on the other hand, archaeological excavations at some sites such as Jalyan reveal that numerous prehistoric sites would be unseen by Sumner and other archaeologists. As, by the discovery of the sites, we should reconsider and change former settlement pattern analysis based on the regional surveys. 

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of a recently conducted geoarchaeological survey in the Susiana plains in southwest Iran. Here, the question of subsequent interaction of human settlements and their riverine landscape of the Greater Susiana region (roughly equivalent to modern Khuzestan) in the Later Village and the Early-historical periods (~ fifth to second millennium BCE) has been chosen as a case study. This study challenges the idea of the cultural expansion from South-Mesopotamia and its direct socio-political involvement in the spatial evolution patterns in Susiana in this timespan. It also offers an alternative interpretation: the riverine landscape and its spatial interaction with the settlement system. It has been suggested that the Later village settlements of Susiana were greatly influenced by the physical changes of the riverine landscape in their spatial development. This paper examines this hypothesis via geoarchaeological methods from the macro-level such as remote sensing to micro-level such as laboratory analysis of sediment logs to address this issue. The results of this study confirm three main points: (i) the westward migration of active watercourses in the mentioned time span; (ii) the direct correlation of this event with the spatial evolution of the studied settlements; and (iii) the overall differences between the neighboring plains of Susiana and south Mesopotamia in their geomorphological response to their fluvial evolution. 
Keywords: Geoarchaeology, Greater Susiana, Riverine Landscape, Later Village Period, Early History, Settlement Patterns.

Introduction
Geoarchaeology has established itself as a decisive means to study the human-environment-interaction in recent years. The use of geo-sciences in archaeology has revived the archaeological discourse regarding entanglement and niche construction theory, especially in the Near Eastern Archaeology. Yet, the Iranian archaeology lags behind in this matter. This paper contributes to this issue and aims to demonstrate the huge potential of geoarchaeological investigations in the Iranian archaeology.
The Susiana plains are an archaeologically rich region and suitable to examine the human-environment interaction in pre- and early history. The author has carried out a geoarchaeological survey in 2014 in this region to address this issue. The analyzed results have been published in detail (Rashidian 2020) and are briefly presented here.
Archaeological evidence of this region indicates a spatial change in the settlement patterns in the mentioned periods, including the abandonment of central settlements in the eastern plains and foundation of new settlements in the western plains (Adams 1962; Johnson 1973; Moghaddam 2012a). The common interpretation of this phenomenon related this spatial change to a socio-cultural or even political force from the South-Mesopotamian center, especially during the end of Ubaid and the beginning of the Uruk periods (Algaze 2005; 2008). This hypothesis has been discussed within the framework of the world-systems and criticized for decades, especially due to recent archaeological projects from modern Syria and neighboring regions. By integrating geoarchaeological investigations, these studies have shown that the spatial evolution of the settlements in the so-called periphery regions has been endogenic and not imported from Mesopotamia (McMahon & Crawford 2010; Ur et al. 2007). They have also offered alternative hypotheses for this phenomenon. Yet, for the Susiana region, this has remained the common hypothesis, despite occasional critic and speculation (Alizadeh et al. 2004; Moghaddam 2012a).
This has been the main focus of the present study, which examines two aspects: (i) There are strong indications of a westwards-migration of palaeo-rivers in the Mid-Holocene period, as mentioned by others (Kouchoukos 1999; Lees & Falcon 1952). (ii) In addition to a shift in watercourses and riverbed, such a fluvial change would affect the entire landscape immensely, for example, by changes in the surface slope, sediment freight, and soil characteristics. This probable landscape shift shall be comprehended in focusing on ten archaeologically known settlements (Abu Fanduweh, Abu Chizan, Band-e Qir, Chogha Mish, Dar Khazineh, Dehno, Haft Tappeh, Samirat, Sanjar, Sharafabad) in respect to the watercourses Dez, Karkheh, Karun, and their tributaries. During the here presented  geoarchaeological survey, hundreds of soil profiles, as well as fifty-one subsurface cores, have been documented in the environ of these settlements in the riverine landscape. 

