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Abdolazim Amir-Shahkarami, Seyed Mohamad Beheshti-Shirazi,
year 5, Issue 15 (6-2021)
Abstract

Abstract
Due to its geology, topography and climate, the land of Iran is rough and unstable. Therefore, the historical monuments located on it are always loading and unstable conditions and therefore need continuous maintenance in a scientific and experimental way. Documenting or reading historical monuments is the most important part of studying antiquities, through which the data and information contained in these monuments can be accessed and using the collected data to understand the knowledge hidden in the engineering of this building. Lack of correct knowledge of the works and insufficient attention to the details and laws hidden in the historical works, leads to incorrect analysis and as a result wrong reading of the work. Which leads to misguidance in policies facing the preservation of monuments and as a result damage to cultural and historical heritage.
This article tries to analyze three incorrect readings of three famous historical works. The method of analysis in this paper is the use of analytical engineering and detailed analysis of the parameters of the effect and how to relate to them, which shows how a system was created and how it worked. And through this, it is concluded that a misreading of a historical collection leads to a misunderstanding of the function of that work, which can lead to errors in dealing with and preserving the work. The studied works include Pasargad site, Bostan arch complex and Biston complex. Each of these three historical sites contains elements for which scientists and archaeologists have defined the subject and application so far. Therefore, in this article, citing structural analyzes and causal relationships, it has been proven that the reading of these scientists is wrong and an attempt has been made to open a new perspective and path for exploring and recognizing these works.
Keywords: Totalitarianism and Analytical Engineering, Psargad, Taqbostan, Bistoon.

Introduction
Due to its location on the earth’s crust, the land of Iran has taken on special geological conditions such as youth and permanent activity of the earth’s crust. On the other hand, due to the local materials used in antiquity, most monuments are very heavy. Therefore, protection and nursing of a wide range of buildings that are in different conditions should be based on science and correct knowledge of the principles of structure, architecture and engineering in general. In order to achieve this goal, the correct processes must be mapped in advance.
If we want to pursue engineering reading or engineering documentation, which is the first and most important thing in identifying ancient science, we must have a correct understanding of engineering and its rules, including design and calculation.
Pathology and anthropology determine antiquity policies. This concept refers to the reading of antiquities. Therefore, in the proposed process for correct reading of antiquities, it is drawn on the basis that in the first step, we know what we should study and how to analyze it. So, the basic principles are based on two questions. “What?” and how?” In the following, these two concepts will be explained.
According to the principles of construction, according to the author, each monument can be divided into three basic parts. These include structural engineering, architecture and interior architecture. In each of these sections, pathology is examined and, in this regard, the mechanical properties of materials, load-bearing capacity, ductility and durability of materials are discussed.
The second step is how to analyze what we have found. Depending on the tools and advanced facilities, three types of engineering can be named. These include translation engineering, code engineering and analytical engineering

Discussion
Considering the concepts and scientific principles expressed in the concept of analytical engineering and the idea of a holistic view of antiquities, in the following, inaccurate readings and analyzes of the three prominent historical works in Iran are examined.
According to the hypothesis put forward in the book Pasargad, a number of grooves with holes in their path are referred to as waterways. And based on this hypothesis, it has been stated that the Pasargadae area was a royal garden. Based on the available evidence and considering the materials used in the floor of the canals and the distance between the cavities, which were the so-called comfort ponds, it can be concluded that these canals were in fact a stone foundation that the wall They were insulated with black stone from wood or white stone used on the walls
In Bostan arch, one can look for a missing link in it by examining various factors such as mountains, faults, headwaters, very wide and flat plains that are very prone to agriculture and green gardens, and then by examining the evidence and Evidence found that this area was a water reservoir. Therefore, the theory of the existence of a hunting ground can be criticized and it can be stated about the mentioned volume that there was no place for a hunting ground in the center of agriculture and dense gardens. On the other hand, there is no evidence that this area is a hunting ground. It seems that the only documents presented in this regard are the carvings done on the walls of the Bostan arch, which cannot be a proof of being a hunting ground in the same area.
Farhad Tarash inscription is located next to Kermanshah road and the shape of the stone is cut or blocked and attention to the integrity of the stone and its homogeneity and compaction according to the height of the mountain above it indicates the high quality of building stone and its value.

Conclusion
Documenting, finding knowledge, engineering and awareness in historical monuments. A historical monument cannot be considered as a rigid physics, but a historical monument is a function of time and has a current nature. Documenting a historical work should not be limited to data collection, but information should be created with the text and, more importantly, using the basic sciences, the knowledge contained in it and then its hidden engineering should be clarified. Through this process, which is briefly determined by macroscopy and in other words, the virtual (mathematical) definition of the design), the design and effect are dynamic.
It is analytical engineering that creates the possibility of totalitarianism and totalitarianism, and in this struggle, while identifying the elements, the relations of all human beings are also clarified. Therefore, in addition to eye vision (eye recognition), archeology must also have in-depth identification by another group. To determine the effect in terms of analytical engineering using analytical totalitarianism.
The correspondence between macroscopy and the reality of physics is of great importance. In other words, the macroscopic preparation and knowledge of each correlated set requires, quantitatively, analytical modeling. In modeling, each physical component is simulated with its mathematical equivalent.

Zohreh Shirazi, Nozar Hedari,
year 5, Issue 16 (9-2021)
Abstract

Abstract
Bampur historical complex is located in Makran – Jazmourian Basin in a flat plain in the Northwest of Bampur city, the capital of the region and 4 km to the North of Bampur River (20 km to the east of Iranshar). Extensive firing and burnt vestiges are one of the most characteristics phenomena at Bampur Castel. The evidence of firing is scattered nearly all over the site and it is not limited just to spaces like pits or kitchens. The diversity and abundance of brunt materials (seed of cereals, fruit remains, woods, charcoals and mat-made shoes) allowed us to use them for archaeobotanical studies. Due to the limited archaeological excavations especially in prehistoric sites, Iranian Baluchestān has so far been less-known from archaeobotanical and history of vegetation point of view. This research present the results of studies on the plant remains obtained from some pits and firing debris belonged to the Qajar period’s layers. The purpose of the study was to recognize the vegetation around the site and the type of plants used by the inhabitants during that period. Microscopic observations and analyze of 2301 charcoal fragments, woods, seeds, rachis segments and fruit remains showed that the vegetation cover around the Castel included trees such as tamaris, willow, acacia, musquit bean and date palm. They used the wood of these trees to meet their fuel needs (especially tamaris) or as construction materials (willow, acacaia and mesquites). Given the current ecology and geographical distribution of these species, it is reasonable to assume that the identified trees are native to the area and have grown around the Castel. Also the remains of Cereals (wheat and barley), fruits (date palm) and Cucurbits (Watermelon and melon) found in the firing debris testify agricultural activities. In addition, further evidence is attested by the presence of burnt seeds of the wild plants or weedy such as rye, bermuda grass, brome, wild grass, vetch milk, vetch, medic, goosefoot family, knotweed, seepweed, cowherb, asphodel and sedge family (present in the fields along with agricultural products).
Keywords: Archaeobotany, Bampur Castle, Wood utilization, Qajar Period, Southeastern Iran.

Introduction
The study of vegetal remains is not solely limited to climate change that occurs normaly over a long period of time. It could be used for reconstruction of vegetal cover, cultivation patterns or the introduction of non – native species compatible with the environment of a specific region. 
Bampur castel is located, in a flat plain on the northwest side of Bampur city, 4 km north of Bampur River and 20 km east of Iranshahr. The castel have a rectangular – oval shape in the northeast- southwest axis. Due to the best state of conservation at the site, large quantity of vegetal remains including seeds, fruit remains, woods, charcoals and reed mat and other artefcats were found in archaeological contexts. 
The present research will study plant data obtained from the excavated layers in the second season of excavations at Bampur castel conducted by Nozar Heydari in 2018 (heydari 2018). Here, we will try to answer to the following questions: 1. What was the vegetal cover around Bampur in the late Islamic period (Qajar period)? 2. Which kind of woods were used by the inhabitants of the region during that period? 3. What plants species were cultivated by the inhabitants as food resources?
Unfortunately archaeobotanical studies have not been realized in Iranian Baluchestān. Henece, for the first time archaeobotanical studies have been applied to identify the vegetation history of the area, the plant resources and the possible existence of non – native species. The Information on the agriculture and plant economy of Pakistani Baluchestān during the prehistoric times has been available (Tengberg, 1998; 1999; Tengberg & Thiebault, 2003; Costantini, 1981; 1990). However in the Iranian Baluchestān, no specialized study has been conducted in this field. In the southeasten part of the Iranian Plateau and in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Sistan, Baluchestān and Kerman) several long-term environmental studies have been carried out in some prehistoric sites by iranian and foreign experts resulted in obtaining valuable information on the history of agriculture and vegetal cover of the area (Costantini & Costantini-Biasini, 1985; Costantini, 1977a-b;  Costantini, 1979; Meadow, 1986; Shirazi & Shirazi, 2012; Tengberg, 2008; Mashkour et al., 2013 ; Vaezi et al., 2019; Hamzeh et al., 2016; Gurjazkaite et al., 2018; Shirazi 2019; Kavosh et al., 2020).

Material and Method
In the second season of excavations a total of six trenches were excavated including:  W1.T2, W1.T3, W1.T4, W1.T5, W1.T6, W1.T7. The archaeobotanical data were obtained from W1.T2, W1.T3, W1.T4, W1.T5. Extensive traces of fire and ashe were scattered all around the castel. Considering the diversity and large quantities of plant remains (grains, fruitstones, charcoals, woods and artefacts) it was decided to select them for archaeobotanical studies. In total, 10 samples from contexts such as pits and fire debris have been collected. From 153 litres of collected debris by water sieving, about 5690 ml. plant remains including seeds, fruitstones and rachis segments were obtainted. Laboratory studies of these data have been done in the Archaeobotanical Laboratory of the World Heritage Site of Shahr-i Sokhta.

Discussion
A total of 310 fragments of charcoal and woods and 1991 seeds, fruit stones and rachis segments were studies. Anthracological digramme indicates the presence of various trees and shrubs such as tamaris (Tamarix spp.), willow (Salix sp.), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), acacia (Acacia sp.) and mesquites (Prosopis sp.). The relative abundance of tamaris and willow is higher (79%) than other plants. Tropical plants such as acacia and mesquites (15%) and fruits like date palm (6%) are in the second and third ranks respectively. This evidence shows that the inhabitants used the wood of tamaris as fule and willow, acacia and mesquites as construction materials. Given the habitat and geopraphical distribution of the actual vegetation, it is quite reasonable to assume that the identified trees are native to the area.
In addition to the identified trees, carpological digramme indicates the existence of various crops like cultivated cereals  (emmer wheat/Triticum dicoccum), bread wheat /T. aestivum, club wheat /T. compacteum and barley/Hordeum vulgare), fruits and cucurbits (date palm, melon and watermelon), wild grasses (rye, bermuda grass, brome), wild pulses (vetch milk, vetch, medic), and wild plant or weedy (goosefoot family, knotweed, seepweed, cowherb, asphodel and sedge family) that were present in the fields along with agricultural products.

Conclusion
According to our study, plant resources around Bampur includs trees such as tamaris, willow, acacia, date palm and mesquites. Tamaris is the main source of fuel in the region and willow, acacia and mesquites have been used as construction materials (beams for building strengthen). The remains of charcoal and wood of these trees in the explored contexts show that the inhabitants of the castel did not need to import wood from other areas to meet their needs and were completely self-sufficient in this regard. In addition to these tree, which grew naturally in the past as they do today, Baluchestān also enjoyed favorable conditions for cultivation of cereals (emmer wheat, bread wheat, club wheat and barley), cucurbits (melon and water melon) and other fruits especially date palm. 


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