year 7, Issue 24 (8-2023)
Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud. 2023, 7(24): 97-126 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Malozyomova E. (2023). The Chivalry Culture of Great Khorāsān in the 8th-9th Centuries. Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud.. 7(24), 97-126. doi:10.30699/PJAS.7.24.97
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-896-en.html
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-896-en.html
Assistant professor, Faculty of liberal arts and sciences, Department of Inter-disciplinary Studies in the field of Languages and Literature St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. , elena.malozyomova@gmail.com
Abstract: (3122 Views)
The article reviews chivalry traditions, developed in ancient Iran, and their transition and transformation to the country’s post-Islamic history. The author analyses the cultural mechanisms, which provided this movement, and argues that its roots and prerequisites should have taken place in Great Khorāsān at the very turn of the ‘Abbāsid revolt in the middle of the century CE. This was a period when an external call activated forces and facilities, preserved in the stratum of Iranian knights, to become the basis for the later military evolution within the new circumstances. The cultural importance of Khorāsān for the Iranian state and rule at the turn of the Muslim era is reflected in written texts. The early muslim period in Great Khorāsān was a special time as Iranian predominance mingled with multicultural traditions in the boundary region. The topic is presented in a wide context including Irasnian literary, artistic, and artisanal sources, helping to visualize the historical backdround of Iran. This is based on philosophical doctrines for Iranian cultural developement proposed by contemporary scholars.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special Archeology
Received: 2022/11/23 | Accepted: 2023/03/16 | Published: 2023/08/21
Received: 2022/11/23 | Accepted: 2023/03/16 | Published: 2023/08/21
References
1. - Abbas, I., (1988). “Barmakids”. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. III, Fasc. 8, Trustees of Columbia University, New York: 806-808.
2. - Ackerman, Ph., (1939). “Standards, Banners, and Badges”. ed. Pope, Arthur U., A Survey of Persia Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present, 3: 2766-2782.
3. - Athamina, Kh., (1989). “The Black Banners and the Socio-Political Significance of Flags and Slogans in Medieval Islam”. Arabica, Tome: XXXVI.
4. - Azarpay, G., (1981). “Sogdian Painting”. The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. With contributions by: A. M. Belenitskii, B. I. Marshak, and Mark J. Dresden. University of California Press, California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
5. - Al-Balādhuri, (1916). Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān. The Origins of the Islamic State, part I, Columbia University, New York.
6. - Al-Balādhuri, (1924). Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān. The Origins of the Islamic State, part II, Columbia University, New York.
7. - Al-Yaʿqūbī, (2018 I). “The Geography (Kitāb al-Buldān)”. The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and texts, vol. 152/1, ed. Kadi W., Leiden – Boston: 61-20.
8. - Al-Yaʿqūbī, (2018 II). “The Book of the Adaptation of Men to Their Time and Their Dominant Characteristics in Every Age (Mushākalat al-nāsli-zamānihim wa-mā yaglibuʿalayhim fī kull ʿaṣr)”. The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and texts, vol.152/1, ed. Kadi W., Leiden – Boston: 29-60.
9. - Al-Yaʿqūbī, (2018 III). “The History (Taʾrīkh)”. The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and texts, vol. 152/3, ed. Kadi W., Leiden – Boston.
10. - Belenitsky, A. M.; Bentovich, I. B. & Bolshakov, O. G., (1973). Srednevekovy gorod Sredney Azii. “Nauka”, Leningrad.
11. - Bier, L., (1993). “The Sasanian Palaces in early Islam”. Ars orientalis, 23: 57-66.
12. - Al-Biruni, Abu-r-R. M.-ibn A., (2011). Sobraniye svedeniy dlya poznaniya dragotsennostey (Mineralogiya). eds. Steblin-Kamensky, I. M.; Nikonorov V. P., Peterburgskoye lingvisticheskoye obchestvo, Sankt-Peterburg.
