year 7, Issue 26 (2-2024)
Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud. 2024, 7(26): 197-226 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Molaei Kordshouli H, Tabatabaee H. (2024). A Review on the Distribution of Clay Objects Known as Gopal in the Plateau of Iran. Parseh J. Archaeol. Stud.. 7(26), 197-226. doi:10.22034/PJAS.7.26.197
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-763-en.html
URL: http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/article-1-763-en.html
1- M. A. in Archeology, Independent Researcher, Iran , hamed_mowlaiey@yahoo.com
2- PhD student in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
2- PhD student in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (2045 Views)
Abstract
the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf are a large part of southern Iran, which has been of interest throughout history, and many settlements have been formed in thispart of iran. This semi-closed sea has a great value in terms of natural and economic situation and military and political situation Just as the economic and social life of Mesopotamia depends on its two waterways, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and just as the Nile River plays the main and key role in the history of Egypt, in the same way the Persian Sea can be considered an important and vital bottleneck of history and civilization and Iran’s economy. Over thousands of years, this azure and fertile sea has opened its arms to Iranians and other neighboring nations like a table full of blessings, so that the residents of its shores can benefit from its diverse reserves. The present research has focused on the introduction of pottery objects known as Gopal, which are found in abundance in the southern part of Iran, especially in the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf. In this research, two library methods and field visits to some areas of the studied area have been used to collect information. The main questions of the present research are: To what period of time can the Gopals be dated? What is the use of Gopal? In what areas are the Gopals distributed? In addition to introducing Gopals and examining their technical features, the use and relative dating of these objects are discussed and the distribution map of these objects in the plateau of Iran is presented.
Keywords: Gopal, Persian Gulf, Iranian Plateau, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan.
Introduction
As a historical and strategic waterway, the Persian Gulf has always been the focus of rulers and throughout history, it has been the place of passage for the ships of Eastern and Western civilizations. The coast of the Pars Gulf is a suitable habitat for the settlement and establishment of human societies. In recent years, as a result of the archaeological surveys of the beaches and hinterland of the Pars Gulf, many prehistoric, historical and Islamic sites and hills have been identified. Among these, a number of ancient sites and mounds of clay objects have been found, which are called Gopal. The present research has studied these objects that are scattered on the banks and back banks of Pars Gulf.
Research questions: In this research, the most important questions include: 1- In what regions is the range of distribution of clay objects known as Gopal? 2- Are Gopals produced in the northern part of the Persian Sea? 3- Do these objects have different types in terms of appearance? 4- Gopals belong to what period of time? 5- What is the use of Gopal?
Gopal classification
Clay objects known as Gopal are clay cylinders whose height varies between 15 and 30 cm and their weight varies between 1 and 4 kg. The upper part of the Gopals is round with a diameter of 10 to 17 cm and the lower part is saucer-shaped with a diameter of 6 to 12 cm. Their floor is rough and uneven, but they are stable to be on the ground. Williamson has introduced the Gopals with the title of base and divided them into four categories, Gavbandi type, Bushehr type, Ganaveh type and Tepe Yahya type (Williamson 1972: 100). According to technical specifications and appearance, Gopals were classified into 9 types. But since this study is mostly in the form of a library and the distribution area of Gopals has not been fully investigated in the field, it is possible that there are more and different species that are hidden from the authors of this study.
Distribution of Gopal in the Persian Gulf
The basis of the study of the distribution of Gopals is the study of survey reports, records and field studies (Table 1) that have been published and published so far, as well as the authors’ visits to a number of sites on the beaches and hinterland of the Pars Sea. The distribution map presented in this research is the beginning of a way to carry out additional studies in the field of these clay objects in the future and undoubtedly has some shortcomings (map 1). The distribution of this pottery was in the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf as Louis Pelly says: they are found along the coast (Pelly 1863-1864: 44). Hertzfeld He writes: “Along the shore, under the ruins of early Islamic houses, large quantities of clay handles are found, which are called Gopals, and are introduced as flakhen, (Herzfeld 1926: 260).
The most distribution of Gopal in Behbahan city is in Zidon section. The Gopal area in the south of Omidieh belongs to the middle Islamic centuries, of this Gopal as “Clay base” (Sadeghi Rad 2018).
In Bushehr province, the distribution of these pottery objects increases significantly and they are found in abundance in almost all of the province. Gopals of different types have been reported from the grounds of Sarkho Castle, Shahzadeh Mohammad Darvishi in Shanbeh and Tasuj sections of Dashti city (Zarei 2018: 143).
In the north-west of Fars province, two samples were introduced from Tell Ahangaran and Tell Khazaneh in Noorabad Mamsani in the study of Askari Chavardi, the first sample is Gopal made of stone. In the west of Fars, in the area of Fathabad in Sarmashed of Kazeroon city, in the research of Parsa Ghasemi, broken samples of Gopal clay were reported, which are “scattered in the plowed lands” (Ghasemi 2010: 327-327). In the southern part of Fars province, the distribution of Gopals is more and these objects have been reported from six sites. Golrokh hill is located in Chahorz district, Lamard city, (Askari Chavardi, Amiri: 2002) A small round base was found on the surface of Tape Yahya, probably from the second period (Achaemenid period). This type, which is scattered throughout the Jiroft region, can be easily distinguished from the 3D type, and it may be considered the background of the Sassanid foundations.” (Williamson 1972: 100) and in the southern part of the Persian Sea, he refers to Al-Ain in Abu Dhabi, where Bushehr-type clay foundations are scattered there (ibid.).