Discussion
The sedimentological laboratory analysis of the documented horizons (surface and sub-surface) confirmed the large-scale migration of the rivers towards the west of the plain, which correlates with the spatial shift in the studied settlements, both in macro- and micro-level (in the region and within the settlements themselves). 
Furthermore, it was shown that not the large rivers, but the smaller rivulets had been the source of water for these settlements, despite prior speculation. Following the westwards fluvial migration, these rivulets have been cut off the hydrologic regime of the region and largely covered by recent sediments in the third and second millennium BCE. A number of them have been revived and integrated into the new canal network in the Early historical and Late Antiquity. Relative and absolute dating, based on material culture in situ and optically stimulated luminescence of sand in bulk samples respectively, have provided a dating framework for the presented geodata.
In general terms, focusing on geomorphological elements of the landscape such as slope, soil characteristics, and sedimentary regime has proved beneficial to examine the spatial evolution of prehistoric settlements. Susiana as a dynamic landscape has changed considerably in response to the fluvial regime change and extensive human impact. This has been attested in the presented geodata in this period. An intensification of the mentioned event is also confirmed for the later period, where the human impact has largely escalated due to centralized and planned developments of well established political entities From the Neo-Elamite to the Sasanian period. 

Conclusion
This study provided a range of results concerning the hypothesis and the relevant settlements. Three main points are summarized here: 
(i) The westward migration of Susiana’s active watercourses during the fifth to second millennium BCE has been confirmed using a combination of remote sensing, sedimentary analysis of cores, laboratory analysis of sediment horizons, and methods of indirect and absolute dating.  
(ii) A correlation in spatial evolution of settlement patterns with this fluvial development has been confirmed, based on available archaeological record of the ten mentioned settlements. This spatial correlation is attested both in macro- and micro-level. In this regard, a general tendency of settlements towards the western parts of the plain can be confirmed for this timespan. Furthermore, this has been attested in the spatial evolution within the settlements and it seems that some were following their migrating watercourses, and others have been abandoned entirely.
(iii) The results of this analysis also show the stark difference between the flat landscape of South-Mesopotamia with its large riverbeds as primary geo-elements in the west, and the softly sloped landscape of Susiana with its numerous rivulets and narrow floodplains surrounded by ridges and anticlines in the east. It is safe to assume that these starkly different landscapes have brought about equally different settlement patterns. Therefore, the settlement evolution of Susiana must be considered endogenic and studied in the framework of its landscape.
A detailed account of the presented study has been recently published (Rashidian 2020). A few case studies are also subject of English papers (Rashidian 2017; 2018; in press). The author hopes that this summary in Persian can contribute to the present discourse and encourage active members of the Iranian Archaeology to integrate geoarchaeological investigations into their projects. This is the only way towards further establishing an internationally acclaimed place for the Iranian archaeology. 

Abstract
The Zab River basin contains the cities of Piranshahr and Sardasht in West Azerbaijan and parts of the city of Baneh in Kurdistan. The Zab River rises from the Northwest highlands of Piranshahr and after joining many branches passes through the highlands of Alan in Iran and enters Iraq. The extension of this basin is a relatively vertical strip along the Iran-Iraq border and the Little Zab River. Its orientation is Northwest to southeast and from west to east. The Zab Basin is located in an area with a cold and temperate mountainous climate, a Mediterranean rainfall regime, with average annual temperatures between 11.7°C and 13. 3°C and, 700 ml annual rainfall (Hojabri et al 95). This article tries to answer the question of how the cultural relations between this point and other areas of the presence of the late bronze culture have been established by studying the cultural materials belonging to the late bronze cultural tradition in Akhoran tepe. Also, what was the chronology of the stables? The results of archaeological excavations led to the identification of a late Bronze Age camp. The study of Akhoran cultural materials also indicates the presence of a late bronze pottery tradition. Studies and relative chronology of pottery showed that most of the cultural interactions and influences were with Hasanlu regions and outside the borders of Iran with Anatolia and Iraqi Kurdistan. The present study is based on archaeological excavations and then library studies and with a descriptive-analytical approach tries to introduce new pottery of the late Bronze Age.
Keywords: Northwest of Iran, Late Bronze Age, Zab Basin, Akhoran Tepe, Archaeological Excavation, East of Anatoli.

Introduction
The Bronze Age is considered to be the beginning of major social changes in the early third millennium BC. The Hasanlu VI period or the Middle Bronze Age covers from 2100 to 1700 BC (Danti 2013:332 .Table 17.1). During this period, multi-colored and painted wares were commonly used in large parts of Azerbaijan (Dyson 1969). Hasanlu VI ceramic designs were in crossed, checkered, and triangle forms (Dyson 1965). The simple painted pottery, which is the characteristic of the Middle of the 2nd millennium BC, is the same as synchronously identified dishes of Khabur from Northern Mesopotamia and South West Turkey (Dyson 1969: 43-44). Our information on late bronze age in northwest Iran is quite limited. Hasanlu V, is of great importance in this region, but the period has been given relatively little attention. We therefore selected Akhoran Tepe for excavation with the goal of closing this chronological gap in our understanding of Iranian prehistory.
As a local center, the Zab basin generally witnessed the alternation of contacts and conflicts, as is evidenced by the varying patterns in the distribution of recorded sites. Unlike what is characteristic of Mesopotamia and southern Iran in the fourth millennium BC, it has not yet produced any traces of extended settlements and social complexities. 
Previous studies have illustrated that northwest Iran maintained contacts with regions south of Caucasia and the valleys hemmed in by the Aras and Kura rivers to the north, the Central Zagros to the south, and eastern Anatolia and north Mesopotamia to the west via mountain passes. 
Recent archaeological data from the adjacent neighboring regions has corroborated this observation. Therefore, serious investigation in the region has the potential to shed light on broad cultural interactions and evolutions in the middle and northern Middle East. 
The data from Akhoran is thus of considerable importance in this respect, and can improve our understanding of regional and inter-regional interactions. A foremost purpose of this paper is to look into the ties and connections between Akhoran and northwest Iran as a whole, and to explore intra- and inter-regional interactions.
One of our fundamental problems in North West Iran was the lack of excavations, with little information about the Archaeology of the region. The current paper focuses on Akhoran Tepe since we have had a little knowledge about the late Bronze Age in the Little Zab River. 

Archaeological Background
North West Iran has a particular Archeological importance since it accumulates different prehistoric periods. The area is also important from the point of view of Archeological literature since it is at a crossroad facilitating the passing of nations and trading. With regard to the history, the basin is among those that attracted the attention of domestic and foreign scholars at the dawn of professional Archaeology in Iran (Motarjem Sharifi 2014: 50).
A long-lasting Hasanlu Project started by the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1956 under the guidance of Robert H. Dyson, is the most significant work carried out in this basin (Dyson, 1968; 1969). On the other hand, the work at Yanik Tepe, the Northeastern basin of the lake began in 1960 by Charles Burney that furnished important details, among them the identification of the Trans-Caucasian culture’s infiltration into Northwestern Iran (Burney 1961; 1962; 1964). Indeed, earlier excavations conducted by Burton-Brown at Geoy Tepe, in the same basin, had uncovered evidence of the Trans-Caucasian culture at Level K (Burton Brown 1951). Later excavations by Burney at Haftvan Tepe brought to light further aspects of the Bronze and Iron Age cultures.
This region experienced the Middle Bronze culture known as Urmia ware with monochrome and polychrome pottery. Danti divides the Middle Bronze Age into three periods (Danti 2013: 332).
We also know about the Urmia ware in Haftavan VIB. Investigation and recognition of the Urmia ware was carried out by Edwards (Edwards 1983).

Conclusion
Akhoran can well supplement the limited dataset at hand for Hasanlu V. An important point about this site is the absence of the middle bronze material culture. Tepe Akhoran is one of the sites with deposits of the Late bronze age within the prospective reservoir of the kani sib  Dam. The main objective of this excavations is to establish the cultural sequence of the site. Other aims include dating the most important settlement attested at the site, and pinpointing the subsistence system of the late bronze age community that occupied it. The nature of the settlement and material culture of the Hasanlu VI period in Dinkhah Tepe and the limitation of the Khabur pottery to the southern areas of Lake Urmia strongly suggest that during this period, people from Mesopotamia migrated to the Ušnu- Solduz valley (Danti et al 2004.584).  In the Piranshahr area, excavations at Akhoran Hill provided evidence of a new bronze tradition in the Zab Basin.
The most important cultural material of the Akhorn  in  late  bronze age is  potteries, which is produced in a simple and painted sherds. The pottery from Tepe Akhoran is comparable to the material coming from the, Azerbaijan and the Anatoly. 
The pottery is decorated with geometric patterns. The shape of the dishes is more inclined to closed-mouth dishes. Also, what the data of Akhoran excavations show indicates the cultural relations of this region with other parts of the Urmia Lake basin, including Hasanlu, and outside the borders of Iran, the areas of Anatolia and Iraqi Kurdistan. This area may be geographically more inclined to Anatolia. 

Abstract
The existence of some places in northern Iran with different climates has created special features and since the climate has a direct impact on the formation of culture and architecture of each region, cold and mountainous climate in Kojoor region has led to the formation of different architecture from other parts of the north. Which is mostly taken from the ancient cultures of this area. Meanwhile, architecture and sustainable development, based on naturalism, audience-oriented, functionalism based on exterior design with a combination of memories, needs and common aesthetics between archeology and architecture, designs and directs the exterior space. Kojoor is located between Haraz and Chalous valleys in the west of Mazandaran province, which has the widest areas and identified artifacts belonging to the Islamic era in the region. These works are divided into two groups: hills, and grounds and tomb buildings. In the archeological study of the works of Between the mountains plain of Kojoor, a lot of works including yards, cemeteries, ordering stone architecture, stone mills were identified, which shows its impact on the current culture and architecture. According to the clay data, the time range of the identified areas includes from the prehistoric period (Middle and New Bronze Age, Old Bronze, Iron) to the Islamic period (Qajar), with the largest number of settlements belonging to the Parthian historical period. Considering the large number of places, sites and cultural monuments of different periods in this region, it can be said that favorable conditions for the establishment of human societies have ruled this region. The present article tries to analyze the results of this research and examine the developments of this period, to address the role of these areas in the sustainable development of the region. 
Keywords: Historical, Archaeological Sites, Survey and Identification, Sustainable Development of Kojoor.

Introduction
Today, environmental studies are studied in archaeological studies of human-environment interactions based on the theory of “systems and bio-ecological archeology” (Renfrio and Ban,2011:141). Environmental archeology is the knowledge of the relationship between culture and the environment as well as the definition and description of bio-physical features and dynamics (Fagan, 2003: 585-584) in relation to social and economic systems (Butzer, 1980:419).
Explaining the relationship between archeology, man and nature has a long history in human history. Anti-naturalistic and naturalistic approaches have always been presented as paradigms of this type of relationship.
Kojoor architecture is a suitable example of coordination and integration of archeology with nature, which is the result of various climatic, social, economic, cultural factors, etc., and has received the greatest impact from the climate and nature around it. In this study, in order to study sustainable architecture in Mazandaran (Kojoor), first the concept of sustainability, sustainable development and its impact and goals in architecture have been studied. Then, the study of Mazandaran architecture, especially the effect of climatic, natural and ancient features on it has been considered.
Aims and Necessity of Research: This article is the result of several chapters of research and study and archaeological identification of Kojoor section, as a result of which many examples of architectural typology and archaeological findings of the Islamic period were obtained. Due to the fact that not much information about these reports has been published so far and also due to the great diversity of these findings, it was necessary to address them in an independent study. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to study the architecture of the north of the country from an archaeological perspective and its role in sustainable development in the Kojoor region.
Question and Hypothesis: These goals are in order to answer the following questions: 1- To what extent has the ancient background of Kojoor region played a role in the formation and development of indigenous and sustainable architecture of the region? 2- What is the role of reviving the native architecture of the Central Alborz regions, especially the Kojoor region, in preserving and preserving the cultural heritage of these regions?
Research Method: This research is based on the description of events and phenomena, grouping of events and phenomena, and revealing the permanent relationships between phenomena (scientific laws) and formulating theories that explain the causes of events and phenomena. First, events, objects, and phenomena were studied and then observed, described, and described. Then the common features between the phenomena are identified and finally, finding correlation, continuity, or cause and effect relationships between the variables is considered, in order to achieve scientific theories and laws.

Climate of Kojoor
Climate has a direct effect on the formation of culture and architecture, so the cold and mountainous climate in the Kojoor region has led to the formation of architecture different from other parts of the north with a temperate and humid climate.
 Due to climatic and environmental conditions, this region has played an effective role in the process of forming sustainable architecture of different Islamic periods.
Architectural analysis of the works and buildings of this region shows that despite being influenced by various buildings, both in the principles of architecture and in the principles of decoration, it is influenced by environmental capabilities and climatic conditions. Obviously, a more accurate understanding of the works of the Islamic era of Kojoor region depends on conducting purposeful studies and scientific archaeological excavations to be aware of the intra-regional, extra-regional cultural relations and sustainable architecture with neighboring regions.
In this regard, architecture is perhaps the most important factor in cultural sustainability, because the architecture of each nation is derived from their geographical environment and reflects the culture and customs of society and the way people look at life. What is certain is that the architecture, which is based on beauty and principles, makes the urban and rural atmosphere spectacular and creates a kind of visual beauty that creates peace and pleasure in the viewer.
Imamzadehs and tower tombs are the most significant architectural works of this region. One of the most famous shrines of this region, Imamzadeh Ibrahim in Shahnajar village, receives many pilgrims from the surrounding areas daily. The tombs of Taher and Motahar in Hezarkhal village, the tomb of Seyyed Mohammad Kiadbir Salehani in Salehan village, the tomb of Darvish rostam Lashk and the tombs of Darvish rostam and Shahragim in Ataghsarai Zanous are among the important mausoleums of Kojoor style. (Q) are of great importance (Hashemi Zarajabadi, 2002: 145).

Conclusion
The study and study of the architecture of each region according to the progress of architectural sciences for the development and growth of each region and Kojoor as one of the important historical regions in all periods, is no exception to this rule. During the past, Kojoor region was considered as one of the human settlements in the geographical area of Central Alborz. The arrangement of the desired elements together can help to study the attitude, type and manner of ethnic and regional relations. Regardless of the type of spaces and forms used, buildings built in mountainous areas from physical structure to decorations related to landscape architecture are visible and easily recognizable. Is. What many Kojoor (mostly religious and residential) buildings have in common is the use of the main element of wood as a skeleton and structure, a decorative element and even partition walls. The diversity of this element and its abundance has always led to its widespread use in architectural structures. Sustainability in architecture can be interpreted as the image and design of future structures, not only with the physical stability of the building, but also with the sustainability of the planet and its energy resources, as seen in the architecture of the Kojoor region. Thus, it seems that sustainability can be conceived based on a model in which available materials and resources are used more efficiently than wasted or ignored.

Abstract
Due to its geology, topography and climate, the land of Iran is rough and unstable. Therefore, the historical monuments located on it are always loading and unstable conditions and therefore need continuous maintenance in a scientific and experimental way. Documenting or reading historical monuments is the most important part of studying antiquities, through which the data and information contained in these monuments can be accessed and using the collected data to understand the knowledge hidden in the engineering of this building. Lack of correct knowledge of the works and insufficient attention to the details and laws hidden in the historical works, leads to incorrect analysis and as a result wrong reading of the work. Which leads to misguidance in policies facing the preservation of monuments and as a result damage to cultural and historical heritage.
This article tries to analyze three incorrect readings of three famous historical works. The method of analysis in this paper is the use of analytical engineering and detailed analysis of the parameters of the effect and how to relate to them, which shows how a system was created and how it worked. And through this, it is concluded that a misreading of a historical collection leads to a misunderstanding of the function of that work, which can lead to errors in dealing with and preserving the work. The studied works include Pasargad site, Bostan arch complex and Biston complex. Each of these three historical sites contains elements for which scientists and archaeologists have defined the subject and application so far. Therefore, in this article, citing structural analyzes and causal relationships, it has been proven that the reading of these scientists is wrong and an attempt has been made to open a new perspective and path for exploring and recognizing these works.
Keywords: Totalitarianism and Analytical Engineering, Psargad, Taqbostan, Bistoon.

Introduction
Due to its location on the earth’s crust, the land of Iran has taken on special geological conditions such as youth and permanent activity of the earth’s crust. On the other hand, due to the local materials used in antiquity, most monuments are very heavy. Therefore, protection and nursing of a wide range of buildings that are in different conditions should be based on science and correct knowledge of the principles of structure, architecture and engineering in general. In order to achieve this goal, the correct processes must be mapped in advance.
If we want to pursue engineering reading or engineering documentation, which is the first and most important thing in identifying ancient science, we must have a correct understanding of engineering and its rules, including design and calculation.
Pathology and anthropology determine antiquity policies. This concept refers to the reading of antiquities. Therefore, in the proposed process for correct reading of antiquities, it is drawn on the basis that in the first step, we know what we should study and how to analyze it. So, the basic principles are based on two questions. “What?” and how?” In the following, these two concepts will be explained.
According to the principles of construction, according to the author, each monument can be divided into three basic parts. These include structural engineering, architecture and interior architecture. In each of these sections, pathology is examined and, in this regard, the mechanical properties of materials, load-bearing capacity, ductility and durability of materials are discussed.
The second step is how to analyze what we have found. Depending on the tools and advanced facilities, three types of engineering can be named. These include translation engineering, code engineering and analytical engineering

Discussion
Considering the concepts and scientific principles expressed in the concept of analytical engineering and the idea of a holistic view of antiquities, in the following, inaccurate readings and analyzes of the three prominent historical works in Iran are examined.
According to the hypothesis put forward in the book Pasargad, a number of grooves with holes in their path are referred to as waterways. And based on this hypothesis, it has been stated that the Pasargadae area was a royal garden. Based on the available evidence and considering the materials used in the floor of the canals and the distance between the cavities, which were the so-called comfort ponds, it can be concluded that these canals were in fact a stone foundation that the wall They were insulated with black stone from wood or white stone used on the walls
In Bostan arch, one can look for a missing link in it by examining various factors such as mountains, faults, headwaters, very wide and flat plains that are very prone to agriculture and green gardens, and then by examining the evidence and Evidence found that this area was a water reservoir. Therefore, the theory of the existence of a hunting ground can be criticized and it can be stated about the mentioned volume that there was no place for a hunting ground in the center of agriculture and dense gardens. On the other hand, there is no evidence that this area is a hunting ground. It seems that the only documents presented in this regard are the carvings done on the walls of the Bostan arch, which cannot be a proof of being a hunting ground in the same area.
Farhad Tarash inscription is located next to Kermanshah road and the shape of the stone is cut or blocked and attention to the integrity of the stone and its homogeneity and compaction according to the height of the mountain above it indicates the high quality of building stone and its value.

Conclusion
Documenting, finding knowledge, engineering and awareness in historical monuments. A historical monument cannot be considered as a rigid physics, but a historical monument is a function of time and has a current nature. Documenting a historical work should not be limited to data collection, but information should be created with the text and, more importantly, using the basic sciences, the knowledge contained in it and then its hidden engineering should be clarified. Through this process, which is briefly determined by macroscopy and in other words, the virtual (mathematical) definition of the design), the design and effect are dynamic.
It is analytical engineering that creates the possibility of totalitarianism and totalitarianism, and in this struggle, while identifying the elements, the relations of all human beings are also clarified. Therefore, in addition to eye vision (eye recognition), archeology must also have in-depth identification by another group. To determine the effect in terms of analytical engineering using analytical totalitarianism.
The correspondence between macroscopy and the reality of physics is of great importance. In other words, the macroscopic preparation and knowledge of each correlated set requires, quantitatively, analytical modeling. In modeling, each physical component is simulated with its mathematical equivalent.

Abstract
The Chalcolithic Age is one of the most important prehistoric periods in Iran. The transformations of this period in the Central Zagros have emerged in continuation of the Neolithic period.  One of the important areas of Central Zagros, which had many settlements related to the Chalcolithic era, is Silakhor plain in the north of Lorestan. Despite the cultural richness of the Silakhor plain during the Chalcolithic Age, no purposeful study has been conducted to clarify the Chalcolithic status of this area. In this regard, in order to clarify the settlement models of the Chalcolithic era of Silakhor plain, this study is presented, which is a summary of Ahmad Parviz’s archaeological studies and purposeful studies by the researchers, In the present study, the authors have tried to find the answer to the following questions: What were the settlement models of Silakhor plain in the Chalcolithic era? How can the changes of settlement models in the old, middle and new periods of the Chalcolithic era of Silakhor plain be analyzed? It seems that several factors including water resources, altitude of Silakhor plain and state’s roads have been effective in the formation of settlements in this area during the Chalcolithic age. Studies conducted in this plain so far have shown 80 ancient sites related to the Copper Stone Age. Some of these sites involve all three periods of old, middle and new Chalcolithic era. The spatial data collected in this research have been studied by GIS science studies method and implemented in ArcGIS 10.3 software. The basis of these studies is the distance of each settlement area from the nearest river and its altitude level from Silakhor plain. These maps have been implemented in all three periods of old, middle and new Chalcolithic Age of Silakhor plain. 
Keywords: Central Zagros, Silakhor Plain, Chalcolithic Age, Settlement Models, GIS.

Introduction
The Chalcolithic Age (mid-fifth millennium to late fourth millennium BC) is one of the prehistoric periods which has witnessed important transformations such as population growth, enhancement of the quality of pottery, the use of copper metal, improvements in the quality of settlement construction and so on.  Some scholars consider this period to be a continuation of Neolithic transformations and some consider it as being independent of other periods. Archaeological studies conducted over the past few decades in the Central Zagros region have shown that this area has seen an increase in population during the Chalcolithic period. This increase in population is inferred from the number of archaeological sites recorded in this period compared to the previous period (Neolithic). Of course, the studies indicate that archaeological studies conducted in connection with the Chalcolithic Age of the Central Zagros, have focused mainly on the Gamasiab River Basin.
Silakhor plain has a suitable situation geographically and climatically.  The flat plain and fertile soil along with sufficient water resources have caused us to see a large number of ancient sites from the Neolithic period to recent centuries. Despite the conducted studies, so far no purposeful studies have been conducted to analyze the residential and settlement situation of the Chalcolitic era of Silakhor plain. In this regard, the researchers, while exploring the studies conducted in this plain, have re-examined the ancient sites of the Chalcolithic era of this plain. Since the area of Silakhor plain is located in Boroujerd and Doroud counties and covers a large part of the north of Lorestan province, in this research, this plain is divided into two parts, north and south, the northern part of which is in Boroujerd and the southern part is in Dorud city. In order to study the situation of the settlements of Silakhor plain more accurately, its northern part in Boroujerd city has been chosen. 

Findings
The chronology of the Chalcolithic age of Silakhor plain and the east of Lorestan is also influenced by the chronology of the Gamasiab river basin and the Kangavar valley. The study and identification of the archaeological and historical monuments of this area has been done recently by Ahmad Parviz in 2006 and the review of the researchers in line with this research has been done in 2016.  In this study, according to Godin chronology, areas related to the chalcolithic age during three periods of old, middle and new era are studied. Sites are evaluated by the ArcGIS 10.3 software after being located on elevation maps through their Universal transverse Mercator (UTM).  In this evaluation, the altitudes of the area compared to the average altitude of the northern half of Silakhor plain and also their distance to the nearest rive, are examined. In the studies performed, it has been determined that 80 sites are belonged to the Chalcolithic age of the northern half of Silakhor plain, some of which include all three periods of old, middle and new Chalcolithic era.
 Of all 80 Chalcolithic Age sites in the study area, 25 sites are related to the old period. These areas are mainly distributed in the central parts and in the plains.  Most sites are at altitudes between 1,500 and 1,600 meters above the sea level.
Of the 80 Chalcolithic Age sites in the study area, 31 sites are related to the Cenozoic Ages. These sites, like the old period, are mainly distributed in the central parts and in the plains. Most sites are at altitudes between 1,500 and 1,600 meters above the sea level.
Of the 80 Chalcolithic Age sites in the study area, 42 are related to the Cenozoic period. These areas, like the old and middle periods of the Chalcolithic Age, are mainly distributed in the central parts and in the plains. Most sites are at altitudes between 1500 and 1600 meters above the sea level.

Conclusion
In this study, it was found that the number of old, middle and new sites of the Chalcolithic Age in the northern half of Silakhor plain (Boroujerd) are 25, 31 and 42 , respectively. This indicates that the Copper Stone Age in this area has developed in a growing trend (in terms of the number of settlement sites). Increasing the number of settlements in this area paves the way for future transformations in the next period (Bronze Age).  Therefore, the beginning of urbanization in this area has had a strong and evolving introduction to the Chalcolithic era.
On one hand, the study of maps prepared in ArcGIS software shows that the vast majority of sites in all three periods in the Chalcolithic Age are located at an altitude of 1500 to 1600 meters (average height of Silakhor plain is 1500 to 1600 meters) and in the area of Silakhor plain.  On the other hand, the analysis of the distribution map of the Chalcolithic sites of this area shows that the settlements of this period have been formed depended on the water resources (rivers).

Abstract
Glaze is not a new material and human beings have been familiar with it for many years. Glazes contain a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. This research is about identifying the glazes of Achaemenid glazed bricks in Persepolis. So far, studies have been conducted on these bricks in the field of introduction, but comprehensive technical studies have not been done on identifying the composition of their glazes. The glazes used in Persepolis clay bricks are painted in white, light green, light green, dark brown, gray and fawn yellow. In this study, light green, light green and yellow fawn glazes were investigated. This research, which is of experimental-laboratory type with reference to valid scientific documents, has been carried out with the aim of identifying the constituent elements of glazes in Achaemenid glazed bricks in Persepolis. What are these bricks? In this regard, using XRD, SEM, DTA and TGA methods and more chemical analysis of the body and glazes, it was identified that the body of this type of brick is a siliceous body and very porous. According to the experiments, the results obtained in this study show that iron and magnesium are present in the composition of all glazes, which may have been present in the main composition (base glaze) in addition to color effects as impurities.
Keywords: Takhtejamshid, Glazed Bricks, Chemical Methods, Green Glaze, Yellow Glaze, Lead Glaze.

Introduction
Persepolis is undoubtedly one of the most magnificent monuments of the ancient world. Glazed bricks were found by Schmidt in various parts of the building, some of which are in the Museum of Ancient Iran and some in other museums, including the Persepolis Museum. The examples studied in this study are located in the eastern wall of the Women’s Palace during the reign of Xerxes, which is now used as the administrative building of Marvdasht Cultural Heritage. The glazed bricks discussed in this study include the parts of the eastern wall of the palace where the glazing of the bricks of these parts is siliceous. Are examined and the necessity of conducting this research is the repair and protection of these glazed bricks. In the present research, the following questions have been answered: 1- What are the components and main coloring factors in light green, light green and fawn yellow glazes in these glazed bricks? 2- What are the components of the body in these glazed bricks? There are different methods for identifying materials. In this study, because most of the colors have been identified, more attempts have been made to use the methods used to identify and analyze the composition of materials, because this study aims to identify the constituent elements of glazes in Achaemenid glazed bricks. In Persepolis and is of experimental-laboratory type with reference to valid scientific documents and conducting library studies and visiting the historical site of Persepolis, which in this regard were identified using XRD, SEM, DTA, TGA body and glaze methods and the most important The coloring agents of these glazes were identified.

Introducing Examples
The samples were very small that after sampling were in the form of flakes and to prepare the test in powder form. Tests performed on samples Immersion tests were performed on two small pieces of body: sample volume, bulk density and volume weight. In addition, more chemical analysis was performed on the samples, which in total showed that about 79% of Sio2 (silica) and 16% of Ca2o3 (calcium oxide) in the body. On the body sample, XRD test, DTA test (thermal analysis) and TGA test (weight change) were also performed. 

Green Dye Oxides
 A mixture of copper oxide and lead glaze, compared to the chemical composition of the glaze, can produce a variety of green colors. The sample (bold green) was first subjected to XRD test. Also, light green color was tested by XRD and SEM and the results were obtained. In bright green, it shows the presence of two phases of quartz Sio2 and “hydin bergite” Ca (Fe, Mn) Si2o6 In fact, the main phase of both light green and light green is the same, and the percentage of colorants in the composition is probably different. Green The presence or absence of another element can reduce or increase the color of green. Studies show that copper causes blue in alkaline glazes and green in lead glazes. 

Yellow Glaze Dye Oxides 
In lead-rich acid glazes, the addition of a very small amount of chromium oxide, up to 1% at low temperatures, results in a yellow color. The combination with Cao and Sno2 can also give a pink color. Also, Tio2 titanium oxide makes lead glazes yellow and lead-free glazes white. 
The yellow glaze was subjected to XRD test and also SEM test was performed on the above sample. The results show that the yellow color consists of two phases, one CdPbo3 and one quartz phase with a low crystallization percentage. The presence of Pb (lead) is a clear reason for the yellow lead of the glaze, which is one of the main reasons for the greater transparency of the yellow glaze than other glazes. Titanium oxide makes lead glazes yellow, and here we have a lead glaze containing titanium oxide. Therefore, titanium oxide can be mentioned as a possible yellowing agent in this glaze.

Conclusion 
The body of the glazed bricks in Persepolis, which has been studied in this study, looks very porous and is milky in color and shiny like flint. The results of the samples are analyzed and the following points can be stated: XRD test on these bricks confirmed that the body was siliceous, and according to the TGA test, it can be said that calcium carbonate was converted to calcium oxide, and weight loss was also the result of this conversion. The green and yellow glazes were lead. The reason for the gloss of these glazes compared to other glazes is that they are lead, and their transparency is still clear. All glazes contained iron and magnesium, which may have been impurities in the main composition of the base glaze, apart from its color effects. XRD test on green glazes shows the presence of two phases Sio2 and Ca (Fe, Mn) Si2o6. The coloring agent in this glaze is Cu, which is almost more noticeable than other elements (except Si and Ca). Therefore, due to the lead content of the glaze, the presence of copper in this lead glaze causes a green color. The presence of Ca in green glazes causes the color of the glaze to become opaque, and it can be said that one of the reasons for being bright or light is the difference in the percentage of Cao. SEM test of yellow glaze detected the presence of Pb elements from Pbo, K from Kcl, Cr from Cr2o3, Ca from Cao Fe from Fe2o3, Al from Al2o3 and Ti from Tio2. The presence of Pb is one of the main reasons why this glaze is more transparent and lead-free than other glazes, and in lead-rich acid glazes, adding a very small amount of Cr2o3 up to one percent at low temperatures, turns yellow. Titanium oxide also makes lead glazes yellow, so titanium oxide can be mentioned as a possible yellowing agent in this glaze, and the presence of iron has made this color tend to be fawn.