Abstract
Stones are important and durable material in construction building; objects and make cultural artifact on the prehistory until now. Objects are very important between the entire artifacts that made by stone, Easy stuff catches for artist due to improve making stone object in the different region. One of the most important stone in the prehistoric of Iran that is good material for carving and applies in life was chlorite. A best attribute for decorated due to this metamorphism stone used in all of Iran history so after 5000 years, this time some workshop in Mashhad city is Functioning and must be support these for improve industrials and identity this handicraft in contemporary, Hence in this paper by Analytical and technical approach based on comparative studies to examine the species, extent , methods of making and decorating stone chlorite in ancient times (archeological areas in the South East of Iran) and contemporary (Mashhad  carving stone workshops) will be paid. The result of this research show that we need rehabilitation this industrial decoration by bankroll  of the history background of carving chlorite stone and also try to find a new technology for improve  quantity and quality  making in Kerman province and Mashhad city According to the chlorite stone sources  in contemporary. Meanwhile, Iran’s stone-cutting art with its various uses in buildings and monuments over the thousands of years of flourishing its artists have created remarkable masterpieces of various types of stone. One of the most prominent stones in the pre-history of Iran due to its functional and decorative nature and has been used for thousands of years, is the chlorite which is under the main branches of the Metamorphic rocks. In the ancient world, chlorite stones were used as fillings for necklaces, stamps, religious sculptures, burners, bowls, pots, jars and other kitchen utensils, molds for molding copper and bronze, and in some cases has been used as Pottery fillers. 
Keywords: Comparative Study, Chlorite Stone, Halil Civilization, Technology, Harkareh Mashhad.

Introduction
Generally, the most important reasons that led to the use of these stones from the prehistoric period to the present are as follows: Availability and ease of mining operations, ease of mining, ease of carving (simplicity of decorating, shaping, cutting, engraving, etc.), appropriate heat resistance (phase-shifting properties), porosity and density above is chemically neutral to acids and bases. The purpose of the present study was to identify more and better the pre-historic (Bronze Age) chlorite containers southeast of the Iranian plateau and study the methods of making the above mentioned containers Also, their comparative studies with the works and methods of making chlorite containers of Mashhad in contemporary are. The present study is an effective step in understanding the traditional methods of stone construction in Mashhad which has now fallen out of economic prosperity and production because of advanced machinery and machine mechanization and it will forget and not pass it on to future generations. It is, therefore, hoped that by further knowledge and extensive study of such arts and crafts in the past, it would be prevented from being erased in the mind of the contemporary man. In the present study, it is attempted to address two basic and important questions in the field of techno lithic works of chlorite and its comparison with contemporary lithography in Mashhad. In the first stage, it was attempted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the technology and methods of making prehistoric chlorite works from the southeastern parts of Iran. Therefore, to answer this question, have been referred to reviews of areas such as Yahya, Shahdad, Jiroft and Shahr e sokhteh sites. The second question in the present study was how to construct and methods of stone work in Mashhad. In this regard, it has been attempted to answer this question with comparative field studies existing between the methods of production and the prehistoric works of contemporary times. Considering the importance of lithography and the creation of chlorite art in prehistoric-Iranian to contemporary times and its ability to be revitalized as an art-industry, the present study together with the analysis and description of information and data from archaeological studies followed the various stages of production and decoration of chlorite stones in ancient and contemporary times as well as comparing their subtle and subtle changes in terms of construction technology and their decorative and qualitative differences over time. For this reason, it has been attempted to address the above issues by using library and field studies.

Conclusion
In an overview of today’s state of this art - industry in Iran and especially in Mashhad as the only active producer in the country it can be said that it retains some of the ancient methods that add to its authenticity. But new machinery and marketization, in contrast to its religious and antiquity in antiquity and many other issues, have led to a lack of creators’ sales and cheating in the production of poor quality works. Also, since there has been no attempt by the Cultural Heritage and Crafts Organization to revive traditional designs and not to repeat past poor quality work the industry today has been artificially depleted and its creativity has been lost in most cases, and it is not reproduced at present with the repetition of the past. Therefore, it is recommended that by investing in this industry, it should be positioned among the export basket and dynamic handicrafts of the country. Today, countries such as India, which have had significant stone-making industry in the past, have today advanced the industry by investing and encouraging craftsmen to produce handicrafts from various stones. It has become one of the country’s most important artistic exports. In the contemporary era and state of the art in the country today, the issue of identifying materials and tools used in traditional arts and examining the possibility of producing them while maintaining their authenticity is of great importance. Considering the continuity of the industry - art of lithography of soft rock, and in particular chlorite, for about 5,000 years in the country, Unfortunately, new products have had a remarkable decline in quality given the simplicity of the work and the mechanization of many of the actions. This applied industry is becoming a low-quality decorative industry. In this regard, the stone industry of Mashhad, which is today the only place and the most active center for the production and decoration of chlorite stone objects in Iran, needs serious attention because its products have undergone a severe decline in quality over the past few decades. In addition, with the loss of old masters, efficient young people have not been attracted to it. Therefore, considering the abundant resources of chlorite rock in Khorasan and Kerman province, there is potential for activating and enhancing the quality of its production in these centers by studying its artistic and industrial capabilities as well as trying to The revival of traditional designs and non-repetition of current high-quality work, as well as their up-to-date productivity and new technology can be achieved by artisans and artists.

Abstract
The site of Narjuiyeh III is located on the eastern natural mounds of the Narjuiyeh village, from the west overlooking Halil River. Scattering of the fourth millennium BC, especially typical Aliabad type are visible on these mounds. Traces of illegal excavation are also available as pits and holes all over the site. Aliabad ceramics are pottery dating back to the fourth millennium BC (Chalcolithic) in the southeast of the Iranian plateau, first excavated and reported by Caldwell from Aliabad in Bardsir of Kerman, and then have been found and reported from fourth millennium layers of Tell Iblis (Iblis IV) which eventually became known as Aliabad Culture (Caldwell, 1967).      Ali-Abad culture potteries (Chalcolithic age) dates back to the 4th millennium BC in southeast of Iran which the distribution of its potteries include the regions of Kerman, Balouchistan and Pakistan. Aliabad pottery in the south-east of the Iranian plateau is one of the most important and prominent pottery types in the Chalcolithic period (Eskandari and Mollasalehi, 2017), which for more detail understanding about this culture in addition to archaeological studies, requires scientific archaeometric analysis and methods; therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate, study and further understand the fourth millennium BC pottery of Aliabad culture from Jiroft’s Narjuiyeh III site and understanding the expansion of this culture by using structural and technical studies of pottery of this period. At the same time, it has been attempted to use the method of mineralogy (petrography) to get information about how to process the paste, clay type and used temper, conditions, heating and temperature of baking in the furnace, as well as the understanding of the origin of pottery of this area. Archaeological studies show that Aliabad culture in the southeast of the Iranian plateau was the dominant culture of the region in the fourth millennium BC. In this study, it has been attempted to obtain mineralogical information regarding pottery (Aliabad pottery) using library and thin section petrography studies. The polarized binocular microscope JamesSwift made in the United Kingdom at the Petrographic Laboratory of the Institute for Restoration and Conservation was used for microscopic study of the studied pottery.
Keywords: Archaeometry, Petrography, Aliabad Culture, Narjuiyeh in Jiroft, Southeast of Iran.

Introduction
From the textural point of view, the pottery was divided into two main categories of fine-grained and coarse-grained specimens. In fine-grained specimens, the components are less than 0.5 mm in size, and the components are finely crystallized in the texture of pottery. A group of pottery has immature silty texture. In the texture of these potteries, there are fragments of different sizes next to each other, and there is some clutter and disarrangement to the size of the minerals in the pottery. In terms of composition, all available pottery has the same composition and their difference are in the percentage of pieces in the pottery texture and their size. In all available ceramics, there are several minerals, including quartz, in the form of monocrystalline (monocrystalline) and polycrystalline, which are more abundant in monocrystalline form. This mineral has angular to semicircular margins indicating that quartz fragments have been added as secondary to the primary source. In some samples, minor amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene and amphibole with mica are observed. Mica minerals are mostly muscovite grains that are orange-colored, but sometimes orange-yellow muscovite grains can also be seen in the samples. This reaction is due to the change in the optical properties of the grains at a temperature of approximately 1000 degrees Celsius, which can be partially detected the temperature the pottery tolerated on during the heating process. In some samples igneous rock, chert and quartz rock fragments were used as fillers. In some pottery, calcite minerals can also be observed and used to detect its temperature range. Therefore, it can be concluded that due to the geology of the region and the presence of calcium carbonate in the sedimentary deposits of the region, the absence of calcite mineralization in some samples indicates that the temperature of the ceramics is higher than 800 °C, and in calcite-clay ceramics, the baking temperature of the clay is less than 800 °C (Reedy 2008; Riederer 2004). The two N9 and N7 specimens differ in composition from the other specimens. In these two samples calcite minerals are associated with the clay texture, whereas in the other samples this is not the case.

Conclusion
Based on the petrographic study of the pottery, it can be deduced that the source of the pottery studied was identical and their source material was from the same region in Kerman. However, the origin of manufacture and extracting of soil mines cannot be determined definitely, because the geology of the Kerman region is very large and vast especially the studied areas are in volcanic formations, which, the mineralogical composition and sequence of some of them are granite, granodiorite to quartz. Metamorphic, plagioclases, clinopyroxenes, and mica minerals and igneous and metamorphic rocks are within the geological family of the area, which exactly similar compounds can be found with the minerals in the pottery. There are also three different groups for these pottery: 1) Pottery with homogeneous texture. In this type of pottery, fragments and minerals are seen floating and scattering in the texture. 2) Pottery in the texture in addition to clay and fine minerals, phyllosilicate minerals (mica) exist in combination with the texture. 3) In these ceramics the combination of the texture of mineral carbonate calcium (calcite) together with the clay texture is visible, a situation not seen in the other samples. This indicates that the pottery used has different manufacturing techniques, therefore, several pottery makers have been involved in preparation and procurement of early paste and clay of the pottery. Pottery samples N5, N6, N7, N8 and N9 contain calcite minerals. It can be suggesting that the baking temperature of these pottery was less than 800 degrees Celsius. In the samples containing muscovite minerals, some of the grains show changes from orange to yellow, indicating that these ceramics have been sustain a temperature of approximately 950-1000 °C. Based on the results and even the buff-orange color of the ceramics, it should be noted that the analyzed pottery were baked in an oxidation condition and in a closed furnace. The type of baking and precision used in baking the pottery in high quality, especially the 4th millennium BC pottery, is very high, indicating that the technique used in baking pottery was also very professional. Some ceramics, such as (N1, N8, N9) have porphyry texture and in their texture quartz mineral, chert stone and igneous rock have been used as filler and temper. In most cases, the edges of quartz minerals are edged and sharp, which, indicates the use of primary soil and its paste processing and resultant of grinding of core and ore extractive mining because all fragments and sherds have sharp and angular angles as well. It should also be noted that there is no evidence of the use of organic materials as temper in pottery making.

Abstract
One of the most critical found objects from the site of Shahr-i Sokhta are lapis lazuli stones and beads, which were used as stone jewelry and ornaments. One of the site’s most significant archaeological and archaeometry topics is the way of manufacturing and types of stone structures into these objects. The Shahr-i Sokhta’s lapis lazuli beads manufactured with flint borers are in the forms of lens, lozenge, circle, etc., and were used as jewelry and ornaments such as bracelets, anklets, necklaces, etc. The main discussion in this research is recognizing the structure and studying the mineralogy of lapis lazuli beads discovered from Shahr-i Sokhta. Hence, by using laboratory-device methods such as petrography of thin sections, X-ray energy diffraction microanalysis, Raman Spectroscopy analysis, and gemology methods, this research studies the structures of three samples of lapis lazuli beads and stones of Shahr-i Sokhta. The results of laboratory studies show that Shahr-i Sokhta’s structure of lapis lazuli stone consists of lazurite minerals with a high percentage of calcite mineral impurities, which causes a reduction of transparency and purity of the lapis lazuli stones; also, elemental studies represent the presence of lazurite minerals. Raman structural and gemological studies show the structure, the amount of absorption coefficient, and its specific weight in the main structure of lapis lazuli stone. Chemical and structural studies indicate that the stones are similar in terms of composition.
Keywords: Stone Jewelries, Lapis Lazuli, Archeaometry,  Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan, South-east of the Iranian Plateau.

Introduction
Shahr-i Sokhta is one of the most important and key sites among Bronz-age sites in southeast Iran’s archaeology (Biscione et al., 1974; Tosi, 1968, 1969, 1973; 1976; Tosi and Piperno, 1975; Savatori & Vidale, 1997; Piperno & Salvatori, 2007). Through excavations during different years up to now, a vast majority of semiprecious Stones and jewelry have been discovered; some of them are healthy beads in the form of necklaces, bracelets, and anklets, while others are half-worked beads as well as raw stone and blocks (Foglini, 1998). The jewelry is lapis lazuli, agate, chlorite, turquoise, limestone, flint, jasper, marble (calcite and aragonite), quartz, green tuff, and chert; that one of the most significant of them is lapis lazuli which was brought to Shahr-i Sokhta as a result of the trade from other regions. lapis lazuli stone in various forms and shapes is the most discovered abundant cultural material in Shahr-i Sokhta (Sajjadi, 2005, 2007). The discovered lapis lazuli are healthy and semi-worked, as well as raw and discarded material. The archaeological studies have demonstrated that the raw lapis lazuli blocks were imported into Shahr-i Sokhta, and then they were changed into various artifacts by artisans (Farzin et al., 2019). Hence, recognizing the structure and method of manufacturing the discovered lapis lazuli beads from Shahr-i Sokhta could be one of the most important topics for archaeologists. The archaeo-gemological study is a field of archaeometry that investigates and recognizes the structure and method of manufacturing and polishing these semiprecious Stone ornaments and jewelry. Archaeo-gemological studies examine minerals, gem materials, and jewelry, which were used as ornaments, decorative objects, jewelry materials, etc., in particular eras and places of the ancient world (Hatipoglu & Guney, 2013; Rapp, 2009; Dominguez-Bella, 2012). Therefore, this research based on Archaeo-gemological studies investigates the preliminary lapis lazuli stone jewelry produced in Shahr-i Sokhta.

Material and Methods (Samples)
The selected samples in this research include three pieces of lapis lazuli discovered from the archaeological survey of Shahr-i Sokhta. One of the samples is a raw material with a small incision that had been discarded as waste (SH-L1). The other one is a rectangular object with grooves in its width, which was broken during use (SH-L2), and the last one is a tiny bead; all three are studied in this research (SH-L3).

Methods
Microscopic thin section petrography (OPM) is administered to examine the samples under a polarizing microscope. The device model used in this research is James Swift, made in England.
The elemental Micro-analysis EDX method is applied to recognize samples chemical combinations. This examination is conducted through EDX devise coupled with a field emission electron microscope (FESEM) manufactured by Tasken company, model MIRA3TESCAN-XMU.
For structural investigation of the samples, this research uses Raman spectroscopy examination through (Takram) P50C0R10 model device, Taskan company in Raman laboratory. This device has a laser wavelength of 532nm (Nd: YAG Laser), and the range of Raman shift RS is 100-4600.
Moreover, this study uses gemological methods such as specific weight and refractive index to identify the samples.

Results
Petrography
According to the petrographic studies of the lapis lazuli samples under a polarizing microscope, blue lazurite minerals are seen with white calcite.
 
Raman Spectroscopy
The obtained spectra from this chart are compared with the reference spectrum at http://www.rruff.info This comparison indicates the existing lazurite in the stone structure of Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12S. There is a Raman spectrum in the range of 546 cm-1, 1092 cm-1, and 254 cm-1, and the intensified spectrum is high in the range of 546 cm-1, considered the main spectrum.

EDX
Micro-analysis (EDX) Obtained spectra in the formula of these stones represent the amount of silicon (19/61 and 19/11), aluminum (7/14 and 7/21), magnesium (7/98 and 6/73), calcium (4/98 and 4/94), and sodium (3/46 and 3/13) elements with the highest abundance.

Gemological Analysis
This part investigates these lapis lazuli’s mineralogical features through two refractometer methods and the determination of specific weight. 

Refractometer
Among Shahr-i Sokhta’s studied samples, this research has selected three lapis lazuli samples to study. For investigating, first, one drop of special liquid (REFRACTOMETER LIQUID-Nd 1.81) is poured into the location of the samples; second, the flat sides of the gems locates on the oil. Then, by turning on the device lamp and closing the deflectometer cap, one could obtain each sample’s refractive coefficient measure by reading the refractive coefficient. The type of the studied sample has been identified by measuring the refractive coefficient of the samples and comparing obtained numbers with the standard table of gems (GIA- GEM PROPERTY CHART). The refractive coefficient of 1.50 is related to lapis lazuli stone.

Determination of Specific Weight
One of the quick identifying ways of the gems is the determination of their specific weight, which causes no damage to the gems. To obtain the particular weight of each mineral or gem, first, they are weighted in the air and then in the water. Next, by using a formula, the amount of specific weight is calculated. The particular weight of the discovered lapis lazuli samples of Shahr-i Sokhta is 2.1-3.3. 

Conclusion
Microscopic investigations based on the thin section petrography show that the structure of studied lapis lazuli is lazurite mineral type with calcite minerals. In microscopic images, Lazurite minerals clearly are blue, calcite minerals in the stone texture are white, and pyrite minerals rarely can be seen in the studied stone texture. Identifying the existence of a significant amount of calcite and a poor amount of pyrite in the lapis lazuli structure represents the amount of impurities in these stones. Furthermore, elemental analysis of the three lapis lazuli indicates that there are other elements with the highest frequency; these elements are silicon (20/95 and 20/67), aluminum (7/80 and 7/63), magnesium (7/28 and 8/52), calcium (4/94 and 5/33), sodium (3/34 and 3/74) and sulfur (0/66 and 1/09). In fact, lapis lazurite is a blue stone whose chemical composition is variable, and its basic composition is mineral lazurite consisting of aluminum, calcium, and sodium silicates. Lapis lazuli consists of several different minerals, such as sodalite, hauynolith, calcite, pyrite, and lazurite, which are lapis lazuli’s main components. Fewer white calcite spots and more yellow pyrite in the lapis lazuli indicate the best quality of the lapis lazuli. In table 3, silicon element (29.87%) and calcium element (12.26%) are the most amounts of compounds in the Shahr-i Sokhta lapis lazuli structures. The identified chemical compositions of the lapis lazuli in Shahr-i Sokhta are a high amount of calcium and a low amount of iron, which indicates the lapis lazuli structure of this site has a high calcium impurity and low pyrite impurity; this issue could be confirmed through petrography studies. Finally, this analysis represents the correct recognition of the composition and type of used stones in manufacturing ornament objects of Shahr-i Sokhta.
The element percentage of obtained spectra is clearly determined, indicating the main composition of lapis lazuli. The elements represent the chemical structure of a lapis lazuli, a lazulite mineral type with a high calcite impurity percentage. In addition, this study examines the three pieces of lapis lazuli samples through Raman spectroscopy; two samples represent almost similar peaks in the range of 546 cm-1 and 1092 cm-1, and only one sample shows a peak in the range of 546 cm-1. The investigations represent that based on the lapis lazuli studies using the Raman, the lapis lazuli in the mentioned ranges shows an almost significant peak. The number of elements and obtained spectra in these two spectra are almost similar.

Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the “Investigation and study of Shahr-i Sokhta semi-precious stones” project funded by the Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics (RCCCR). The authors are thankful to Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics. The authors want to National Museum of Iran, Southeast Regional Museum of Zahedan, and Shahr-i Sokhta World Heritage Site for their supporting.