Examples similar to Gopal
In terms of the overall shape and appearance of the Gopals, there are similarities with objects such as decorative studs obtained from Chaghazanbil, and probably those who consider these objects to be architectural decorations because of the similarity between There were Gopals and studs (Figure 13).
The example of a fire pit (Figure 14) which Mustafavi believes is related to the Seleucid period (Mustafavi 1968: 71) or the base of fire pits made of stone or plaster from Weigal (Javari and Bagh-Sheikhi 2019), Plang-Gard (Alibeigi 2012: 201), Shian (Moradi 2009), Bandian Derghez (Rahbar: 2008), Imamzadeh Mohammad (Askari Chavardi 2010), Tell Shahid, Keshto village and Brazjan (Tawfiqian 2017) and the images of firetemple on the coins of Sasanian kings. , have general similarities with Gopal (Figure 14).
Williamson introduces a type of wooden bases that are painted and were used for Bushheri or Kuwaiti boxes, and these clay bases are the background of wooden bases (Williamson 1972).
A type of tallow burners that became very popular in the Islamic period (Wilkinson 1973) are examples similar to Gopal. Two stone objects have been found from Imamzade Abdullah in Shushtar, which Ahmad Eghtari refers to as fire pits or the base of fire pits belonging to the Parthian period. He classified them except Gopal (Eghtari 1996: 703-702). (Figure 15). Unglazed candlesticks with a similar design have also been found in Merv (Wilkinson 1973: 314) (Figure 15). In Hormozgan province, there is a type of embroidery called Shakbafi, for its weaving and production, they use a tool similar to gopal, called Choghn. A cloth is placed on it (Figure 16). The material of this mortar is sometimes wood and sometimes clay or plastic, which is actually considered a support for a pillow and a base for weaving a tape” (Mokhtari-Dehkordi, Asadi Farsani 2013: 39).
Dating and use of Gopal
Without conducting detailed experiments and extensive and methodical studies, the dating of Gopals will be relative, it is also necessary to know the use of these clay objects in the hills and areas where they are widely produced and used. Methodical archaeological excavations should be carried out. There are many theories and assumptions about the use of Gopals. Lt. Col. Lewis Pelley, says about the Gopals: “I picked up some spirally grooved cylinders of baked clay. Traditions say that these cylinders were the ones that the infidels used to use a leather strap to attack. They threw targets” (Pelly 1863-1864: 44). After pointing out Poly’s opinion and its illogicality, Haynes Gaube mentions these objects as architectural decorations and the limitations of this assumption are listed, including why they are found in Siraf but not in Khuzestan? (Gaube 1980: 384). Herzfeld believes that the use of Gopals is similar to the Assyrian clay studs, whose ends were placed in Diora (Herzfeld 1926: 260). Williamson believes that the Gopals were used as bases for holding wooden chests known as Bushheri or Kuwaiti chests, and later they were replaced by painted wooden bases (Williamson 1972: 101).
Parsa Ghasemi believes that these terracotta objects had an architectural use, similar to the columns used in the Achaemenid building of Dahane Gholaman (Ghasemi 2009: 86). Askari Chavardi mentions clay Gopals as the base of Sasanian vessels (Askari Chavardi 2012, Askari Chavardi 2018) and the type of stone that he considers as the base of the hearth (Askari Chavardi, Pots, Pitri 2013: 149-148).
During a conversation with the residents of Shahr-e Viran in Dilam city, they stated that the nomads use these pieces of clay for weaving ni-chit (Chiq or Chikh) (Figure 17), and it was believed that these tools are used for production Nothing has been used. Kamiyar Abdi believes that these clay objects have industrial use (Abdi 2007).
Conclusion
During this research, the existing Gopals were classified into 9 categories according to their appearance and technical characteristics, their exact typology requires a systematic archaeological investigation in the distribution area of Gopals in the banks. And then the beaches of the Persian Glf. The present studies showed that Gopals are mostly found in the sites related to the Sassanid and Islamic periods.
According to the terminology of Gopal or Gopal, it is not true that this pottery object has a war function, and probably only according to its appearance, they put the name of Gopal or Gopal on it. According to examples similar to Gopal used in the art of embroidery, the assumption that Gopal was probably used as a tool used in sewing or weaving industries. According to the classification done, Gopals probably had various uses. As long as the Gopals are not recovered from their context, determining any use for this clay object will be more of a hypothesis.
the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf are a large part of southern Iran, which has been of interest throughout history, and many settlements have been formed in thispart of iran. This semi-closed sea has a great value in terms of natural and economic situation and military and political situation Just as the economic and social life of Mesopotamia depends on its two waterways, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and just as the Nile River plays the main and key role in the history of Egypt, in the same way the Persian Sea can be considered an important and vital bottleneck of history and civilization and Iran’s economy. Over thousands of years, this azure and fertile sea has opened its arms to Iranians and other neighboring nations like a table full of blessings, so that the residents of its shores can benefit from its diverse reserves. The present research has focused on the introduction of pottery objects known as Gopal, which are found in abundance in the southern part of Iran, especially in the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf. In this research, two library methods and field visits to some areas of the studied area have been used to collect information. The main questions of the present research are: To what period of time can the Gopals be dated? What is the use of Gopal? In what areas are the Gopals distributed? In addition to introducing Gopals and examining their technical features, the use and relative dating of these objects are discussed and the distribution map of these objects in the plateau of Iran is presented.
Keywords: Gopal, Persian Gulf, Iranian Plateau, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan.
Introduction
As a historical and strategic waterway, the Persian Gulf has always been the focus of rulers and throughout history, it has been the place of passage for the ships of Eastern and Western civilizations. The coast of the Pars Gulf is a suitable habitat for the settlement and establishment of human societies. In recent years, as a result of the archaeological surveys of the beaches and hinterland of the Pars Gulf, many prehistoric, historical and Islamic sites and hills have been identified. Among these, a number of ancient sites and mounds of clay objects have been found, which are called Gopal. The present research has studied these objects that are scattered on the banks and back banks of Pars Gulf.
Research questions: In this research, the most important questions include: 1- In what regions is the range of distribution of clay objects known as Gopal? 2- Are Gopals produced in the northern part of the Persian Sea? 3- Do these objects have different types in terms of appearance? 4- Gopals belong to what period of time? 5- What is the use of Gopal?
Gopal classification
Clay objects known as Gopal are clay cylinders whose height varies between 15 and 30 cm and their weight varies between 1 and 4 kg. The upper part of the Gopals is round with a diameter of 10 to 17 cm and the lower part is saucer-shaped with a diameter of 6 to 12 cm. Their floor is rough and uneven, but they are stable to be on the ground. Williamson has introduced the Gopals with the title of base and divided them into four categories, Gavbandi type, Bushehr type, Ganaveh type and Tepe Yahya type (Williamson 1972: 100). According to technical specifications and appearance, Gopals were classified into 9 types. But since this study is mostly in the form of a library and the distribution area of Gopals has not been fully investigated in the field, it is possible that there are more and different species that are hidden from the authors of this study.
Distribution of Gopal in the Persian Gulf
The basis of the study of the distribution of Gopals is the study of survey reports, records and field studies (Table 1) that have been published and published so far, as well as the authors’ visits to a number of sites on the beaches and hinterland of the Pars Sea. The distribution map presented in this research is the beginning of a way to carry out additional studies in the field of these clay objects in the future and undoubtedly has some shortcomings (map 1). The distribution of this pottery was in the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf as Louis Pelly says: they are found along the coast (Pelly 1863-1864: 44). Hertzfeld He writes: “Along the shore, under the ruins of early Islamic houses, large quantities of clay handles are found, which are called Gopals, and are introduced as flakhen, (Herzfeld 1926: 260).
The most distribution of Gopal in Behbahan city is in Zidon section. The Gopal area in the south of Omidieh belongs to the middle Islamic centuries, of this Gopal as “Clay base” (Sadeghi Rad 2018).
In Bushehr province, the distribution of these pottery objects increases significantly and they are found in abundance in almost all of the province. Gopals of different types have been reported from the grounds of Sarkho Castle, Shahzadeh Mohammad Darvishi in Shanbeh and Tasuj sections of Dashti city (Zarei 2018: 143).
In the north-west of Fars province, two samples were introduced from Tell Ahangaran and Tell Khazaneh in Noorabad Mamsani in the study of Askari Chavardi, the first sample is Gopal made of stone. In the west of Fars, in the area of Fathabad in Sarmashed of Kazeroon city, in the research of Parsa Ghasemi, broken samples of Gopal clay were reported, which are “scattered in the plowed lands” (Ghasemi 2010: 327-327). In the southern part of Fars province, the distribution of Gopals is more and these objects have been reported from six sites. Golrokh hill is located in Chahorz district, Lamard city, (Askari Chavardi, Amiri: 2002) A small round base was found on the surface of Tape Yahya, probably from the second period (Achaemenid period). This type, which is scattered throughout the Jiroft region, can be easily distinguished from the 3D type, and it may be considered the background of the Sassanid foundations.” (Williamson 1972: 100) and in the southern part of the Persian Sea, he refers to Al-Ain in Abu Dhabi, where Bushehr-type clay foundations are scattered there (ibid.).
Examples similar to Gopal
In terms of the overall shape and appearance of the Gopals, there are similarities with objects such as decorative studs obtained from Chaghazanbil, and probably those who consider these objects to be architectural decorations because of the similarity between There were Gopals and studs (Figure 13).
The example of a fire pit (Figure 14) which Mustafavi believes is related to the Seleucid period (Mustafavi 1968: 71) or the base of fire pits made of stone or plaster from Weigal (Javari and Bagh-Sheikhi 2019), Plang-Gard (Alibeigi 2012: 201), Shian (Moradi 2009), Bandian Derghez (Rahbar: 2008), Imamzadeh Mohammad (Askari Chavardi 2010), Tell Shahid, Keshto village and Brazjan (Tawfiqian 2017) and the images of firetemple on the coins of Sasanian kings. , have general similarities with Gopal (Figure 14).
Williamson introduces a type of wooden bases that are painted and were used for Bushheri or Kuwaiti boxes, and these clay bases are the background of wooden bases (Williamson 1972).
A type of tallow burners that became very popular in the Islamic period (Wilkinson 1973) are examples similar to Gopal. Two stone objects have been found from Imamzade Abdullah in Shushtar, which Ahmad Eghtari refers to as fire pits or the base of fire pits belonging to the Parthian period. He classified them except Gopal (Eghtari 1996: 703-702). (Figure 15). Unglazed candlesticks with a similar design have also been found in Merv (Wilkinson 1973: 314) (Figure 15). In Hormozgan province, there is a type of embroidery called Shakbafi, for its weaving and production, they use a tool similar to gopal, called Choghn. A cloth is placed on it (Figure 16). The material of this mortar is sometimes wood and sometimes clay or plastic, which is actually considered a support for a pillow and a base for weaving a tape” (Mokhtari-Dehkordi, Asadi Farsani 2013: 39).
Dating and use of Gopal
Without conducting detailed experiments and extensive and methodical studies, the dating of Gopals will be relative, it is also necessary to know the use of these clay objects in the hills and areas where they are widely produced and used. Methodical archaeological excavations should be carried out. There are many theories and assumptions about the use of Gopals. Lt. Col. Lewis Pelley, says about the Gopals: “I picked up some spirally grooved cylinders of baked clay. Traditions say that these cylinders were the ones that the infidels used to use a leather strap to attack. They threw targets” (Pelly 1863-1864: 44). After pointing out Poly’s opinion and its illogicality, Haynes Gaube mentions these objects as architectural decorations and the limitations of this assumption are listed, including why they are found in Siraf but not in Khuzestan? (Gaube 1980: 384). Herzfeld believes that the use of Gopals is similar to the Assyrian clay studs, whose ends were placed in Diora (Herzfeld 1926: 260). Williamson believes that the Gopals were used as bases for holding wooden chests known as Bushheri or Kuwaiti chests, and later they were replaced by painted wooden bases (Williamson 1972: 101).
Parsa Ghasemi believes that these terracotta objects had an architectural use, similar to the columns used in the Achaemenid building of Dahane Gholaman (Ghasemi 2009: 86). Askari Chavardi mentions clay Gopals as the base of Sasanian vessels (Askari Chavardi 2012, Askari Chavardi 2018) and the type of stone that he considers as the base of the hearth (Askari Chavardi, Pots, Pitri 2013: 149-148).
During a conversation with the residents of Shahr-e Viran in Dilam city, they stated that the nomads use these pieces of clay for weaving ni-chit (Chiq or Chikh) (Figure 17), and it was believed that these tools are used for production Nothing has been used. Kamiyar Abdi believes that these clay objects have industrial use (Abdi 2007).
Conclusion
During this research, the existing Gopals were classified into 9 categories according to their appearance and technical characteristics, their exact typology requires a systematic archaeological investigation in the distribution area of Gopals in the banks. And then the beaches of the Persian Glf. The present studies showed that Gopals are mostly found in the sites related to the Sassanid and Islamic periods.
According to the terminology of Gopal or Gopal, it is not true that this pottery object has a war function, and probably only according to its appearance, they put the name of Gopal or Gopal on it. According to examples similar to Gopal used in the art of embroidery, the assumption that Gopal was probably used as a tool used in sewing or weaving industries. According to the classification done, Gopals probably had various uses. As long as the Gopals are not recovered from their context, determining any use for this clay object will be more of a hypothesis.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special Archeology
Received: 2022/07/4 | Accepted: 2022/09/6 | Published: 2024/02/29
Received: 2022/07/4 | Accepted: 2022/09/6 | Published: 2024/02/29
References
1. - اقتداری، احمد، (1354). دیار شهریاران: آثار و بناهای تاریخی خوزستان. جلد نخست، تهران: سلسله انتشارات انجمن آثار ملی.
2. - اقتداری، احمد، (1375). آثار شهرهای باستانی سواحل و جزایر خلیجفارس و دریای عمان. تهران: انجمن آثار و مفاخر فرهنگی.
3. - اکبرزاده، داریوش، (1374). «توز بر فراز صنعت کتان». سیراف باستان: 29-26.
4. - اکبرزاده، داریوش، (1381). فرهنگ گویش دشتستانی: گویش سرزمین دلیران (ریشهشناسی، نمونۀ متن، برابرهای گویشی لاری و لکی). تهران: مؤسسۀ فرهنگی و انتشاراتی پازینه.
5. - اسمعیلیجلودار، محمداسماعیل؛ و مرتضایی، محمد، (1391). «بازشناسی جایگاه بندر باستانی مهروبان در خلیجفارس و گاهنگاری اولیۀ آن برپایۀ کاوش باستانشناختی و مطالعات متون نوشتاری». مطالعات باستانشناسی، 2 (4): 31-13. https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32117
6. - بختیاری، حسین، (1353). «تمدن تپهیحیی». انجمن فرهنگ ایرانباستان، 13 (16): 16-3. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/290653
7. - پورداوود، ابراهیم، (1345). « زین ابزار برگز از تاریخ سلاح در ایران». بررسیهای تاریخی، شمارۀ 1 و 2، 18-9.
8. - توفیقیان، حسین، (1396). «پژوهشی در پایۀ آتشدانهای ساسانی نویافته در سواحل خلیجفارس». پژوهشهای باستانشناسی ایران، 7 (12): 210-195. DOI: 10.22084/NBSH.2017.9103.1400
9. - حاتمی، علی؛ و بیگی، مرتضی، (1392). «هنر چیقبافی عشایر کلهر». فصلنامۀ فرهنگ مردم ایران، 53: 94-71. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/333697
10. - خلیفهزاده، علیرضا (1382). هفت شهر لیراوی و بندر دیلم. بوشهر: نشر شروع.
11. - دهدشتی، منیژه، (1384). «گزارش پروندۀ ثبت اثر در فهرست آثار ملی؛ تپه قماربازان». تهران: مرکز اسناد وزارت میراثفرهنگی کشور (منتشرنشده).
12. - دهخدا، علیاکبر، (1377). لغتنامۀ دهخدا (نسخۀ دیجیتال، https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir) براساس نسخۀ فیزیکی ۱۵جلدی انتشار سال ۱۳۷۷.
13. - رهبر، مهدی، (1389). «آتشکدۀ بندیان درگز، یکبار دیگر». پژوهشهای باستانشناسی مدرس، 2 و 3 (4): 177 - 168. https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32244362/download_file?st=MTcxMDU2ODQ0MywyMy4xNTcuNDAuNSw2NDYxNjY%3D&s=profile
14. - زارعی، حمید، (1398). پژوهشی در آثار باستانی پسکرانههای شمالی خلیجفارس، دشتی. تهران: انتشارات گنجینۀ هنر.
15. - زاهد، امید؛ و پویا، پارسا، (1395). «پیشینهیابی کوپال در بقایای شهر هخامنشی تموکن». همایش ملی پژوهشهای کاربردی در افقهای نوین عمران و معماری، بوشهر.
16. - سرفراز، علیاکبر، (1355). راهنمای آثار باستانی جزیرۀ خارک. تهران: انتشارات سازمان ملی حفاظت آثار باستانی ایران.
17. - شیروانی، قادر؛ مهرآفرین، رضا؛ و کردستانی، مریم، (1394). «گاهنگاری محوطۀ باستانی کُنبینو (تلگوینه) براساس مطالعۀ سفالهای بهدستآمده از بررسی روشمند». پژوهشهای باستانشناسی ایران، 5 (9): 106-87. https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_1291_9b61297138849ee825a75a63749d4325.pdf
18. - صادقیراد، مسعود، (1398). «گزارش پروندۀ ثبت اثر در فهرست آثار ملی؛ محوطۀ بزی». تهران: مرکز اسناد وزارت میراثفرهنگی کشور (منتشرنشده).
19. - صفا، ذبیحالله، (1343). ورقه و گلشاه عیوقی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
20. - عبدی، کامیار، (1387). «گزارش بررسی باستانشناسی شهرستان بهبهان، استان خوزستان (فصل دوم زمستان 1387). جلد پنجم». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی (منتشرنشده).
21. - عسکریچاوردی، علیرضا، (1389). «مدارکی از جنوب فارس در زمینۀ تکریم آتش در ایرانباستان». مجلۀ باستانشناسی و تاریخ، 25 (1): 39-29. https://elmnet.ir/doc/520107-5244
22. - عسکریچاوردی، علیرضا، (1391). پژوهشهای باستانشناسی کرانههای خلیجفارس؛ شهرستانهای لامرد و مهر، استان فارس. شیراز: انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز.
23. - عسکریچاوردی، علیرضا، (1397). «لایهنگاری باستانشناسی محوطۀ پرگو، پارسیان (گاوبندی)، خلیجفارس». گزارش هفدهمین گردهمایی سالانه باستانشناسی ایران (مجموعه مقالات کوتاه 1397)، جلد دوم، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراثفرهنگی و گردشگری: 903-898.
24. - عسکریچاوردی، علیرضا؛ و امیری، مصیب، (1381). «گزارش پروندۀ ثبت اثر در فهرست آثار ملی؛ محوطه تپه گلرخ». تهران: مرکز اسناد وزارت میراثفرهنگی کشور (منتشرنشده).
25. - عسکریچاوردی، علیرضا؛ پاتس، دنیل توماس؛ و پیتری، کامرون، (1392). پژوهشهای دورۀ هخامنشی و فراهخامنشی منطقۀ غرب و شمالغرب فارس (ممسنی). تهران: همپا، شیراز: انتشارات دانشگاه هنر شیراز.
26. - علیبیگی، سجاد، (1391). «آیا شئ گچی مکشوف از محوطه چمنمشت، نشانی از یک آتشکدۀ دورۀ ساسانی دارد؟». پژوهشهای باستانشناسی مدرس، 4 (8): 202-196. https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36269717/download_file?st=MTcxMDU2ODUyMywyMy4xNTcuNDAuNSw2NDYxNjY%3D&s=profile
27. - عمید، حسن، (1389). فرهنگ فارسی عمید. ویراستار: فرهاد قربانزاده، تهران: اشجع.
28. - فرخیسیستانی، (1335). دیوان حکیم فرخیسیستانی (با مقدمه و حواشی و تعلیقات و فهرست اعلام و لغات و مقابله با نسخ معتبر). بهکوشش: محمد دبیرسیاقی، تهران: انشارات شرکت نسبی حاجمحمدحسین اقبال و شرکاء.
29. - فردوسی، ابوالقاسم، (1386). شاهنامۀ فردوسی (براساس چاپ انتشارات بروخیم) همراه با چهار مقدمۀ قدیم شاهنامه (مقدمۀ شاهنامۀ ابومنصوری، مقدمۀ نسخۀ فلورانس، مقدمۀ نسخۀ لندن). جلد دو. مصححین: عباس اقبالآشتیانی، مجتبی مینویطهرانی، سعید نفیسی، بهاهتمام: بهمن خلیفهبناروانی، تهران: ناشر طلایه.
30. - قاسمی، پارسا، (1389الف). «معرفی سازههای موسوم به تلخندق در فارس باستان». باستانشناسی ایران، 1: 96-86. B2n.ir/x12240
31. - قاسمی، پارسا، (1389ب). «بررسی باستانشناسی بخش جره-بالا ده کازرون». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی (منتشرنشده).
32. - قاضیانی، فرحناز، (1388). «فرهنگ مردم». نشریه فرهنگ و هنر، 31 و 32: 120-117. B2n.ir/g15565
33. - قنبری، بهنام؛ ذیفر، حامد؛ و گرگری، لیلا، (1395). «گمانهزنی و تعیین عرصه و حریم تلپرگو شهرستان پارسیان». گزارش شانزدهمین گردهمایی سالانۀ باستانشناسی ایران (مجموعه مقالات کوتاه 1395)، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراثفرهنگی و گردشگری: 296-292.
34. - گاوبه، هاینس، (1359). ارجان و کهگیلویه از فتح عرب تا پایان دورۀ صفوی. ترجمۀ سعید فرهودی، تصحیح: احمد اقتداری، تهران: انجمن آثار ملی.
35. - مختاریدهکردی، راضیه؛ و اسدیفارسانی، مجید، (1393). «بررسی رودوزیهای پوشاک سنتی زنان شهرستان میناب با تأکید بر هنر شکبافی». پژوهش هنر، 4 (7): 46-33.
36. - مرادی، یوسف، (1388). «چهارتاقی میلمیلگه: آتشکدهای از دورۀ ساسانی». مطالعات باستانشناسی، 1: 183-155. https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_28636_ce418e3d9174858e67b0c6bb89fe45d0.pdf
37. - مصاحب، غلامحسین، (1380). دایرهالمعارف فارسی. (جلد دوم)، تهران: مؤسسۀ انتشاراتی امیرکبیر، شرکت سهامی کتابهای حبیبی.
38. - مصطفوی، محمدتقی، (1347). «آتشدانها در ابنیۀ متبرک اسلامی». یادنامه پنجمین کنگره بینالمللی باستانشناسی و هنر ایران، جلد اول، تهران: انتشارات وزارت فرهنگ و هنر.
39. - مولانا، جلالالدّین محمّد، (1390). مثنوی معنوی. دفتر سوم، براساس نسخهٔ تصحیح شدهٔ رینولد نیکلسون، تصحیح و بازبینی: دکتر نظامالدین نوری، تهران: آبان.
40. - منتظرظهور، مجید؛ جاوری، محسن؛ و وبر، دیتر، (1401). «کتیبههای پهلوی آتشکدۀ ویگل، شواهدی بر فروزان بودن آتشکدۀ ویگل در قرون نخستین اسلامی». مطالعات باستانشناسی پارسه، 22: 252-233. DOI: 10.30699/PJAS.6022.233
41. - نعمتیبابالو، علی؛ آزادیبویاغجی، مهرناز؛ و نجفی، فرهود، (1395). «شناخت ماهیت رزین سندروس در متون علمی کهن». مجلۀ طب سنتی اسلام و ایران، 7 (1): 89-77. https://jiitm.ir/article-1-669-fa.html
42. - یاوری، حسین، (1391). کارگاه هنر دستی(2). تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر کتابهای درسی ایران.
43. - وبگاه پایگاه محوطۀ میراث جهانی چغازنبیل، برگرفته از لینک: www.tchoghazanbil.com
45. - Abdi, K., (2008). “Archaeological survey report of Behbahan city, Khuzestan province, (second season of winter 2008)”. Volume 5, (Unpublished). [in Persian].
46. - Akbarzadeh, D., (1995). “Tuz Over the Linen Industry”, Ancient Siraf Quarterly, [in Persian].
47. - Akbarzadeh, D., (2002). Dashtestani dialect culture: the dialect of Sarzamin Daliran (etymology, text sample, Lari and Laki dialect equivalents). Pazineh Cultural and Publishing Institute. [in Persian].
48. - Alibeygi, S., (2012). “Does the gypsum object discovered from Cham Nemasht site indicate a fire temple of the Sassanid period?”. Modarres Archaeological Research, 4 (8): 196 - 202. [in Persian]. https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36269717/download_file?st=MTcxMDU2ODUyMywyMy4xNTcuNDAuNSw2NDYxNjY%3D&s=profile
49. - Amid, H., (2010). Amid Dictionary. Editor Farhad Ghorbanzadeh, Ashja. [in Persian].
50. - Askari Chaverdi, A., (1964). “Evidence from the south of Fars in the field of honoring fire in ancient Iran”. Journal of Archeology and History, 25 (1): 29-39. [in Persian]. https://elmnet.ir/doc/520107-5244
51. - Askari Chaverdi, A., (2012). Archaeological research on the shores of the Persian Gulf; Lamerd and Mohr cities, Fars province. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press. [in Persian].
52. - Askari Chaverdi, A., (2018). “Archaeological stratigraphy of Pargo site, Parsian (Gavbandi), Persian Gulf”. Report of the 17th Annual Iranian Archaeological Conference (collection of short articles 1397), Volume 2, Tehran: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute: 898-903. [in Persian].
53. - Askari Chaverdi, A. & Amiri, M., (2002). Report on registration of works in the list of national works. Golrokh mound. [in Persian].
54. - Askari Chaverdi, A.; Potts, D. T. & Petrie, C., (2013). Research of the Achaemenid and post-achaemenid periods in the western and northwestern regions of Fars (Mamasani), Tehran, Hampa. Shiraz: Shiraz University of Arts Press. [in Persian].
55. - Bakhtiari, H., (1974). “Tepe Yahya Civilization”. Ancient Iranian Culture Association, 13 (16): 3-16. [in Persian]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/290653
56. - Dehdashti, M., (2005). Report on the registration of works in the list of national works. Ghomarbazan Mound. [in Persian].
57. - Dehkhoda, A., (1998). Dehkhoda Dictionary (digital version: https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir) based on the 15-volume physical version published in 1998. [in Persian].
58. - Eghtedari, A., (1975). “Diar Shahriaran: Monuments and historical monuments of Khuzestan”. volume 1, Tehran: National Works Association. [in Persian].
59. - Eghtedari, A., (1996). Remains of ancient cities on the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors. [in Persian].
60. - Esmaeili Jelodar, M. & Mortezayi, M., (2012). “Re-Identifying the Location of Ancient Port of Mahruban on the Persian Gulf Based on Excavation and Written Evidence”. Archaeological Studies, 4 (2: Serial Number 6): 13-31. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jarcs.2013.32117
61. - Farrokhi Sistani, (1956). Divan of Hakim Farrokhi Sistani (with introduction, margins, comments, list of announcements, words, and confrontation with valid copies). Mohammad Dabir Siyaghi, Tehran: Publications of Haj Mohammad Hossein Iqbal and Partners Company. [in Persian].
62. - Ferdowsi, A., (1936). Shahnameh of Ferdowsi (based on the publication of Brokhim Publications) with four old introductions of Shahnameh (introduction of Shahnameh of Abu Mansouri, introduction of Florence version, introduction of London version). Editors: Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Mojtaba Minovi Tehrani, Saeed Nafisi, Complete: Bahman Khalifa Banaravani, volume 2, Tehran: Talayeh. [in Persian].
63. - Gaube, H., (1980). Arjan and Kohgiluyeh from the Arab Conquest to the End of the Safavid Period. Saeed Farhoudi, edt. Ahmad Eghtedari, Tehran: National Works Association. [in Persian].
64. - Ghanbari, B.; Zifar, H. & Gargari, L., (2016). “Sounding in order to Delimiting and Surrounding Suggestion of Tol-e Pargo, Parsian County”. Report of the 16th Annual Iranian Archaeological Conference (Collection of Short Articles 2016), Tehran: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute: 292-296. [in Persian].
65. - Ghasemi, P., (2010). “Introduction of structures called Tol-e Khandagh in ancient Fars”. Archeology of Iran, 1: 86-96. [in Persian]. https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30434211/download_file?st=MTcxMDU2ODc5MCwyMy4xNTcuNDAuNSw2NDYxNjY%3D&s=profile
66. - Ghasemi, P., (2010). “Archaeological survey of Jereh-BalaDeh part of Kazerun”. (unpublished). [in Persian].