13. - Bollók, Á., (2915). “The Visual arts of the Sāsānian Empire and the Nagyszentmiklós / Sânnicolau Mare Treasure – A Non-Specialist’s View, Der Goldschatz von Sânnicolau Mare (Ungarisch: Nagyszentmiklós)”. eds. Daim, Falko; Gschwantler,Kurt; Plattner, Stadler, Georg P., Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz: 43-70.
14. - Bosworth, C. E., (1983). “Abnā’’. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. I, Fasc. 3, Trustees of Columbia University, New York: 226-228.
15. - Calmard, J. & Allan, J. W., (1985). “Alam va ʿAlāmat”. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. I, Fasc. 8: 785-791.
16. - Compareti, M., (2010). “The Spread Wings Motif on Armenian Steles: Its Meaning and Parallels in Sasanian Art’”. Iran and the Caucasus, 14(2): 201-232.
17. - Compareti, M., (2015). “Ancient Iranian Decorative Textiles: New Evidence from Archaeological Investigations and Private Collections”. The Silk Road, Vol. 13: 36-45.
18. - Compareti, M., (2016). “Observations on the Rock Reliefs at Taq-i Bustan: A Late Sasanian Monument along the ‘Silk Road’”. The Silk Road, vol. 14: 71-83.
19. - Crone, P., (1998). “The ‘Abbāsid Abnā’ and Sāsānid Cavalrymen”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3 (8-1): 1-19.
20. - Expedition Silk Road, (2014). Journey to the West. Treasures from the Hermitage, Exhibition catalogue, Hermitage Amsterdam, .
21. - Girs, M. M., (1930). K voprosu ob arabskih znamyonah. Zapiski kollegii vostokovedov, T. 5, Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk, Leningrad, ss: 343-365.
22. - Grabar, O., (1976 I). ‘The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem’, Grabar, Oleg, Studies in Medieval Islamic Art. Variorum Reprints, London, pp. 33-62.
23. - Grabar, O., (1976 II). “Umayyad ‘Palace’ and the ’Abbasid’ revolution”. Grabar, Oleg, Studies in Medieval Islamic Art, Variorum Reprints, London: 5-18.
24. - Hammer Purgstall de, ‘Sur les lames des Orientaux’, Journal Asiatique, 5 (3): 66-80.
25. - Herrmann, G.; Kurbansakhatov, K., et al., (1994). “International Merv Project. Preliminary Report on the Third Season”. Iran, XXXII: 31-38.
26. - Herrmann, G., (1999). Monuments of Merv. Traditional Buildings of the Karakum, The Society of Antiquaries of London, London.
27. - Ionescu, D.-T., (2017). “The Use of the Tiara as Symbol of Persian Achaemenid Kingship: why Alexander the Great didn’t adopt it?”. Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets. The headgear in Iranian history, vol. I: Pre-Islamic Period, eds. K. Maksymiuk & G. Karamian Siedlce-Tehran: 21-33.
28. - Ivanov, А. A., (1979). “Group of Iranian Daggers of the Period from the Fifteenth to the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century with Persian Inscriptions”. Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Elgood, Robert, Scolar Press, London: 64–77.
29. - Kennedy, H., (1999). ‘Medieval Merv: a Historical Overview’. Herrmann, Georgina, Monuments of Merv. Traditional Buildings of the Karakum. The Society of Antiquaries of London, London: 25-44.
30. - Lang, J.; Craddock, P. T. & Simpson, St. J., (1998). “New evidence for early crucible steel”. JHMS, 32/1: 7-14.
31. - Livshiz, V. A., (1990). “Pismenniye pamyatniki iz drevnego Merva”. Merv v drevney i srednevekovoy istorii Vostoka, ILIM, Ashkhabad, ss.: 34-39.
32. - Lukonin, V. G. & Trever, K. V., (1987). Sasanidskoye serebro. Sobraniye Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja. Hudojestvennaya kultura Irana III-VIII vekov, “Iskusstvo”, Мoskva.
33. - Malozyomova, E., (2016). “An Oriental Banner in the Collection of the State Hermitage Museum”. In: Hoc signo vinces. The vexillological seminar, Armémuseum, Stockholm: 85-89.
34. - Malozyomova, E. I. & Kurochkin, A. Y., (2018). “Osobennosti metodologii issledovaniya persidskoy i indiyskoy miniatyuri kak istochnika po izucheniyu istorii orujiya”. Istoricheskoye orujievedeniye, 5-6, ss.: 27-65. Electronic Resourse: https://historical-weapons.com/wp-content/uploads/Malozemova-Kurochkin-5-6.pdf (Consulted online 19 February 2023).
35. - Malozyomova, E. I., (2019). “Iranskoye ritualnoye navershie seredini-vtoroy polovini XVII veka v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja”. In: HOC SIGNO VINCES. Materiali Mejdunarodnogo znamyonovedcheskogo simposiuma 18-20 maya 2017 goda, Izdatelstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja, Sankt-PeterburgL: 66-78.
36. - Malozyomova, E., (2023). “Jemchug v oformlenii iranskogo klinkovogo orujiya”. Yuvelirnoye iskusstvo i materialnaya kultura, vip. 7, Izdatelstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaja: 223-235.
37. - Marίn-Guzmán, R., (1994). “The ‘Abbasid Revolution in Central Asia and Khurāsān: an Analytical Study of the Role of Taxation, Conversion, and Religious Groups in its Genesis”. Islamic Studies, 33 (2/3): 227-252.
38. - Masson V. M., Merv – “dusha tsarey” vo vsemirnoy istorii. //Merv v drevney i srednevekovoy istorii Vostoka. Ashkhabad, ss.: 5-9.
39. - Materiali po istorii Turkmen i Turkmenii, eds. Volin, S. L.; Romaskevich A. A.; Yakubovsky A.Y., Tom I, Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, 1939.
40. - Meletinsky, E. M., (1976). Poetika mifa, Glavnaya redakrsiya vostochnoy literaturi izdatelstva “Nauka”, Moskva.
41. - Meen, V. B. & Tushingham, A. D., (1968). Crown Jewels of Iran. Published by: the University of Toronto Press.
42. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M., (2006). Arms and Armor from Iran: The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period. Legat Verlag, Tübingen.
43. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M., (2007). “The Weapons of Choice: The Art and Design of Sword Making and Carrying During the Reign of the Sassanian Zoroastrian Rulers is Expounded”. Parsiana: 28-29.
44. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M. & Singh, A., (2013a). “An Analysis of the Depiction of the Šamšir: Persian Miniature Paintings”. Part 1, CAAM (Classic Arms and Militaria), . XX (3): 50-54.
45. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M. & Singh, A., (2013b). “An Analysis of the Depiction of the Šamšir: Persian Miniature Paintings”. Part 2, CAAM (Classic Arms and Militaria), XIX (5): 31-34.
46. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M. & Singh, A., (2014). “An Analysis of the Depiction of the Šamšir: Persian Miniature Paintings”. Part 3, CAAM (Classic Arms and Militaria), XXI (1): 30-32.
47. - Moshtagh Khorasani, M., (2021). Jewels and Patterned Crucible Steel: Books of Jewels, Stones, and Metals. Niloufar Books, Frankfurt.
48. - Mukhammadiev, M. E., (2018). “Central Asia in Trade in the VI-XII century”.Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science, 17: 29-34.
49. - Nicolle, D., (2002). The Armies of Islam 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford.
50. - Nurulla-Khojaeva, N. T., (2017). ‘”Tanzuyuschiye” kupzi vne imperiy na Shyolkovom puti’. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, 1(52), ss.: 119-139.
51. - Papahirstu, O. A., (2006). ‘Marketing v zhelezoproizvodyaschey promishlennosty Srednego Vostoka i opit reconstruktsii chyornoy tigelnoy metallurgii Ahsiketa IX – nachala XIII v.’, Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Rossiyskogo arheologicheskogo obschestva (ZVORAO). Novaya seriya. Tom II (XXVII), Sankt-Peterburg, ss: 141-209.
52. - Pigulevskaya, N. B.; Yakubovsky, A. Y. & Petrushevsky, I. P., (1958). Istoriya Irana s drevneyshih vremyon do kontsa XVIII veka. Izdatelstvo Leningradskogo universiteta, Leningrad.
53. - Rante, R.; Labbaf-Khaniki, M., et al., (2020). ‘Khorasan’. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. XVI, Fasc. 6, Trustees of Columbia University, New York: 591-672. / Encyclopaedia Iranica Online ©Trustees of Columbia University in the city of New York. Consulted online on 19 February 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_12453. First published online in 2020.
54. - Raspopova, V. I., (1980). Metallicheskiye isdeliya rannesrednevekovogo Sogda, “Nauka”, Leningrad.
55. - Simpson, St. J., (2014). “Merv, an archaeological case-study from the northeastern frontier of the Sasanian Empire”. De Gruyter. Journal of Ancient History, 2(2): 1-28.
56. - Al-Sarraf, Sh., (2002). “Close Combat Weapons in the Early ‘Abbasid Period: Maces, Axes and Swords”. A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour, ed. Nicolle, David. Boydell Press.
57. - Sharon, M., (1983). Black Banners of the East. The Establishment of the ‘Abbāsid State- Incubation of a Revolt. Magnes Press, Jerusalem.
58. - Shukurov, Sh. M., (2016). Horasan. Territotiya iskusstva, Progress-Traditsiya, Moskva.
59. - Shukurov, Sh. M., (2021). Ideya Irana. Tolkovaniye k istorii iskusstva i arhitekturi, Progress-Traditsiya, Moskva.
60. - Al-Ṭabarī, (1985). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa ‘l- muluk), translated and annotated by R. Stephen Humphreys, vol. XXVII, State University of New York Press, New York.
61. - Al-Ṭabarī, (1989). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa ‘l- muluk), translated and annotated by R. Stephen Humphreys, vol. XXV, State University of New York Press, New York.
62. - Al-Ṭabarī, (1990). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa ‘l- muluk), translated and annotated by R. Stephen Humphreys, vol. XV, State University of New York Press, New York.
63. - Al-Ṭabarī, (1994). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa ‘l- muluk), translated and annotated by R. Stephen Humphreys, vol. XIV, State University of New York Press, New York.
64. - Tafazzoli, A., (2000). Sasanian Society. I. Warriors II. Scribes III. Dehqāns, Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York.
65. - Terletsky, N. S., (2006-2007). “‘Znamya dlya moleniya’ (simvolizm i funktsii tuga v praktike ziyarat u narodov Tsentralnoy Azii)”. Lavrovsky sbornik: Materiali Sredneaziatsko-Kavkazskih issledovaniy. Etnologiya, istoriya, arheologiya, kulturologiya, RAN. MAE im. Petra Velikogo (Kunstkamera), eds. Karpov, Y. Y.; Stasevich, I.V., MAE RAN, Sankt-Peterburg, ss.: 112-117.
66. - Terletsky, N. S., (2009). “Nekotoriye drevniye atributi musulmanskih mest palomnichestva i pokloneniya (k voprosu o funktsiyah i simvolizme tuga)”. Tsentralnaya Aziya: traditsii v usloviyah peremen, Vipusk 2, Sankt-Peterburg, ss.: 112-149.
67. - Zakeri, M., (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society. The Origins of ‘Ayyārān and Futuwwa, Harrassowitz Verlag, Weisbaden.
68. - Zebrovski, M., (1997). Gold, Silver and Bronze from Mughal India. Alexandria Press in association with Laurence King, London.
69. - Zhukovsky, V. A., (1894). Drevnosti Zakaspiyskago kraya. Razvalini starogo Merva, Materiali po arheologii Rossii, izdavayemiye Imperatorskoyu arheologicheskoyu komissieyu. №. 16, S.-Peterburg.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |