Abstract
The first season of archaeological survey in Marivan by a team from University of Bu-Ali sina Hamedan was lead to identify some prehistoric sites from Middle Paleolithic to Chalcolithic period. As a result of in mentioned investigation prehistoric cultural sequence of the area from Middle Paleolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period (except Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic) have been identified. So, there was a main question about the absence of Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period sites of Marivan area. Fortunately, during our recent archaeological survey in Marivan, we succeeded in discovering an interesting site (Qala Ziwa) which has traces Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware). In addition to Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware), some typical Dalma related pottery was also sampled from the site. Among mentioned potteries, we believe that most important period can be considered as Early Chalcolithic period. Against other regions of Western Iran particularly Central Zagros that many Early Chalcolithic period sites were identified, this area is really less known and obviously Qala Ziwa is one of the first Early Chalcolithic period site ever reported from Marivan area. This site has typical J ware and compared with similar Early Chalcolithic period sites in Central Zagros. This pottery has been related to the Western parts of Central Zagros like Mahidasht zone and discovering J ware in Marivan can added this area to the distribution zone of this culture also. As mentioned, surface survey of the site showing that Qala Ziwa has a complete sequence from Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period. So, excavation of the site in order to clarifying stratigraphy of the site would yield valuable information regarding too late six millennium B.C archaeological studies of Western Iran.
Keywords: Qala Ziwa, Late Neolithic, Early Chalcolithic, J Ware, Marivan.

Introduction
Looking to the geographical position of Marivan area, it became clear that this region is placed between 2 of the main archaeological zone of entire Western Iran (Central Zagros in South and Urmia lake basin in North). Prehistoric Archaeologist studies concentrated at those 2 mentioned zone and did not pay attention to the prehistoric sites (particularly Neolithic period) of studied (Marivan and adjacent areas). Fortunately, the situation has changed recently and a few Neolithic period sites have been reported not only in Marivan but at the areas like Bijar region (Motarjem & Sharifi, 2018). For the first time was identified 2 Neolithic sites in 2002 (Mohammadifar & Motarjem, 2003, 2015). Two Marivan Neolithic period sites (Tepe Hamaomin and Hamamorad) dating to early period of Neolithic (Mohammadifar & Motarjem, 2003, 2015) and as mentioned, there was not any information about Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period sites of the area. Noted that as result of first archaeology survey of Marivan by Bu – Ali sina university expedition some sites from Middle Paleolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period (except Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic sites) reported. So, there was this important question that what happened after Early Neolithic period in Marivan region and why no Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic site was reported? Why there is such long gap time (more than 3 millinume) in this area? Discovering Qala Ziwa which contain cultural deposits from Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic is may fill this cultural gap obviously.

Methodology
The research methodology uses in this study is based on primary surface survey. Regarding to the importance of the site for late 6 millennium B.C archaeological studies, the site was surveyed carefully and from each periods typical pottery was sampled. As common in archaeological studies the sampled potteries have been sorted, photographed and analyzed. Our preliminary analyzes showing that this site has 3 different archaeological deposits: Late Neolithic (?), Early Chalcolithic, and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma phase). Any way future studies and even excavation would tell us more about this interesting site. 

Conclusion
Even as result human interference like agricultural activity the surface of the site was damaged, and it is not possible to sample data systematically, but distribution pattern of surface pottery was really interesting. As mentioned, surface pottery showing that the site would contain the deposits of 3 different archaeological periods:  Late Neolithic (?), Early Chalcolithic, and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma phase). The pottery of last period (Dalma phase) scattered at the highest level of Tepe, J ware was sampled in Middle part and   Late Neolithic shreds distributed at the lowest level of the site. Even such surface observation is not so trusted and archaeological excavation may show something different, but this pattern is really similar the stratigraphy of some Central Zagros sites like Seabed and Chogha Maran. In Chogha Maran the Early Chalcolithic deposits characterized by J ware lay on the virgin soil and Middle Chalcolithic is the upper one. In Siabid the most ancient cultural deposits belonging to Late Neolithic period which Early Chalcolithic (J ware) and Middle Chalcolithic are upper layers. But in some other site like recent excavated site like Tepe Qeshlagh in Bijar the situation is completely different. In Tepe Qeshlagh the most ancient layer is Late Neolithic deposit which upper layer is Dalma phase. But as mentioned in Tepe Qala Ziwa and some other Central Zagros sites, J ware would place between Late Neolithic layer and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma period). All mentioned document demonstrated that this new discovered site can be compare with Central Zagros region and particularly Western part like Mahidasht zone. As mentioned there was not any information about Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period of this area of Western Iran and Qala Ziwa is one of the first discovered site of this period. Obviously, future archaeological survey and excavation would yield remarkable information about archaeology of late six millennium B.C of Western Iran. 

Abstract
The Marivan Plain is a small elongated alluvial plain which lies at the westernmost extent of the Zagros Mountains in the Iranian province of Kurdistan and c. 80 km west of the provincial capital Sanandaj. The plain is c. 60 km from the Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah and less than 20 km from the Sharizor Plain in Iraq to the west. The plain is located between two archaeologically important regions of western Iran: the central Zagros to the southeast and the Lake Urmia region to the northeast. Early studies of prehistoric periods were mainly conducted in these two regions, while little attention was paid to the region of Marivan. Prior to the commencement of the 2018 project, an earlier survey in the Marivan region had been carried out by Department of Archaeology at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran). Research focused on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods and, unfortunately, evidence from the Chalcolithic periods is yet to be published. In 2018, we began to re-examine ancient settlement in the Marivan region with a 4 week survey. The survey identified and documented more than 60 sites. Preliminary studies of the material collected during the survey resulted in the identification of about 13 sites dating to the Chalcolithic period; it was possible to differentiate the material sufficiently to allocate occupation at the sites to the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods. This paper presents the important and new evidence of the development of Late Chalcolithic period settlement and is starting to provide an insight into the impact of the Uruk Expansion in this part of the Zagros Mountains. Even the Late Chalcolithic (LC) period in Marivan area is somewhat overlap to Uruk (early, middle and late) period in Mesopotamia, until LC5 phase (Tepe Rasha), not any Mesopotamian influences is evident in Marivan sites. 
Keywords: Marivan Plain, Late Chalcolithic, Uruk, Mesopotamia, Tape Godin.

Introduction
This paper presents the first results from the Marivan Plain Survey (MPS) in the province of Kurdistan – one of the westernmost regions of Iran and the Zagros Mountains. The project recorded important new evidence of the development of Late Chalcolithic period settlement and is starting to provide an insight into the impact of the Uruk Expansion in this part of the Zagros Mountains. The MPS project began work on the Marivan Plain in the summer of 2018. It is undertaking a review of previous survey work in the region and is directed by Morteza Zamani with the assistance of Sirvan Mohammadi Ghasrian. The Marivan Plain is a small elongated alluvial plain (UTM 38S 603000E, 3930000N) which lies at the westernmost extent of the Zagros Mountains in the Iranian province of Kurdistan and c. 80 km west of the provincial capital Sanandaj. The plain is c. 60 km from the Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah and less than 20 km from the Sharizor Plain in Iraq to the west. In the past, the plain of Marivan with its picturesque Lake Zerewar an important node in the communication routes between Iraq and Iran. The plain is located between two archaeologically important regions of western Iran: the central Zagros to the southeast and the Lake Urmia region to the northeast. Early studies of prehistoric periods were mainly conducted in these two regions, while little attention was paid to the region of Marivan. In 2018 the MPS began to re-examine ancient settlement in the Marivan region with a 4 week survey. The survey identified and documented more than 60 sites. Preliminary studies of the material collected during the survey resulted in the identification of about 13 sites dating to the Chalcolithic period; it was possible to differentiate the material sufficiently to allocate occupation at the sites to the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods.

Conclusion
Investigations conducted by the MPS on the Marivan Plain have resulted in the identification of two preliminary trends related to LC period sites:
Firstly, the MPS has recorded several sites dating to the Middle Chalcolithic and the later part of the LC period. Except for a few earlier LC (2) shreds (Godin VII/VI:3 period) identified from the site of Aba Fatol, not any LC 2 sites have yet been confirmed on the Marivan plain. This contrasts with other areas of western Iran and the province of Kurdistan where early LC2 sites are common. At this stage of research on the plain, it seems that there was a lower number of sites in the earlier LC (LC2) compared to both the previous Middle Chalcolithic period (Seh Gabi and Dalma pottery traditions) and the subsequent later part of the Late Chalcolithic –LC 3-5 (Godin VI: 2-1).
Secondly, the MPS recorded Uruk culture related material from a single site (Tepe Rasha) and only in the form of Bevelled Rim Bowl shreds. This is surprising and suggests that cultural interaction with southern Mesopotamia was limited or that what impact there was from cultural interaction was low and did not permeate into the local cultures. Limited evidence of contact with Uruk Mesopotamia is also evident from recent surveys in north-western Iran and in northern parts of the Iraqi foothills of Zagros. In contrast, distinct and substantial evidence of contact with the south is to be found in the central Western Zagros and Central Plateau of Iran and on the plains south of the Greater Zab River in north-eastern Iraq. Iran  and particularly  its western regions is crucial for the understanding of key events in the history of Mesopotamia, one of which is the spread of Uruk culture from southern Mesopotamian into neighbouring regions during the Late Chalcolithic (LC) period (5th-4th millennia B.C.). 

Abstract
Chehelsotoun Palace has always been a source of traditional and new interventions in the restoration of murals, which indicates the evolution of views on this issue in Iran. This study aims to understand the evolution of conservation and restoration approaches to murals by referring to the tradition of previous repairs and new approaches to conservation and restoration has studied murals in Chehelsotoun Palace and has sought to answer these questions: What were the procedures of the previous repair tradition? What were the new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals and their fundamentals? What were the differences between the two? Data collection was done by documentary method. First, by adopting a comparative and descriptive method, the previous repairs will be examined. Then, the research, which has a qualitative and interpretive approach, uses an analytical method to explain the issues about the tradition of previous repairs and the fundamentals of new approaches. In the end, the results will be explained with logical reasoning. The research findings indicate that the previous repairs were performed in the form of repainting on the original murals, in the continuation of the life of Iranian Traditional Paintings. Such repainting, while following the visual elements of the original murals, also has different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair, which was rooted in the tradition of previous mural repairs and their contexts. New approaches were based on historical authenticity and aesthetic integrity, and led to the removal of some of the stages of mural development and reintegrated of the lacunas with a distinction from the original murals. The aesthetic and historiographical approaches of the West were the source of the differences between the new interventions and the semantic procedures of traditional repair which always focused on the nature of things. 
Keywords: Repair Tradition, Conservation and Restoration Approaches, Mural, Chehelsotoun, IsMEO Group.

Introduction
In recent years, the need to pay attention to the tradition of indigenous conservation in accordance with the specific cultural, intellectual, religious, historical and social contexts of each land; has been considered by international forums. In Iran, there are still many points about the tradition of heritage protection and repair that need researched and will cause to be known, like Western societies, the origins and evolution of views, procedures and approaches in the field of conservation and restoration in Iran. Chehelsotoun Palace murals have always been the subject of a variety of interventions, from previous repairs to new conservation and restoration approaches that became common in the mid-1940s. Today, only a few traces of the previous procedures of repairing murals in Iran have been left. In particular, the undesirable evaluation of traditional repair procedures has left no opportunity for their recognition. While in international treaties and documents have always been emphasized the importance of indigenous conservation traditions in each region and the role of recognizing these traditions as an intangible aspect of heritage in its preservation has been considered important. On the other hand, despite the continuation of many new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals those took place in the mid-1940s; their constructive principles and criteria, and how they deal with previous procedures, have not been studied. This study will also explore the tradition of previous repairs to some of Chehelsotoun murals and how they were transformed into new conservation principles.
The aim of the present study is to gain an understanding of the tradition of previous repairs and the foundations of new approaches to conservation and restoration in Chehelsotoun murals, and finally an analytical cognition of how they differ from each other.
In conducting the research, the following questions were considered: What were the procedures of the previous repair tradition? What were the new approaches to the conservation and restoration of murals and their fundamentals? What were the differences between the two? Data collection was done by documentary method. First, by adopting a comparative and descriptive method, the previous repairs will be examined. Then, the research, which has a qualitative and interpretive approach, uses an analytical method to explain the issues about the tradition of previous repairs and the fundamentals of new approaches. In the end, the results will be explained with logical reasoning.

Discussion
In previous procedures, the purpose of the artist in charge of repair was to Continuing the spiritual dimension of the heritage. The artist performed traditional repairs according to the moral, intellectual and spiritual functions that traditional art had given him. Such repairs to the murals in question took the form of repainting performed by the artist directly on the original mural. These repainting, while having visual elements and general similarities with the original murals, also displayed different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair. The traditional repairs in imitation of the original murals, along with different expressions from the artist in charge of the repair, were a kind of mimesis of the original murals, as a representation of the original mural through the wishes, thoughts and ideology of the artist in charge of the repair. Also, the process of traditional repairs of murals had a hierarchy in the tradition of teaching art techniques. Such repairs, in the midst of the prevalence of the eclectic style of Qajar painting and then the abandonment of past traditions and covenants, were a kind of revival of the themes and features of traditional painting in the form of murals.
Restoring the Safavid identity and recovering the older layers of the murals was one of the main approaches of the new currents of conservation and restoration in Chehelsotoun Palace, As the IsMEO group seldom left evidence of traditional repairs on murals. IsMEO also used a system recognizable of distinct restorative additions to older sections in order to avoid misleading restoration operations in addition to establishing aesthetic integrity. Following the emphasis on preserving all the remains of the surviving murals from the Safavid period, the treatment of the murals with strategies resulting from the application of science gained a lot of importance. Thus, the use of new materials to help materials that no longer had the desired function, found a new place in the conservation and restoration of murals in Iran. It should be noted, however, that with the exception of a few experiments, the results of an accurate assessment of the compatibility between such solutions and the main materials of the murals and the traditional methods of their construction have not been published by IsMEO.

Conclusion
The new approaches to the preservation and restoration of the murals discussed at Chehelsotoun were based on an assessment of the aesthetic and historical aspects of the murals. IsMEO’s methods for reintegrating the lacunas of murals were also linked to the two fundamental categories of the historical authenticity and artistic integrity of murals. Aesthetic approaches in the new currents of conservation and restoration, derived from the perspective of art for art and beauty in a pleasant and enjoyable sense. Following this view; Attention to the main intention of the artist, and subjectivity, found a special place in many approaches to conservation and restoration. In contrast, traditional repairs were semantic in nature rather than aesthetic in appearance. Previous procedures were subject to spiritual concepts and also used visual values to express spiritual and epistemological expressions.
Emphasis on the historical authenticity in new currents was another way of distinguishing it from previous procedures. This view arose following the disintegration of Western societies from the past and the formation of historical consciousness, and forbade the process of re-creation and competition with the original artist in restoration. But in contrast to the new approaches focused on the nature of things and their semantic and epistemological aspects, they were independent of the time and place of the phenomena.

Abstract
One of the important criteria of registration in the World Heritage List is the cultural landscape, which deals with the preservation and restoration of natural, tangible and intangible cultural elements of historical sites with a holistic and pragmatic approach. The arcs of Taq Bostan have been registered as a national site in the temporary world heritage list, but unfortunately, in recent years, we have seen physical changes in its historical and natural elements. The dissociation between the works and nature causes loss of the original nature of the site and leads to its further destruction. Considering that the cultural landscape is tantamount to interaction between humans and the nature, the historical works of Taq Bostan have turned the site into an element capable of creating cultural landscape. This study has been conducted through the archive, text studies and survey on the site, Taq Bostan. This research has tried to highlight the necessity of a comprehensive look at the protection and restoration of this historical work and seeks to prove the hypothesis that the arches of Taq Bostan are only one work. It is not historical and archeological, but a cultural landscape. The method of this descriptive-analytical research is based on data collected from documentary, library, survey and experience working in the site. Among the questions that are answered in this research; mention can be made of the following: 1. What are the criteria of cultural landscape? 2. What are the elements of Taq Bostan cultural landscape? The result of the research shows; based on the global elements, Taq Bostan has the criteria of a cultural landscape with natural and human components in tangible and intangible forms and has all the effective objective and subjective factors in the formation of the cultural landscape; and contrary to popular belief, Sasanian reliefs are not the only factor in creating this cultural landscape; rather, the components of Taq Bostan’s cultural; s cultural landscape are a combination of natural and cultural modules that are intertwined and inseparable throughout history.
Keywords: Cultural Landscape, Component, Taq Bostan, Tangible, Intangible.

Introduction
The rock art of Taq Bostan is one of the most important works of the Sassanid era and has been nominated for registration in the world heritage (WHC UNESCO, 2021). The importance of the Sassanid sculptures of the Bostan Arch, especially its large arch, in terms of the elegance in the execution of relief motifs, their narrative style, the depiction of artificial and sacred hunting grounds, are cited by researchers such as Pope in the 1920s, Hertzfeld 1940, Vandenberg 1956, Girshman 1962, Godar 1965 and Kristen Sen 1384 and Tanabe 1983. The deer hunting panel of this arch is unique and there is no equivalent in Sasanian art (Compareti, 2016: 5). Also, due to the uniqueness of these motifs, it is always used in identification of fabrics (Hertsfeld, 1940; Raami, 2012; Herman, 2008; Harper 1999) and musical instruments of the Sassanid period (Farmer, 2017; Christine Sen, 1935) have been effective. These works have a deep connection with literature and popular culture, including Nezami’s "Khosrow & Shirin (Khamse Nizami, 6th century p. 30) and & quot; Shirin & amp; Farhad in Kurdish &q uot.
Considering the unbreakable link between history and nature and the opinions and beliefs of the people about Taq Bostan, it is assumed that the arches in Taq Bostan are not just a historical and archeological site and it is necessary to maintain strong relationship between the nature and ancient works; moreover social interactions that govern them should be taken into account. In other words this area is a cultural landscape and interference in each of these components should be done according to its impacts on the other component. For example, it may be effective to intervene in the seams and cracks of the rocks of the arches, to prevent infiltrating water from decreasing or increasing or even drying up the springs. The springs have played an essential role (naturally and culturally) in creating reliefs that if removed, part of the historical and natural values of this area will be lost. This research aims to know the criteria for determining the natural and historical components of Taq Bostan based on the theories presented in the field of cultural landscape in order to remind the necessity of a comprehensive view, as it is proposed in cultural landscapes, in the protection and restoration of this historical work. It is hoped that this research will lead to reconsideration of some JOZINEGARANEH decisions and attitudes that govern this area. In the meantime this research only emphasizes on proving the cultural landscape of Taq Bostan site.
Based on global standards archaeological and historical evidence (Canepa, 2018; Ghobadi, et al 2014; Hojabri and Mir Qadri, 2016; Kambakhshfard 1348; Rahbar, 2010) is a historical and natural environment that human interaction with the environment covers from the Middle Paleolithic period to the present day. This area was formed in different periods based on more or less different cultural mindsets (Parthian, Sassanid, Islamic ideas). Knowing the cultural and historical components of Taq Bostan is a research necessity that has not been addressed so far; because the documents (Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2002, Schmidt, 2016) show that this area is undergoing physical and intangible changes that have threatened some of its natural, historical and cultural values; therefore, it is necessary to recognize this collection as a cultural landscape. This research, with descriptive-analytical method and based on data collection from documentary sources, library and field observations, tries to answer the following questions: What are the criteria of cultural landscape? What are the elements or components of Taq Bostan cultural landscape? What is the cultural landscape?
Cultural landscape is the outcome of interaction between human and the environment. (Sauer, 1925). According to Tyler, since cultural landscapes are a document of past and present actions, they are an embodiment of physical changes, which in turn reflect the evolving attitudes towards the landscape. They represent our material and social history, with the help of which we can easily relate inherited values (Taylor, 2011:3).
According to the initial theories, natural conditions have had a major impact on the creation of cultural landscapes; so that people have changed the natural conditions of their environment based on their material and spiritual needs and under the influence of their culture.
Newer theories have discussed the interaction between humans and the environment and have come to the conclusion that humans choose and change the environment according to their mental thoughts, and every changed environment is not necessarily a cultural landscape.
Therefore, the cultural landscape of every society is formed based on its nature and culture. According to Canepa, the cultural landscape of Iran was created based on the relationship between the conceptual world and the physical world that exists in some Iranian religions (Canepa, 2018:1), so choosing a place to create works (current historical works), including campuses and hunting grounds and the rock art has a deep connection between the religion, beliefs and mentality of Iranians about the world and its nature, and the choice of natural places to create art is not accidental.
Natural and cultural components of Taq Bostan Mountains, topography of the earth, water in the form of springs and rivers, plains, and plants and animals in whose creation humans did not have a part are considered natural components. In Taq Bostan, the elements of mountain, water and plain are considered the most important natural factors. These components, along with works created by people who lived in different historical periods, have formed the historical and cultural components of Taq Bostan. These historical and cultural components include: prehistoric sites of Taq Bostan, Parti cemetery and village, Khosrow’s hunting ground, Sasanian rock artefacts of Taq Bostan. In each of these components, he observed the mutual influence of nature and human interaction with concrete examples. For instance, topography, as a natural component, plays a significant role in the formation of the historical and cultural components of the pre-history of Taq Bostan Western Park (Hojabri and Mir Qadri, 2016: 22). The homogeneity of the mountain and the spring has been effective in the creation of relief motifs and the arches of Taq Bostan, because it had the characteristics of the sacred mountain in the eyes of the Sasanians. There should be a bubbling spring next to it, and the light cleanses the body of water and the mountain from the contamination of the devil (Qureshi, 1380: 174). Intangible components derived from people's mentality and including activities, historical and symbolic functions, cultural customs, traditions, monuments, folk stories and cultural references such as the story of Shirin & Farhad, the story of the old tree of the Bostan Arch and healing from the horse statue inside the large arch and the bust of Khosrow II (Naseruddin Shah, 1287: 69; Khadi 1385, July)

Conclusion
Archaeological evidences show that the interaction between man and nature in Taq Bostan is a multi-thousand-year interaction (from the Middle Paleolithic until now). The favorable environment provided by nature to humans, such as mountains, springs, and plant and animal filled plains as well as the strategic location of the region in terms of history (on the way to Babylon and close to the well-known inscription of Darius in Bistoon) created this long-term interaction.
But what is popular among people now as the identity and historical character of Taq Bostan is related to the Sassanid and Qajar periods.  The relationship between the conceptual world and the objective world of the Iranian cultural landscape; and the choice of the workplace is in connection between religion, beliefs and mentality of Iranians about the world and nature. The investigations carried out in this research showed (tables 3 and 4) that based on global standards in the field of cultural landscape, Taq Bostan has the characteristics of a cultural landscape with natural and human components in tangible and intangible forms, and all the effective factors in its formation are objective and there is an existing mentality, such as the use of the natural potential and topography of the region, including permanent springs and rivers, which caused the existence and instead of the material elements of prehistoric humans in the West Park and Murad Hill areas, it shows the evolution of the society from the criteria of the cultural landscape.
The remaining cities and cemeteries and the Parthian and later periods also depict the course of historical development and society, as well as the beliefs and attitudes of the material and non-material world in accordance with the objective and subjective criteria of the cultural landscape.
The reliefs and Khosrow’s hunting ground also indicate the ideas of the Sassanid period. According to Sasanian religious beliefs, the Sasanian king was of the opinion that every action in the Minoan world is done by Ahura Mazda, in the non-Minoan world it is done by the king. Ahuramazda’s goal was to return the world to the light and prosperity before the demonic attack. For this reason, the Sassanid king also tried to create a heavenly paradise in a dry and barren land (a symbol of Ahriman’s wrath). Make the land fertile with the help of natural elements of water and soil. According to the Sasanians, a good king was a good gardener; Therefore, gardens and campuses like Taq Bostan are political announcements that confirmed the legitimacy of the Shah’s government.
Therefore, the components of Taq Bostan cultural landscape are a combination of natural, cultural and social components that are linked and inseparable over time. These components are based on the theories and criteria of the cultural landscape, the interaction between man and nature, and the collective historical results that have ecological and geographical characteristics. According to the mentality of the people living in them, they have found identity and personality and have aesthetic and cultural values. A symbolic place is one of the basic elements of heritage and has a common relationship between identity, memory, and heritage. At the same time, they represent the evolution of human societies. Natural and social environment and economy This landscape is effective on the process of human evolution and has emotional and spiritual meanings.
Taq Bostan has the objective and subjective criteria of a cultural landscape, and these criteria should be taken into account in all actions taken or in the future plans of the site, and any interference and possession should be applied with regard to preserving the entirety of this cultural landscape; Otherwise, the destruction of these works will be imagined in the not-too-distant future.

Abstract
Throughout history, historical architectural works have been maintained, changed in use, expanded spatially, and had architectural elements added. These interventions and additions contribute to the dynamic nature of a structure. However, dealing with these additions, whether through familiarization, complementary conservation, or occupation of the constituent elements, can be a complex process. Proper actions in conservation, stabilization or destruction require an understanding of the reasons behind the existence of each layer, which could provide the basis for essential actions. This research aims to examine the formation of historical layers over time. It seeks to address questions such as the role of historical layers in conservation decisions and the process of a building’s evolution. This study is classified as applied and developmental research, utilizing a combination of strategies and research methods. It will be a qualitative research study based on a case study approach, utilizing archival documents, fieldwork, and library resources, and documentary data collection. The study will place a particular emphasis on conducting field observations. The Pir Bakran building has been chosen as an important architectural feature to illustrate the path towards understanding buildings with multiple historical layers. It heavily relies on the research method based on case samples and data analysis. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of historical structures and their different aspects throughout the conservation process. This includes accurate knowledge of the work’s existence, nature, and the recognition of all historical layers and the reasons behind their creation as the work has developed and evolved over time. Such understanding forms the foundation for effective and proper conservation.
Keywords: Architectural Extensions, Historical Layers, Evidence- Based Restoration, Pir Bakran Mansion.

Introduction
The 11th article of the Venice charter suggests that the valid contributions of all periods to the building of a monument must be respected, since unity of style is not the aim of a restoration. When a building includes the superimposed work of different periods, the revealing of the underlying state can only be justified in exceptional circumstances and when what is removed is of little interest and the material which is brought to light is of great historical, archaeological or aesthetic value, and its state of preservation good enough to justify the action. Evaluation of the importance of the elements involved and the decision as to what may be destroyed cannot rest solely on the individual in charge of the work. So, it would appear that the exceptions allow for intervention in the structure and the removal of layers, especially extensions. But there is a question: what feature of that particular layer enables intervention?
However, many theorists argue that the presence of historical layers within a structure affects its authenticity, particularly in light of the fact that material integrity is taken into account when determining the historical accuracy of a work The Nara document (1994) of course, this issue is related to various perceptions and the gradual emergence of the notion of authenticity. The Nara document (ICOMOS, 1994) brought up a never-before-discussed issue: the varying perspectives on authenticity across different cultures. Effective conservation calls for the accurate reading of historical layers in valuable buildings and an understanding of the factors that led to the formation of additional layers in various eras. The research’s central premise is that historical layers are intentionally created over time.  
The hypothesis of this research is “creation of historical layers over time is purposeful”. The research questions include: What role do historical layers play in historical decision-making? How does the process of building evolution occur? What are the reasons for the formation of historical layers in a building? Will be. The historical monument of Pir Bakran was the subject of a case study that was looked into in order to comprehensively and deeply clarify the topic, content and understanding of the phenomenon within the context. Due to this monument’s historical feature, varied uses throughout its history, and multiple significant historical layers with various causes for formation, it has received discussion that hasn’t been done before. It will be a qualitative research based on a case study approach, utilizing archive documents, fieldwork, and library and documentary data collection, with a particular emphasis on field observations. The so-called process that should be followed in order to understand the building with different historical layers is indicated by an examination of the case study’s outputs.

Identified Traces
Over time, conservation theories from the 20th century have revealed the various facets of authenticity. These studies have demonstrated that throughout its history, authenticity has been a variable and relative concept. Theoretically, the approach to the idea of authenticity in charters and documents has significant implications for conservation and interventions, particularly when choices are made regarding the conservation or removal of historical layers. It has been looked over and read again to come to a conclusion about the historical layers. The emphasis was laid on the necessity to respect and maintain the authenticity of historic monuments as well as to safeguard them an appropriate use “no less as works of art then as historical evidence”. These aspects, in fact. From the essence of the theories of conservation, the questions around which debates had been going on for more than a century, and where opinions had often been divided (Jokilehto, 2005: 422).
Because the building’s historical eras reveal the history of the monument and provide tangible and intangible proof of the decisions made during its lifespan, entire portions of the evidence should be preserved. Conservation of historical evidence is crucial because loss shouldn’t happen as a result of preservation since a monument’s history can be viewed as a component of its value. The responsibility for safeguarding the historical layer, which implies the building’s life, survival, and durability, rests with the decision-makers. Buildings’ historical layers all work together to create a cohesive whole and give it consistency. In fact, every layer is a historical record of its time and shouldn’t be altered, moved, or removed during the intervention. The originality of a building’s overall design is also reflected in the originality of the building’s component parts or historical layers.

Conclusion 
Based on the research, which included details and changes identified in the Pir Bakran tomb’s architectural elements of and specific categories, determining the exact date of extension and added decorations with using inscriptions, old photographs, archaeological findings and architectural evidence, it determines that the Pir Bakran tomb has different and numerous historical periods, which makes it particularly complicated. This building’s construction began with a small adobe room, which was later joined by a lofty three-story structure, and due to political, religious and geological developments, decorative and structural elements with different periods are added to it. Some of the extensions were created while completing the Pir Bakran tomb and related to the construction period of the building. The expansion and additional elements of these periods, such as the additional belt, the southeast entrance, etc. shows the structural and decorative evolution of the building. In fact, a historical monument is the result of the combination of various historical layers that have formed over time and blended together. These layers have experienced ups and downs and, at times, have become intertwined, ultimately reaching us in their present state. Therefore, the removal and cleaning of these extensions would be against preservation principles. It has actually been necessary to conserve some of the Pir Bakran building’s historical layers, so it would seem necessary to maintain the structure’s integrity.

Abstract
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These areas always have diverse values, which identification and understanding of these values provides the basis for recognizing their protectable aspects. Today, most of these sites in Iran are in vulnerable conditions and their values are being forgotten. The historical-archaeological site of Arjan is located in the Khuzestan plain, which existed from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. Today, this area is in unfavorable conservation conditions. Considering the values and historical importance of the old city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, it is very important to protect this area and create a suitable platform to benefit from its values. Among the questions that are answered in this research;1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values? Accordingly, the objectives of the research؛ 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of international charters, declarations, conventions and documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and value it. The general research method of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on the data collected through library resources and field observations. Then, after analyzing and reviewing international documents and recognizing the historical site of Arjan and its conservation challenges in four fields of cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site, principles such as providing information to the public, developing a comprehensive interaction plan, developing public management plans, reversibility of actions, preserving originality and respect for historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of the sites are presented.
Keywords: Arjan, Historical-Archaeological Site, Conservation, Historical Values, Introduction of Values.

Introduction
Historical-archaeological sites are the most important sources to answer the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites will answer many general and partial questions that can be varied and variable over time, so the conservation of the sites is essential for transfer to future generations. Historical archaeological sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always protected. After archaeological excavations in Iran, these sites are often in vulnerable conditions and are exposed to forgetting their values.
The archaeological site of Arjan is located in the plain of Khuzestan. Arjan is a city with various urban organs in the historical periods of Iran. This site has values, features and elements that are unique in its kind. In 1362, a tomb belonging to Kidin Hotran, one of the Elamite kings, was discovered. Afterwards, Esmaeil Yaghmaei carried out archaeological excavations and studies in the Arjan area and in the area of Maroon Dam and Arjan Grand Mosque and Dr. Abbas Moghaddam conducted archaeological excavations in the area of the oil well during two seasons. With the cessation of excavations in this site, the old city of Arjan, like most historical sites in Iran, was placed in undesirable conditions of conservation.
Research Necessity: The city of Arjan has been standing from the Elamite era to the Mongol era. (Today, this area, despite its historical and archaeological importance and values, is in unfavorable conservation conditions) Considering these values and the historical importance of the ancient city of Arjan in the historical periods of Iran, as well as the necessity of continuing archaeological studies and the availability of its original data among researchers and enthusiasts, it is very important to protect this site and create a suitable platform for benefiting from its values.
Research objectives: 1. Understanding the Arjan site and its conservation challenges; 2. Achieving conservation principles through the analysis of charters, statements, conventions and international documents and generalizing them to a study sample in order to explain the principles of conservation and valuation of the archaeological site of Arjan.
Research Questions: 1. What are the values of Arjan historical site? 2. What are the challenges of protecting Arjan’s site? 3. How can we achieve conservation principles for the protection and valuation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan in accordance with its values?
Research Methodology: The general research method is descriptive-analytical approach. In this research, library studies and field studies have been utilized to gather information.

Discussion
“Archaeological heritage” is a material heritage that includes all traces of human life and includes places that show human activities, abandoned structures, and remnants, along with all the movable cultural objects discovered related to it (ICOMOS, 1990). These sites have a variety of values and in order to benefit from these values, they are always conserved. By reviewing the international documents related to the sites in Table 3, the set of conservation principles in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical, and the introduction and valuation of the site, has been displayed.
The archaeological site of Arjan with an area of 500 hectares is located on the slopes of Khoiz Mountain and in a wide plain next to the Maroon River, which includes the Mosque Jammeh, the Arjan Dam Bath and Bridge, the Qadamgah of Imam Reza (AS), the Rosh Mehr Building, the Arjan Qanats and the ancient hills. By examining the site and the buildings in it, the values are divided into two categories, cultural values and contemporary economic and social values (Diagram 5). At present, the buildings in the Arjan site are in an undesirable state of conservation and their values are in danger of being forgotten. Through field surveys, the damages and challenges of the Arjan site were identified in four areas, cognitive, legal and managerial, physical and tourism, and were divided into two groups, internal and external factors. Internal factors include cognitive domain, exhaustion (functional physical) and weakness in the infrastructure of the Arjan site, and external factors include lack of alignment of organizations and weakness in the managerial and legal structure. According to the mentioned damages and challenges, by identifying their roots and categorizing them in the form of internal and external factors, we have achieved five conservation challenges related to the historical archaeological site of Arjan (Diagram 4). By adapting the principles of conservation of historical sites to conservation challenges, the principles of conservation of the Arjan site are stated in Table 4.

Conclusion
Historical archaeological sites can be considered as the most important sources for answering the missing links of a nation’s history and civilization. These sites always have a variety of values, and identifying and understanding these values can provide the ground for recognizing their protectable aspects. In the twentieth century (in 1914 and 1916), the main law for the protection of historical sites was adopted, and at that time, terms for the protection of historical sites were created in international charters. In the first part of this research, international charters, documents and conventions were examined in terms of keywords related to historical archaeological sites and the conservation principles related to the sites were identified in 4 areas. In the second part, in relation to the study area, with the knowledge of the old city of Arjan and with an analytical view of field studies, through the analysis, investigation and categorization of the challenges of conserving the historical archaeological site of Arjan and the comparison of the challenges with the principles extracted from international charters, documents and conventions, led to the explanation of the principles of the conservation of the historical archaeological site of Arjan.
The principles of conservation of the Arjan site were presented in four areas: cognitive, managerial, legal, physical, and introduction and valuation of the site. One of the most important principles in the field of cognition was to provide information to the people and to develop a comprehensive interaction plan. Formulation of public management programs, coordination and cooperation between institutions and people, and formulation of intervention laws are among the most important principles in the field of management and law. In the physical field, the reversibility of actions, preservation of originality, continuity of vernacular architecture and native materials, and documentation of changes were mentioned. Respecting the historical and aesthetic values and the physical integrity of historical buildings and sites is one of the most important principles in the field of introducing and valuing the site. It should be noted that these cases, along with other conservation principles proposed in the research, lead to the improvement of the condition of the archaeological site of Arjan.