67. - Ghaziani, F., (1388). “People's Culture”. Culture and Art Journal, 31 & 32: 120-117. B2n.ir/g15565
68. - Hatami, A. & Beigi, M., (2013). “The art of Chiq-bafi Kalhor nomads”. Quarterly Journal of Iranian Culture, 53: 71-94. [in Persian]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/download/333697
69. - Herzfeld, E., (1935). Archaeological History of iran. London.
70. - Javari, M. & Baghsheikhi, M., (2020). “Comparative comparison of the architecture of the Sassanid fire temple and the fire base discovered from Vigol and Haraskan sites with other Sassanid religious buildings”. Iranian Journal of Archaeological Research, 10 (27): 135-150. [in Persian]. 10.22084/NB.2020.22433.2199
71. - Khalife Zadeh, A., (2003). Seven cities of Liravi and Deylam port. Bushehr: Shorow. [in Persian].
72. - Mokhtari Dehkordi, R. & Asadifarsani, M., (2014). “A study of the traditional clothing of women in Minab county with emphasis on the art of Shak-bafi”. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Art Research, 4 (7): 33-46. [in Persian]. http://noo.rs/pdDnG
73. - Moradi, Y., (2009). “Chahār Tāqi of Mileh Milegeh, A Fire-temple from the Sassanian Era”. Archaeological Studies, 1 (1): 155-183. [in Persian]. https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir/article_28636_ce418e3d9174858e67b0c6bb89fe45d0.pdf
74. - Mosaheb, Gh., (2001). The Persian Encyclopedia. Volume 2, Tehran: Amirkabir Publishing Institute. [in Persian].
75. - Mostafavi, M., (1968). “Fire-altar in sacred Islamic buildings”. Memorandum of the 5th International Congress of Archeology and Art of Iran, Volume 1, Ministry of Culture and Arts. [in Persian].
76. - Nemati Babalou, A.; Azadi, B. & Najafi, F., (2016). “Understanding the nature of Sandrus resin in ancient scientific texts”. Journal of Traditional Medicine of Islam and Iran, 4 (1): 77-89. [in Persian]. https://jiitm.ir/article-1-669-fa.html
77. - Pelly, L., (1863-1864). “Recent Tour round the Northern Portion of the Persian Gulf”. in: Trans. Bombay Geogr, SOC., XVII, S: 113-140.
78. - Rahbar, M., (2010). “Bandian-e Dargaz Fire Temple, Once Again”. Modarres Archaeological Research, 2 & 3 (4): 168-177. [in Persian].
79. - Rahbar, M.. (2008). “The Discovery of a Sasanian Period Fire Temple at Bandiyān, Dargaz”. in : D. Kennet, P. Luft, eds., Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History. Proceedings of a Conference held at Durham University, November 3rd and 4th, 2001 organized by the Centre for Iranian Studies, IMEIS and the Department of Archaeology of Durham University. Oxford, Archaeopress: 15-40. (BAR International Series 1810) DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/abstractairanica.39553
80. - Sadeghi Rad, M., (2019). Report on the registration of works in the list of national works. Bozi site.
81. - Safa, Z., (1964). Vargheh and Golshah Ayouqi. Tehran: Tehran University Press. [in Persian].
82. - Sarfaraz, A., (1976). Guide to the Antiquities of Kharg Island. National Organization for the Protection of Antiquities of Iran. [in Persian].
83. - Shirvani, Gh.; Mehrafarin, R. & Kordestani, M., (2015). “Chronology of the ancient site of Kon Bino (Tol -e Guvineh) on the Basis of Potteries Collected via Systematic Survey”. Archaeological Research of Iran, 5 (9: 9): 87-106. [in Persian]. https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_1291_9b61297138849ee825a75a63749d4325.pdf
84. - Stiffe, A. W., (1875). Abū. S̆ahr (Bus̆ir) peninsula, London.
85. - Tofighian, H., (2017). “A Research on the Newly Discovered Sassanid Fire-Bases from Persian Gulf Beaches”. Archaeological Research in Iran, 7 (12): 195 - 210. [in Persian]. DOI: 10.22084/NBSH.2017.9103.1400
86. - Wilkinson, Ch. K., (1973). Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
87. - Williamson, A., (1972). “Persian Gulf Commerce in the Sassanian Period and the first two centuries of Islam”. Bastan Chenasi va Honar-e Iran, 9-10: 142-51.
88. - Yavari, H., (1391). Handicraft Workshop (2). Tehran: Iran Textbook Publishing Company.
89. - Zahed, O. & Pouya, P., (2016). “Copal history in the remains of the Achaemenid city of Temukan”. Bushehr: National Conference on Applied Research in New Horizons of Civil Engineering and Architecture. [in Persian].
90. - Zarei, H., (2019). A Study in the Archaeological Works of the North Persian Gulf, Dashti, First Edition, Tehran: Ganjineh Honar. [in Persian].
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |