fa jalali 1403 1 1 gregorian 2024 4 1 45 104 online 1 fulltext

other پژوهشی باستان‌شناختی بر حدود و ثغور رستاق ریشهر در کوره اَرجان و قلاع تاریخی آن در جنوب­ غربی ایران دو جای­ نام ریواردشیر در اردشیرخوره و ریشهر در کوره اَرجان وجود داشته است که  به­ دلیل روایات نادرست از تغییر نام ریواردشیر به ریشهر در برخی متون دوران اسلامی، گاهی برخی از تحولات ریشهر اَرجان را به ریواردشیر نسبت داده ­اند. تعیین حدود و ثغور رستاق ریشهر در کوره اَرجان در جنوب غربی ایران و پی بردن به جایگاه ژئوپولیتیک تاریخی آن، با بررسی و مطالعه باستان­شناختی قلاع تاریخی گستره جغرافیایی رستاق یاد شده، هدف عمده این پژوهش است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر در صدد پاسخ به دو پرسش است: 1- گستره جغرافیایی رستاق ریشهر چه مناطقی از کوره اَرجان را در بر می­ گیرد؟ 2- با توجه به قلاع و استحکامات دفاعی، اهمیت سیاسی- نظامی و شکل­ گیری حوزه اداری رستاق ریشهر به چه دوره ­ای بر می­ گردد؟  تحلیل تاریخی به کمک مدارک باستان­ شناسی حاصل از بررسی میدانی روشمند باستان­شناختی و مطالعات منابع مکتوب روشی است که پژوهش پیش­رو از آن سود جسته است. نتیجه آنکه تلفیق اطلاعات حاصل از متون جغرافیایی و تاریخی اسلامی و مطالعات باستان­ شناختی نشان داد، ریشهر کوره ارجان یک ناحیه­ ی سیاسی- اداری مشخص در دوران اسلامی به مرکزیت شهر دیرجان است که حدود آن در محدوده­ی شهر سردشت و زیدون تا حدود امیدیه و هندیجان کنونی بوده است. حدود و ثغور آن با توجه به شواهد باستان­ شناختی مرتبط با سازمان دفاعی و اداری این رستاق مانند قلاع تاریخی، وضع توپوگرافیک منطقه و عوارض طبیعی محدود کننده مرزهای سیاسی- اداری مانند رودها قابل تشخیص است. شواهد باستان­ شناختی موجود از جمله قطعات سفال و آثار معماری به جای مانده قلاع دیده ­بانی و دفاعی و نیز منابع تاریخی، گویای اهمیت و جایگاه ژئوپولتیک مهم این رستاق، طی دوره ساسانی تا قرن ششم هـ .ق است. Background and Objectives: One of the significant gaps in the research on Arjan Koureh is the lack of archaeological investigation into the geopolitical position of this region in different historical periods, particularly regarding its historical castles. Castles and military fortifications are crucial material evidence that sheds light on the organization, political-administrative governance, and social structure of ancient societies. They played vital roles in protecting territorial sovereignty, defending populations, securing communication routes, and fostering sustainable development and economic prosperity. Before delving into the historical and archaeological evidence related to Arjan Koureh, it is essential to examine the research on related names, such as Roimhar. Due to a lack of detailed knowledge about the region's historical geography, some researchers have inadvertently mixed information related to these different names, leading to illogical conclusions. For instance, much of the knowledge about the social life of Roimhar city in the Islamic period may actually pertain to the Roimhar Koureh of Arjan during the same era. While carefully examining historical sources, Gaubeh considers the location of Roimhar to be in the Handijan Valley and Zidon. However, limited research has been conducted on the castles of Rustaq Roimhar, with only a few references made by Gaobeh to the Gol, Gulab, and Dez castles in this area. By analyzing the material documents of seals and coins related to Roimhir and Rivardshir in the pre-Islamic period and the Roimhir mentioned in Islamic era sources, Miri has argued that the primary Roimhir is located on the coast of Bushehr, while the second Roimhir, the one referred to in Islamic period sources, is situated in the current Zaytoun Region. The primary objective of this research is to determine the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr in the Arjan region of southwestern Iran and to ascertain its historical geopolitical position through the examination and archaeological study of its historical castles. Methodes: This research employs a combined approach of historical analysis and archaeological investigation. Through systematic field surveys and comprehensive examinations, archaeological evidence of castles and other military fortifications within the study area was documented and recorded. Additionally, by studying new library resources and ancient texts containing information about Arjan Koureh and the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr, the historical castles mentioned were identified. By integrating historical analysis and archaeological evidence, this research aims to define the boundaries of Rustaq Rishehr based on geographical and natural features, and to examine the historical castles as material evidence of the region's defensive organization and historical administrative borders. Findings: References from historical sources, when compared with archaeological evidence, indicate the unique capability of the Zaidon Plain as an agricultural Rustaq and administrative center during the Sasanian to Seljuk periods. Its boundaries were protected by strong castles and fortifications. The historical castles examined in this research reflect the historical geopolitical position of this Rustaq from the Sasanian to Seljuk era, particularly its political-administrative dominance over part of southwestern Iran, namely the Arjan district, extending from Dena Mountains to the Persian Gulf. The location of the studied castles within this Rustaq demonstrates the political authority's deliberate efforts to establish these castles on hills overlooking communication routes and the borders of neighboring Rustaq. This awareness and understanding of the geographical environment led to the utilization of natural features, such as hillocks (like the Ghol and Golab castles) and conical shapes (like the Kalat of Hendijan), for the construction of stable and sustainable defensive facilities for the protective domain of Rishahr Rustaq. Archaeological evidence and historical texts suggest that these castles were inhabited from at least the Sasanian period until the end of the Seljuk period, playing a significant role in the sustainable development of this Rustaq. Some of these castles (Ghol and Golab castles) held strategic importance for the political-administrative authority of southwestern Iran from the early Islamic period until the end of the Qajar period in the regions of Kohgiluyeh and Khuzestan. Historical resources and archaeological evidence indicate that Rustaq Rishehr was located in the western part of the city of Arjan. Ibn Hawqal clearly mapped the position of Rustaq Rishehr in the western part of the Arjan district along the coastal region of the Persian Gulf. The eastern limit of this Rustaq extended to the hills surrounding the Ghol and Golab castles, while the western boundary reached areas near Mahshahr and Hendijan today. A hilly region, approximately 50 kilometers long and seven kilometers wide, lies between the low and relatively flat agricultural areas of this Rustaq and the coastal port of Mahrouban. Additionally, another hilly area extends 110 kilometers in length and 15 kilometers in width between the mentioned sections and the Arjan Plain. Conclusion: By integrating information from Islamic geographical and historical texts with archaeological studies, it becomes evident that Arjan Kureh was a distinct political-administrative region in the Islamic era, centered in the city of Dirjan. Its boundaries extended from the city of Sardasht to Zidon, reaching as far as Omidiyeh and Hendijan. The archaeological evidence related to the region's defensive and administrative organization, such as historical castles, as well as its topographical features and natural boundaries, such as rivers, helps to define these boundaries. The available archaeological evidence, including pottery, architectural works, and the remains of watchtowers and defenses, combined with historical sources, highlights the importance and geopolitical position of this rural district from the Sasanian period until the sixth century AH. Historical Geographic, Arjan Kureh, Rishehr rustaq, Deyrjan, Castles and Fortresses جغرافیای تاریخی, کوره اَرجان, رستاق ریشهر, دیرجان, قلاع و استحکامات 5 29 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-88-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/30 1402/5/8 2024/01/10 1402/10/20 Hossein Sepidnameh Phd in Archaeology Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran حسین سپیدنامه h_sapid@yahoo.com 0000000337728495 Yes دکترای باستان شناسی دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Ahmad Salehi Kakhki Professorو Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran احمد صالحی کاخکی salehi.k.a@aui.ac.ir 0000-0002-1849-0701 No گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، Sayed Hashem Hosseini Associated Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran سیدهاشم حسینی hashemhoseyny@gmail.com No دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران Ebrahim Raiygani Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran ابراهیم رایگانی raigani.khalefe@gmail.com No استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران

fa از میدان بزرگ تا میدان بلدیه؛ بازخوانی تحولات کالبدی-عملکردی در میدان اصلی شهر رشت فضاهای عمومی از اجزای ثابت در ساختار شهرهاست و میدان­ های شهری یکی از نمونه ­های آن­ها هستند. میدان­ هایی که می­توانند روایت­ کننده سیر تحولات و تغییرات در یک شهر نیز باشند. میدان اصلی شهر رشت نیز دارای همین ویژگی­ است و بازخوانی شرایط آن می­تواند وجوه جدیدی را از سابقه تاریخی شهر رشت ارائه نماید. این میدان که از نظر مکانی قرابت­هایی با مکان میدان شهرداری فعلی دارد موضوع اصلی این مطالعه است. در نگاه اول و در اذهان اغلب مردم این طور تداعی شده که مبدأ پیدایش میدان شهرداری - با توجه به سبک ساختمان­ های قرار گرفته در آن - مربوط به دوره پهلوی اول است. اصلی­ ترین دلیل این تصور تخریب عناصر کالبدی و فضایی محدوده مرکزی شهر در سال­ های پایانی دوره قاجار و به‌ویژه دوره پهلوی اول بوده است. این تغییر و تحولات تا حدی است که نشانه­ ای از بناهای دوره­ های پیشین غیر از اشارات مندرج در کتب تاریخی، نقشه ­ها، تصاویر تاریخی و نیز سفرنامه­ ها وجود ندارد. تغییرات و تحولات کالبدی و عملکردی در آثاری مثل آرامگاه استاد ابوجعفر، عمارات دیوانی رشت، تکیه دولت، نقاره­ خانه و دارالاماره صفوی برخی از موارد قابل اشاره هستند. با این توضیح بررسی و بازخوانی سیر تحولات تاریخی و نظام کالبدی و عملکردی میدان اصلی شهر رشت هدف و ساختار کلی این مطالعه را شکل داده است. در این مقاله سعی شده با بررسی و تحلیل اسناد و مدارک تاریخی و توصیفات سیاحانی که از این میدان دیدن کرده ­اند، تصویری از وضعیت میدان در دوره­ های مختلف (علی­ الخصوص دوره ایلخانی، تیموری و صفوی) ارائه شود. این مطالعه با روش تفسیری-تاریخی به تحلیل تشریحی از رخدادها و توصیفات میدان پرداخته است. در نسبت با وضعیت امروز و در نظام کالبدی، ساخت عمارت­ هایی با معماری نئوکلاسیک و محدود شدن دسترسی­ ها و در بحث عملکردی نیز حذف کلی عملکرد مذهبی (تخریب آرامگاه استاد ابوجعفر و عمارت­ های تکیه دولت و نقاره­خانه) از مواردی است که وضعیت اصیل محدوده را دچار تغییر کرده ­اند. Background and Objectives: Public spaces are fixed components in the urban fabric, and urban squares serve as prime examples. These squares can narrate the historical development and urban transformations of a city. The main square of Rasht also possesses this characteristic, and studying its conditions can provide new insights into the history of Rasht. At first glance, the history of urban civilization and architecture in Rasht, particularly the Municipality Square—given the architectural styles of the buildings in the square—seems to date back to the Pahlavi period. However, Rasht was a prosperous city with prominent urban elements even before this period. Unfortunately, most of the prominent structures from pre-Pahlavi periods have been demolished due to various reasons. Beyond references in historical materials such as books, maps, pictures, and travelogues, there are no remaining structures from these earlier periods. This lack of remnants has caused minimal attention to be paid to the central square of Rasht in historical periods prior to the Pahlavi era. In particular, paying close attention to the central area of the city and the square is a crucial and noteworthy aspect of this issue. The objective of this study is to   re-examine the architectural identity and the physical-functional system of the central square of Rasht in a historical context, or in other .words, to trace the history of this square :Methodes The overall approach of this study is qualitative, employing an interpretive and historical perspective based on historical evidence. After reviewing and re-reading historical texts and documents, the processes of formation, establishment, and the historical events and transformations affecting the fate of Rasht’s main square have been analyzed. Given the recognition of the square’s past status and the course of its transformations, the primary sources utilized are historical texts and original documents from the corresponding period. Additionally, efforts have been made to identify key sections by analyzing descriptions from travel writers, historical images, and illustrations, particularly to provide a depiction of the physical state of Rasht’s square. To validate the information presented in this article, multiple sources have been concurrently considered to corroborate each topic, and initial interpretations have been cross-referenced with physical evidence. Findings: Based on the conducted studies regarding the status of Rasht city and its central square, and the physical and functional characteristics of the square, it is impossible to overlook the role and history of civilization in Rasht and its central square, particularly in the 4th century (during the time of Master Abu Ja’far). However, due to the lack of credible and accurate documents, it is not possible to definitively comment on the exact physical and functional state of Rasht city during the 4th and 5th centuries. The existing references to certain physical components (such as the extensive field-like area, the Grand Mosque, and the bazaar) can be considered indications of the initial origins of the square. In these two periods (the Ilkhanid and Timurid), based on the physical elements, the square had functional characteristics related to governance, economy, society, and religion. A noteworthy aspect of Rasht’s square during the Safavid period is the mention of the Sabz-Maidan (Green Square) in Rasht. In the Safavid era, Sabz-Maidan was a square located near the government house (Dar al-Emāra), the cemetery, the tomb of Master Abu Ja’far, and the bazaar. In the early Qajar period, the process of changes in Rasht city and its square continued, and the construction of physical spaces (such as the Tekyeh Dowlat and Naqqāreh Khāneh buildings) was added. However, these changes did not disrupt the coherence and authenticity of the Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square complex. In the final years of the Qajar period, the physical system and functional role of the square underwent changes, and the change in the style of buildings constructed in the square, based on Eastern European Neoclassical architecture, is its main physical characteristic, which led to the removal of the religious elements of the square and its surroundings. The below table provided summarizes these physical and functional characteristics of Rasht’s central square across different historical  periods. :Conclusion Based on the evidence presented in this article, the Great Square, Green Square (Rasht Square, Pay-e-Chenar Square), Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square, Baladīye Square, or in other words, the current Municipality Square, narrates the historical transformations of the central area of Rasht city until today. According to the conducted studies, each historical period has exhibited different physical and functional characteristics of this area. A notable point is the status of this area prior to the Safavid era, where its religious and social roles were particularly significant. Considering the ensemble of physical elements and functional systems within these spaces within the square, it can be inferred that alongside governmental, economic, and social roles, the square’s religious role has been continuously present from the Ilkhanid to the Qajar periods. This religious significance was even further strengthened during the Qajar era with the construction of the Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane buildings. :Highlights The main square of Rasht city has features that rereading it can provide new aspects of the history of Rasht city. Among the unclear points about this square are the location of the city’s Dar al-Hukomah in the Ilkhanid and Timurid Eras and the Safavid Daralamare, as well as the challenging issues related to the Meidane-Sabz in the Safavid Era and its difference from the Meidane-Sabz in the Qajar Era. Currently, the construction of buildings with neoclassical architecture, restricted access, and the removal of religious functions (the destruction of the tomb of Abu Jaafar and the mansions of Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane) have altered the square’s original condition.   Rasht, Baladīyeh Square (Meidān-e-Baladīyeh), Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani Square, Sabz-Maidan, Large Square (Meidān-e-Bözörg) رشت, میدان بلدیه, میدان درب‌خانه دیوانی, سبز میدان, میدان بزرگ 29 53 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-101-4&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/25 1402/11/5 2024/01/102024/05/15 1403/2/26 Reza Rahimnia Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. رضا رحیم نیا Rahimnia@Arc.ikiu.ac.ir 0000-0002-3582-0637 Yes استادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران Amir Mahdi Yeilaghbeigi MA Student in Conservation of Historic Buildings and Sites, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. امیرمهدی ییلاق‌بیگی No دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران

other روند بهره‌برداری و تحولات باغ مسعودیه تهران، با تکیه بر اسناد و کاوش باستان‌شناسی مسعود میرزا پسر ناصرالدین‌شاه، بناهایی چند در محدوده تهران ناصری ساخت که عمارت مسعودیه از چشمگیرترین آن‌ها است. این عمارت، مجموعه‌ای از بناها و فضاهای واجد ارزش تاریخی در مرکز شهر تهران است. این مجموعه در سال 1247 شمسی به‌وسیله مسعود میرزا از نظام‌الملک خریداری و به مسعودیه شهرت یافت. در سال ۱۲۹۵ قمری این عمارت به دستور ظل‌السلطان و به سرکاری رضا قلی‌خان در زمینی به وسعت حدود ۴ هزار مترمربع و مرکب از بیرونی و اندرونی و دیگر ملحقات بنا شده است. این عمارت در برگیرنده هفت سازه معماری بوده که با دو حیاط به یکدیگر راه داشته و هریک بافتی جداگانه داشته‌اند. ساختارها در پوششی از دو باغ سبز قرار داشتند که یکی از باغ‌ها از سر در تا حیاط مقابل دیوان‌خانه امتداد داشته و به‌وسیله ستون‌های آجری و نرده‌های چوبی به دو بخش تقسیم می‌شد و باغ دوم، دیگر بناها را پوشش می‌داد. در بخش انتهایی باغ اصلی عمارت دیوان‌خانه با حوض دایره‌ای شکل جای دارد که در دوره قاجار با شعاع دو متر آجرفرش بوده است. عمارت مسعودیه علاوه‌بر کارکرد اصلی خود، در ادوار مختلف عملکردهای متفاوتی داشته و متناسب با هر دوره دستخوش تغییر و تخریب بوده است. با توجه به وضعیت مبهم ضلع غربی مجموعه و نحوه ارتباط حیاط‌ها با یکدیگر و نیز ارتباط ضلع غربی مجموعه با خیابان ملت از اهداف و پرسش‌های اصلی پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی محوطه مسعودیه تهران بود؛ بنابراین، روش تحقیق به‌لحاظ ماهیت از نوع تفسیری-تاریخی است. درنتیجه مقاله حاضر در تلاش است با بررسی اطلاعات موجود در نقشه‌های عبدالغفار و نوسکوف، عکس هوایی سال ۱۳۳۵ ه.ش. متون تاریخی، اسناد خریدوفروش، تصاویر موجود در مؤسسه مطالعات تاریخ معاصر ایران به همراه نتایج کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی انجام شده به تجزیه‌وتحلیل روند شکل‌گیری و ساخت مجموعه تا در اختیار میراث‌فرهنگی قرار گرفتن را بپردازد. :Background and Objectives The Masoudieh Mansion stands as a significant testament to Tehran's architectural heritage, spanning both the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Constructed during Naser al-Din Shah's period of urban expansion, beginning in 1284 AH, its strategic location near Topkhana Square (now Imam Khomeini Square) and the royal citadel underscores its historical importance. Encompassing an expansive area of approximately 30,000 square meters, the mansion, with its intricate inner and outer sections, reflects the substantial investment made by Masoud Mirza. Today, nestled within the heart of Tehran along a culturally and historically rich axis, the restoration and revitalization of this mansion holds the potential to significantly contribute to the preservation of the city's historical fabric. A thorough investigation of its historical transformations is crucial to understanding its evolution into the Qasr and Zol al-Sultan building. Tehran's identity is inextricably linked to its gardens. Historical accounts emphasize the role of these green spaces in not only beautifying the city but also safeguarding its inhabitants. However, the ongoing administrative use of the Masoudieh Mansion has led to substantial alterations, posing significant challenges to preservation efforts. While certain areas, such as the Seyyed Javadi building, have received dedicated attention, most sections have been treated in a manner similar to non-historical structures, hindering efforts to maintain their architectural integrity. Methodes: This research employs an interpretative-historical approach, combining archaeological excavations with historical document analysis, to delve into the transformative journey of the Masoudieh Mansion. By scrutinizing a diverse range of sources, including maps by Abdul Ghaffar and Noskov, aerial photographs from 1956 CE, historical texts, purchase documents, and materials from the Institute for Contemporary Historical Studies in Iran, this study aims to analyze how this complex was constructed and transformed until its designation as a cultural heritage site. Through the synthesis of these resources, this research endeavors to provide a comprehensive narrative of the mansion's construction history and its multifaceted functions over time. Findings: Over recent years, the Masoudieh Mansion has undergone significant alterations to its structure and function due to administrative use. The neglect of its historical value presents a formidable challenge for restoration efforts. This research aims to determine the optimal approach to revitalizing this important site by leveraging documentation and archaeological evidence. The need for a thorough examination is underscored by extensive demolitions since the 1960s, which have obscured much of the mansion's original state. Identifying construction dimensions and tracking changes in usage are crucial for understanding authenticity and establishing a credible historical narrative. The research reveals that archaeological investigations at Masoudieh uncovered evidence predating the Naseri period, while also documenting architectural changes spanning over a century and a half. These findings shed light on ambiguities surrounding the site's history and lay the groundwork for its protection. A total of eleven trenches were excavated within the complex, revealing various architectural features, including central rooms, side rooms, cisterns, and water supply systems. The identified architectural periods are as follows: First Period: Remnants of three interconnected spaces likely constructed simultaneously with those in Trench II. Second Period: Modifications, including new additions to Trench I's central room. Third Period: Changes reflecting earlier architectural phases, such as wall constructions. Fourth Period: Creation of a wall separating interior spaces from external areas. Fifth and Sixth Periods: Restoration efforts featuring porticos in Mosheer al-Malaki's courtyard. Furthermore, significant cultural artifacts, such as pottery, tiles, and glass, were unearthed during these excavations, enriching our understanding of this historical complex. Conclusion: The Nazemi neighborhood, which developed during Naseri's reign, encompassed key gardens such as Baharestan and Negarestan. As urban development progressed, these green spaces were integrated into Naseri's city walls. Following Naser al-Din Shah's death, ownership of the Masoudieh Mansion remained within the royal family until Reza Khan Sardar Sepah acquired it in 1342 AH (1963 AD) as a gift for the Ministry of Culture. After the Islamic Revolution, the mansion continued under the Ministry of Education's oversight, with an emphasis on literacy programs that elevated its significance within educational contexts. In 1377 AH (1998 AD), the Masoudieh Mansion was registered as a national heritage site under Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. This transition marked a shift from its political role to a focus on its historical importance. The Masoudieh Mansion stands as a testament to significant social and political transformations throughout Iranian history, playing an essential role in shaping cultural narratives across various periods. Its preservation is not only crucial for maintaining Tehran's architectural heritage but also for fostering an understanding of Iran's rich cultural identity through time. Masoudieh Mansion, Qajar, Bagh, Zol al-Sultan, purchase documents, archaeological excavations. عمارت مسعودیه, قاجار, باغ, ظل‌السلطان, اسناد خریدوفروش, بررسی و شناسایی و کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی. 55 76 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2773-6&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/25 1402/11/5 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/26 1403/1/7 Hamid Amanollahi Archeology PhD student, Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran حمید امان اللهی Yes دانشجوی دکتری باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، اصفهان

fa تشخیص دانه‌های عملکردی مجموعۀ شمسیۀ یزد با استناد به وقفنامۀ جامع‌الخیرات مجموعۀ شمسیه واقع در محلۀ چهارمنار یزد، اثر منحصربه‌فردی‌ست که علاوه‌بر بقایای کالبدی، شواهد متنی مهمی درخصوصش به جای مانده است. بااین‌وجود هنوز ابهاماتی درخصوص آن، به‌خصوص موقعیت اجزای عملکردی و کالبدی آن ازجمله خانقاه و دارالسیاده وجود دارد. وقفنامۀ جامع‌الخیرات که به سفارش واقفین این مجموعه نوشته شده، حاوی اطلاعات ارزشمندی درخصوص شمسیه، ازجمله اجزاء عملکردی آن است. نگارندگان این مقاله، یکی از مهم‌ترین کلیدهای حل ابهامات درخصوص این مجموعه را بازخوانی دقیق جامع‌الخیرات می‌دانند. این پژوهش درصدد است با بازخوانی جامع‌الخیرات و بررسی دقیق ارجاعات این متن به مجموعۀ شمسیه، به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که دانه‌های عملکردی این مجموعه مرکب از کدام اجزاء اصلی و فرعی بوده است؟ و مطابق این وقفنامه، چه می‌توان از نسبت کالبدی این اجزاء و عملکرد‌ها فهمید؟ روش این پژوهش تفسیری تاریخی است و با مداقه در سلسله ارجاعات متنی وقفنامه و بررسی فرضیات برآمده از آن‌ها ، اجزاء مجموعه و موقعیتشان را به دست می‌آورد. این فرضیات با کمک شواهد متنی دیگر آن دوره و شواهد کالبدی باقیمانده مورد صحت‌سنجی عمیق‌تر قرار می‌گیرد. مقاله نتیجه می‌گیرد که مجموعۀ شمسیۀ یزد – که از آن با نام «ابواب الخیر» نیز یاد شده - متشکل از ۳ جزء اصلی به انضمام ۲ جزء مکمل بوده است که شامل مدرسه، خانقاه، دارالسیاده می‌شده و بیت‌الادویه و دارالکتب، دو جزء مکمل مدرسه بوده‌اند. همچنین طبق متن وقفنامه مدرسه و خانقاه به لحاظ کالبدی به یکدیگر مربوط و متصل بوده‌اند، درحالی که دارالسیاده کالبدی جدا داشته است. Background and Objectives : The Shamsiya Complex in Chaharmanar district of Yazd is a unique historical site with both physical remains and textual evidence from its era. Despite valuable research on the Muzaffarid period architecture of Yazd, particularly the Shamsiya school, there is still no clear consensus regarding the complex’s functional units and their interrelationships. The Waqfnama (endowment letter) of Jame’ al-Khairat, commissioned by the benefactors of this complex, provides valuable insights into Shamsiya, including its functional components. The authors believe that a re-examination of the Jame’ al-Khairat script can help resolve ambiguities surrounding the complex. This research aims to answer the following questions: (1) What were the primary and secondary functional units of this complex? (2) What can be inferred about the physical and functional relationships between these components based on the document? Methodes: The first step in identifying the functional units of the Shamsiya Complex involves compiling a list of functions from the Jame’ al-Khairat document. The second step entails a detailed analysis of the historical text to understand the examples and references to these functions. Four main purposes guide this analysis: (1) Recognizing correct textual references to Shamsiya; (2) Understanding physical and spatial separations; (3) Understanding functional and situational co-appearance; (4) Interpreting the reason for co-appearances.  To achieve these four purposes, inferences are made from the text and then verified by cross-referencing with other sources. Single references, even if scattered, can provide valuable information about specific structures and their physical conditions, aiding in confirming or rejecting hypotheses. Findings: At first, according to physical evidence (such as the presence of the marble sanctuary stone in Shamsiya) and verbal evidence (including the presence of “Sar-e Kooche Bahrok” in Chaharmanar district), it was confirmed that the remains of the building called “Seyyed Shamsuddin mausoleum” in Chaharmanar are indeed the Shamsiya complex mentioned in the Jame’ al-Khairat Waqfname. The entirety of the Shamsiya complex is referred to in the Jame’ al-Khairat by two names: “Abwab al-Khair” and “Beqa’e Khams” (Afshar I., 1975, 396-470). This complex comprises five main components: Madrasa, Beyt al-Adwiya, Dar al-Kotob, Dar al-Siyada, and Khanqah (Afshar I., 1975, 396). The “Beqa’e Khams” (five spots) mentioned in the text refers to these five main units. However, two of these five (Beyt al-Adwiya and Dar al-Kotob) are subsumed under the Madrasa (Afshar I., 1975, 396). For this reason, many parts of the Jame’ al-Khairat text mention only three of its units (Madrasa, Khanqah, and Dar al-Siyada) to refer to the entire complex. In cases where the components of this complex are mentioned separately, the co-occurrence of the Madrasa and Khanqah is consistently observed, while the Dar al-Siyada is often mentioned separately (Afshar I., 1975, 517-551). Additionally, the endowments for the Dar al-Siyada are cited separately from those of the other two main components in the Jame’ al-Khairat (Afshar I., 1975, 476). In technical terms, the costs of lighting the Khanqah and the Madrasa at night are stated together in the same account (Afshar I., 1975, 475), while the cost of lighting the Dar al-Siyada is stated separately (Afshar I., 1975, 479). Furthermore, while the doorman of the Madrasa and Dar al-Siyada is explicitly mentioned in the Waqfname (Afshar I., 1975, 474), no doorman is mentioned for the Khanqah. This suggests a high probability that the entrance door of the Khanqah shared the entrance door of one of the other two functional units. There is a discrepancy between the texts of “Tarikh-e Yazd” (History of Yazd) (Ja’fari J., 2007, 110-111) and “Tarikh-e Jadid-e Yazd” (The New History of Yazd) (Kateb A., 2007, 118) and the Jame’ al-Khairat regarding the number of Madrasas mentioned for Shamsiya. This discrepancy could be attributed to a possible change in the function of one of the buildings, such as the Dar al-Siyada, to a Madrasa in later eras. Conclusion: In most cases where the phrase “Madrasa and Khanqah” on “Sar-e Kooche Bahrok” appears in the text, it should not be interpreted as encompassing the entire complex. Rather, this phrase typically refers only to the Madrasa and Khanqah, and their respective subsets, excluding other units such as the Dar al-Siyada. The function of the Dar al-Siyada has been clearly distinguished from the other main functions, both in terms of endowment and physical entity. The functions of the Khanqah and the school were likely intertwined physically, possibly sharing a single building. Alternatively, they may have been two separate but connected buildings, with the entrance to the Khanqah situated within the Madrasa. This would explain the absence of a designated doorman for the Khanqah. Furthermore, the presence of four narrow spaces around the dome space of the mausoleum supports the hypothesis of a unified Khanqah and Madrasa. Highlights:  - Providing a method for studying the architectural implications of the historical text; -  Identification of the physical structure of Shamsiya historical complex based on textual evidence. Shamsiya, Jame’ al-Khairat, Muzaffarid architecture, Madrasa, Khanqah شمسیه, جامع‌الخیرات, معماری آل مظفر, مدرسه, خانقاه 77 99 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3709-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/252024/03/2 1402/12/12 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/262024/08/6 1403/5/16 Shahaboddin Tasdiqi Ph. D. Candidate of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran university of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran شهاب‌الدین تصدیقی 0000-0002-9730-6369 No پژوهشگر دکتری معماری، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران Abbas Tarkashvand Assistant Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran university of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran عباس ترکاشوند tarkashvand@iust.ac.ir 0000-0002-2040-2889 Yes استادیار دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران Mohammad-Ali Khanmohammadi Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran university of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran محمدعلی خان‌محمدی No دانشیار دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران

other تجلی بصری جایگاه معمار به‌مثابه هنرمند در کتیبه‌نگاری دوره صفوی تاریخ معماری امری چندبعدی است و برای شناخت صحیح آن لازم است جنبه‌های گوناگونش بررسی و تحلیل شود. یکی از زمینه‌های مطرح در این حوزه شخص معمار و جایگاه او در دوره‌های مختلف است. دورۀ صفویه به‌سبب تحولاتش مقطع مهمی در تاریخ معماری ایران است که در آن نسبت به دوره‌های پیش‌تر معمارانِ شناحته‌شدۀ بیشتری مطرح شدند و نیز نوعی از تاریخ هنر با محور نام هنرمندان در این دوره پدید آمد. توجه بیشتری که در این عصر به هنرمندان در نوشته‌های تاریخ هنر به‌وجود آمد این سؤال را پیش می‌آورد که این افزایش توجه در آثار معماران چه بازتابی داشته است؟ آنچه در این آثار بیش‌از هرچیز می‌تواند نمایانگر این امر باشد، کتیبه‌های حاوی نام معماران است که همانند صحنه‌ای جایگاه معمار به‌مثابه یک هنرمند را نمایش می‌دهند. به‌این‌ترتیب هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی جایگاه معماران در دوره صفوی ازجهت جلوه بصری آن در کتیبه‌های معماری با تمرکز بر کتیبه‌های حاوی نام معماران است. این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و با شیوه تحلیل محتوا انجام شده است. داده‌های آن نیز با شیوه اسنادی گردآوری شده‌اند. بررسی حضور نام معماران در کتیبه‌های دورۀ صفوی و در قیاس با پیش‌از آن روشن می‌سازد که تغییر در محل قرارگیری و محتوای آن‌ها شامل نحوه نام بردن از معمار و نوع صفاتِ استفاده‌شده برای او و همراهی اسامی شاهان و حامیان حکومتی تغییرات عمده در نمونه‌های بررسی‌شده است که افزایش جایگاه معمار را همگام با آغاز تاریخ‌نویسی هنر و پرداختن بیشتر به هنرمندان در نوشته‌ها نشان می‌دهد. Background and Objectives: The history of architecture is multifaceted, requiring analysis of various aspects, including the architect and their role across different periods. The Safavid era, marked by significant transformations, is a pivotal period in Iranian architectural history. During this time, a form of art history emerged, centered around the names of artists. The heightened attention given to artists in Safavid writings raises the question: How is this reflected in the works of architects? A prominent manifestation of this trend is found in inscriptions bearing the names of architects, which serve as a platform to showcase their elevated status as artists. This research aims to examine the status of Safavid architects through the lens of their visual representation in inscriptions, focusing on those that include the names of the architects themselves. A qualitative content analysis methodology will be employed, with data collected through documentary methods. By comparing the presence of architects’ names in Safavid inscriptions to earlier periods, significant changes in their placement and content will be explored. These changes encompass the manner in which architects are named, the types of attributes ascribed to them, and the inclusion of the names of royal patrons and government officials. These substantial shifts in the studied samples indicate an enhanced status of architects, mirroring the concurrent emergence of art historiography and a heightened focus on artists in written works. Methodes: This research employs a qualitative approach, with data gathered through documentary methods and analyzed using content analysis techniques. Initially, by examining inscriptions containing architects’ names from the pre-Safavid period, their general characteristics are identified, and a notable example is analyzed in detail. Subsequently, by analyzing Safavid inscriptions, changes in these characteristics are revealed, enabling a comparison with the earlier period. This comparison facilitates an interpretation of the increased status of the architect as an artist, as manifested in these inscriptions. Due to the abundance of Safavid buildings, a sampling method was employed, drawing from two primary sources: A comprehensive list of Islamic period buildings across Iran (Haji-Qassemi, K. 2015); A focused selection of buildings from Isfahan, given its significance during the Safavid era (Honarfar, L. 1971). Ultimately, 22 buildings with diverse functions and locations were identified as possessing inscriptions bearing the architects’ names, forming the statistical population for this study. Findings: The analysis reveals that in Islamic inscriptions from the pre-Safavid period in Iran, architects’ names were typically mentioned at the end of foundation inscriptions or in separate frames, often using the term “Amal” (work of) (Blair, S. 1998; Blair, S. S. 2015). Additionally, certain attributes indicating the profession or expressing humility were employed (Blair, S.1998). A notable example is the inscription of Qavam al-Din in the Goharshad Mosque (Babaie, S.2017), which is located separately at the bottom of the qibla iwan and accompanied by the term “Amal”, humility-indicating attributes, and the word “Tiyan” (builder or mason) (Dehkhoda, A.1994), without mentioning the name of the king or governmental patrons. In contrast to the Timurid period, where inscriptions primarily adorned buildings with limited functions, the Safavid era witnessed a diversity in the types of buildings bearing inscriptions (Khosravi Bizhaem, F. 2017). The information for the samples in this study was obtained from (Honarfar, L. 1971; Babaie, S.2017; Khosravi Bizhaem, F. 2017; Eghtedari, A.1974; Javadi, S. 2008; Hoseyny, S. H.; Zarei, H., & Razani, M. 2020; Sharahi, E. 2013; Faiz Qomi, A. 1971; Karimi, B.1948; Grayeli, F.1995; Maherolnaqs, M. 1997; Mokhlesi, M. A. 1990; Mashkuti, N. 1966). The architects’ names in these samples are inscribed either separately or as a continuation of another inscription, with the texts presented in both Arabic and Persian, and some in poetic form. Regarding placement, the architects’ names are situated in various parts of the buildings. The entrance has emerged as the most common location, with over half of the examples featuring the architect’s name prominently displayed at the main entrance. In nearly half of these cases, the architect’s name is found on the main inscription of the entrance portal or separately below, above, or at the end of it. The prevalence of such inscriptions in significant locations like the entrance portal, compared to earlier periods and the example of Qavam al-Din’s inscription, signifies a shift in the status of architects. In other instances, architects’ names are generally located in important areas of the building. Three key points emerge from the analysis of inscription content. First, while the term “Amal” is still used in half of the examples, there is greater diversity in how architects are named compared to earlier periods. Second, some architects’ names are accompanied by new types of attributes that signify an elevated status. Third, in three-quarters of the examples, the architects’ names are inscribed alongside or near the names of kings, governmental patrons, or both. Conclusion The analysis of inscriptions containing architects’ names in the studied Safavid samples reveals significant changes compared to earlier periods. These changes encompass both the placement and content of inscriptions. Approximately half of the inscriptions are situated in prominent locations, such as entrance portals, while the content of these inscriptions exhibits variations in the naming of architects and the types of attributes used to describe them. Notably, new attributes have emerged that signify an elevated status for architects. Furthermore, three-quarters of these inscriptions are placed alongside or near the names of kings or governmental patrons. The Masjid-e Jameh Abbasi and the Ali Mosque in Isfahan exemplify these changes, with architects’ names inscribed at the entrance portal, accompanied by attributes that indicate prestige and placed alongside the names of the Safavid king and governmental patron. Highlights: The analysis of the placement and content of Safavid inscriptions containing architects’ names, when compared to earlier periods, provides insights into the evolving status of architects. The placement of most of these names in prominent locations, alongside or near the names of kings or governmental patrons, and the emergence of attributes that recognize the architect’s stature suggest an elevated position for architects. This development aligns with the broader transformations of the Safavid era, the emergence of art historiography, and the increased focus on artists in written works. These findings are further corroborated by historical references to specific architects.   Architect, Architect’s Status, Inscription, Architect’s Name, Safavid Period. معمار, جایگاه معمار, کتیبه‌نگاری, نام معمار, دوره صفوی 101 120 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-176-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/252024/03/22023/12/10 1402/9/19 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/262024/08/62024/07/24 1403/5/3 Hassan Zolfagharzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran حسن ذوالفقارزاده hzolfagharzadeh@yahoo.com 0000-0003-0939-7369 Yes دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران Negar Yousefi Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran نگار یوسفی n.negaryousefi@gmail.com 0009-0009-5386-2345 No دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران

other بررسی فضاهای باز و نیمه‌باز در معماری‌های میان‌افزای بافت تاریخی بوشهر (مورد مطالعاتی، دانشکده هنر و معماری خلیج فارس درکنار عمارت نوذری) دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری دانشگاه خلیج فارس بوشهر، یکی از نمونه معماری­ هایی است که با هدف میان­ افزایی و احیای بافت تاریخی این منطقه ایجاد شده است. فضاهای باز و نیمه ­باز در عمارت­ های تاریخی بوشهر، از عناصر تأثیرگذار و چشمگیر در معماری این منطقه به شمار می­ روند؛ بنابراین با بررسی این عناصر در بناها، تا حد زیادی می­ توان الگوهای معماری این منطقه را مورد بررسی قرار داد. نگارندگان در این تحقیق، با هدف آشنایی با رویکردهای معماری بومی در فضاهای باز و نیمه ­باز بافت تاریخی بوشهر، به چگونگی حفظ این الگوهایی در معماری و شهرسازی امروزی پرداخته­ اند. در این راستا این تحقیق به مقایسه ­ای تطبیقی تفاوت­ ها و تشابهات در معماری فضا­های باز و نیمه­ باز در نمونه­ های بومی بافت تاریخی و نمونۀ الهام گرفته‌شده از آن می­ پردازد. تحقیق حاضر به‌صورت کیفی و به روش توصیفی تحلیلی، ۱۰ نمونه از بناهای شاخص بافت تاریخی بوشهر را با ساختمان میان ­افزای دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری خلیج فارس، مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. مطالعات اسنادی درراستای تنظیم ادبیات تحقیق، بررسی پیشینۀ موضوع و مطالعۀ اولیه پیرامون معماری تاریخی بوشهر، صورت گرفته و مطالعات میدانی با استفاده از مصاحبه و مشاهده در جهت بررسی نمونه­ های مطالعاتی، به کار گرفته شده است. یافته­ های تحقیق نشان داد که در طراحی فضا­های باز و نیمه ­باز ساختمان میان­ افزای دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، ازنظر عملکردی و هندسی الگوبرداری صحیحی از عمارت­ های تاریخی بوشهر، صورت ‌گرفته ­است اما ازنظر برخی ویژگی­ های ظاهری مانند به‌کارگیری مواد و مصالح و تناسبات، این الگو­برداری یکسان نیستند و شکل و شمایل امروزی­ تری نسبت به عمارت­ های تاریخی به خود گرفته است. Background and Objectives: The building of the Faculty of Art and Architecture of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, is an infill design created to revive the historical fabric of this region. Open and semi-open spaces in the historical buildings of Bushehr are influential and impressive elements in the region’s architecture. By examining these elements in the buildings, it is possible to identify the architectural patterns of the region. This research aims to familiarize oneself with the approaches of native architecture in the open and semi-open spaces of the historical fabric of Bushehr and to discuss how to preserve these patterns in today’s architecture and urban planning. In this regard, this research deals with the comparative comparison of differences and similarities in the architecture of open and semi-open spaces in vernacular examples of the historical fabric and examples inspired by it. This article not only deals with the physical description of open and semi-open spaces in the architecture of Bushehr’s historical buildings and infill architecture but also tries to analyze and compare each of these spaces. The questions raised in the research are as follows: What are the differences and similarities in the open and semi-open spaces of Bushehr historical buildings and the new building of the Faculty of Art and Architecture of the Persian Gulf? In what areas was the building of the Faculty of Art and Architecture able to follow the pattern of open and semi-open spaces of Bushehr’s historical fabric? Methodes: The present research was conducted in a qualitative and descriptive-analytical way and studied 10 examples of historic buildings of Bushehr with the intermediate building of the Faculty of Art and Architecture of the Persian Gulf. library studies have been conducted in order to organize the research literature, examine the background of the subject and study the historical architecture of Bushehr, and field studies using interviews and observations have been used to examine the study samples.  Findings: In general, by examining the historical monuments of Bushehr and the Faculty building, it can be stated that: The designers of the Faculty of Arts and Architecture have followed similar patterns of local architecture of Bushehr’s historical fabric. These patterns are mostly in the functional and geometric part and to some extent in terms of the orientation of open and semi-open spaces. These elements have been able to create a function similar to the spaces of the historical mansion of Bushehr, but in terms of some external features such as the use of materials, proportions, as well as executive details, they have displayed a newer and more modern form of open and semi-open space elements which can be said to be due to the change of use and change of materials and their updating. Conclusion: In general, the investigations showed that: The differences in the open and semi-open spaces of the investigated buildings are mostly related to material components and, in some cases, orientation. The similarities are more related to geometric and functional components. In terms of following texture patterns, open spaces, in terms of geometry and orientation, and semi-open spaces, in terms of geometry and functionality, have the highest degree of conformity with historical texture patterns. The results of the investigations more specifically for each of the research components and open and semi-open micro-spaces are as follows: Open spaces in historical buildings, such as courtyards and eaves, have also been used in the infill building of the Faculty. This research differs from previous research in the following ways: It was carried out in the historical fabric of Bushehr, an area where infill architecture has not been studied previously. This research examined contemporary architecture derived from open and semi-open spaces while examining the patterns of the historical fabric. Infill Architecture, Open Spaces, Semi-Open Spaces, Faculty of Architecture, Bushehr. معماری میان‌افزا, فضاهای باز, فضاهای نیمه‌باز, دانشکدۀ معماری, بوشهر 121 142 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3705-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/252024/03/22023/12/102024/02/23 1402/12/4 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/262024/08/62024/07/242024/07/5 1403/4/15 Mohammad Amir Kakizadeh Faculty Member at Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran محمد‌امیر کاکی‌زاده m.amir.kakizadeh@pgu.ac.ir 0000-0002-4706-9668 Yes مربی دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران Hozhabr Dabbagh Master of Architecture, Faculty Member at Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bushehr, Iran هژبر دباغ hozhabr.dabbagh@pgu.ac.ir 0009-0002-9883-2050 No مربی دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران Neda Naseri Master of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran ندا ناصری nedanaseri@uoz.ac.ir 0000-0002-8575-9942 No کارشناسی ارشد معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Negin Kavepour Bachelor of Architecture Faculty of Art and Architecture, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran نگین کاوه پور neginkavepour@mehr.pgu.ac.ir 0009-0004-0354-4975 No کارشناسی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران

fa مطالعه فنّی آرایه‌ های گچی محوطه تاریخی شادیاخ نیشابور (ساختارشناسی سه قطعه آرایه گچی) در میان آرایه‏ های معماری خراسان، آنچه کمتر شناخته شده، آرایه ‏های گچی یافت شده از شهر قدیم نیشابور است. این آرایه ‏ها متعلق به سده ‏های اولیه اسلام هستند و در ظرافت و تنوع نقش با آرایه‏ های گچی ساسانیان و عباسیان در سامرا برابری می­ کنند. شادیاخ یکی از محوطه ‏های شهر قدیم نیشابور است که آرایه ‏های گچی بی­ نظیری از دوران سلجوقی را در خود جای داده است. مطالعات اندکی در رابطه با این محوطه و آرایه‏ های گچی آن انجام شده است. هدف این پژوهش، شناخت فنّی و ساختاری ملاط سه قطعه از آرایه ­های گچی محوطه شادیاخ است که می­ تواند گام مهمی در راستای شناخت، معرفی و حفظ این آثار ارزشمند بوده و همچنین در بخش آرایه ­های معماری اطلس میراث فرهنگی ایران تأثیرگذار باشد. در این راستا از روش تصویربرداری با استفاده از میکروسکوپ پورتابل Dinolite، آنالیز XRD و همچنین SEM-EDS جهت انجام مطالعات فنّی استفاده شده است. نتیجۀ پژوهش نشان می­دهد که فاز‏های اصلی نمونه ملاط­ های مورد مطالعه مربوط به ژیپس، کلسیت و کوارتز است. البته در یکی از نمونه ‏ها، انیدریت هم به‌عنوان فاز اصلی شناخته شده است که این تبدیل فاز در شرایط آب‌وهوایی نیشابور دور از ذهن نیست. همچنین برای برش راحت­ تر نقوش آرایۀ گچی برجسته، هنرمند گچبر برای ساخت ملاط، ملاط کم‌مایه را انتخاب کرده و کمی بیشتر از حالت معمول، آن را ورز داده است (ملاط گچ نیم­کشته). برای ماندگاری بیشتر آن، در زمان اجرای لایۀ بستر گچی، عملیات ماله­ کشی از حالت عادی بیشتر بوده و همچنین فشار ماله بر سطح بستر از حالت معمول بیشتر بوده است. درخصوص تغییرات و فرسایش ملاط، برخی از بلور‏های ژیپس به مرور زمان به انیدریت تبدیل شده و در برخی نمونه ‏ها، ریزبلور ژیپس بر روی بلور‏های اصلی تشکیل شده است. Background and Objectives: In order to complete and compile the cultural heritage atlas, one of the branches are architectural ornaments. Gypsum-based stucco ornaments are one of the important parts of Iran’s architectural ornaments. The gypsum-based stucco ornaments of Shadiakh of Nishapur area are among the ornaments belonging to the early centuries of Islam in Iran. In the present study, an attempt has been made to obtain information on the structural and technical aspects of the gypsum-based ornaments of Shadiakh Nishapur area. In the following research, three fragments of mentioned ornaments of Shadiakh, which were found in the fourth season of excavations, were technically examined. Visual observations have also been made using a digital microscope. The structural analysis of these fragments has been done using X-ray diffraction (examination of the phases in gypsum samples) and scanning electron microscopy (observation of the crystal microstructure of the samples). The archaeological site of Nishapur is located in the east of the current Nishapur, in the vicinity of the tombs of Attar and Khayyam (Haddon 2016). Shadiakh has been excavated during seven seasons (Labbaf khaniki, 2022). This area consists of various sections such as grape extraction workshop, blacksmith workshop, pottery and glass workshop, dungeon, stable, kitchen, warehouse, etc. According to the reports of the fourth season of the excavation (Labbaf Khaniki and Bakhtiari Shahri, 2003), one of the most important sections known as Bār-e ‘Ām Hall. This hall consists of four porches overlooking an octagonal space in the middle, which leads to the adjacent spaces through four corners and through four doors. The porches are built in different geographical directions. In the later periods, the northwest porch underwent changes with the use of a blade wall and the stucco ornaments. The northeast porch is the same as the northwest, with the difference in the floor height and in front of it, stucco ornaments and inscriptions are represented. Methodes: Imaging and observing the grain size of samples was done using a Dinolite portable microscope with a maximum magnification of 250 times. Images were taken at 60x magnification. For XRD analysis, the EXPLORER model device made by GNR, Italy, DECTRIS detector, with copper x-ray producing tube (Cu K alpha = 1.54 Å), maximum potential difference 40 Kv and current intensity 30 mA under 2θ angle and angle 60-60-degree radiation was used. The analysis was done qualitatively and the required analysis was done with Xpert software. In order to image the crystalline microstructure of the samples, SEM device model LEO1450VP made by Zeiss, Germany with maximum voltage Kv 35 equipped with EDS analysis made by OXFORD England model 7353 and with resolution of 133eV was used. The samples were coated using SC 7620 gold-palladium coating machine for 180 seconds. Imaging was done in different magnifications and under 20 Kv voltage. Findings: XRD results: The samples have quartz, cristobalite, anhydrite, gypsum, calcite and goethite. The main phases identified in sample SH.1-U are: quartz, anhydrite and gypsum, and secondary phases include cristobalite and calcite. By examining the graphs of this sample and sample SH.2 the coexistence of anhydrite and gypsum is observed. Gypsum and anhydrite were identified as the main phase in sample SH.1-U, and gypsum as the main phase and anhydrite as secondary phase in sample SH.2. It seems that the placement conditions of these two samples after digging and exploration were not the same. In the third sample, only gypsum was detected. Quartz, which left a long peak in the sample SH.1-U and SH.2, is present as an impurity in gypsum compounds. In SH.3-U sample, quartz has been identified as a secondary phase. This impurity is mainly added to the gypsum mortar purposefully. Calcite is the other identified phase in all three fragments. SEM results: It can be said that the accumulation of crystals in samples SH.1-U, SH.1-S, SH.2 is high and the crystals are densely placed next to each other. Samples SH.3-U and SH.3-S have less density and empty spaces like holes can be seen in it (compared to the previous two samples). Fewer gypsum crystals can be seen in SH.1-U and SH.1-S samples. In other samples, due to humidity and temperature fluctuations, gypsum microcrystals are formed on the main crystals. It seems that in SH.1-U and SH.1-S samples, some gypsum crystals have turned into anhydrite over time due to hot and dry environmental conditions. In the SH.1 and SH.2 samples, crystals have grown in the form of sheets (mostly in two directions) and some of them are placed on top of each other, which can be one of the reasons of slow pace of setting process. Conclusion: Regarding the constituent materials of the studied mortar samples, it can be said: their constituent compounds are not much different from each other. Part of the small difference in the elements and compositions can be related to the conditions of the exposure of the work in the long term and in the post-exploration period. Part of it is also related to the processing time of gypsum mortar. Part of the difference in the materials can be related to the impurity of the gypsum stone, which was baked in the same way and used after crushing and sieving. The main phases of the studied mortars are gypsum, calcite and quartz. Regarding the changes and erosion of the mortar, it seems that some gypsum crystals have turned into anhydrite over time, and in some samples, due to humidity and temperature fluctuations, part of the gypsum crystal has dissolved in water and then from the evaporation of water, gypsum microcrystals are formed on the main crystals. Characterization, gypsum-based mortar, architectural Ornaments, Shadiakh, Nishabur ساختارشناسی, ملاط گچی, آرایه‌ های معماری, شادیاخ, نیشابور 143 161 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3710-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/252024/03/22023/12/102024/02/232024/03/5 1402/12/15 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/262024/08/62024/07/242024/07/52024/08/6 1403/5/16 Niayesh Khaksar Master's student in the Department of Restoration of Historical and Cultural Objects, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran نیایش خاکسار باغان 0009-0006-2959-6874 No دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه مرمت اشیاء تاریخی و فرهنگی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران Yaser Hamzavi Associate Professor|, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT), Tehran, Iran یاسر حمزوی y.hamzavi@richt.ir 0000-0002-3504-0534 Yes دانشیار پژوهشکدۀ بناها و بافت‌های تاریخی فرهنگی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران Mojgan Mousazadeh Head of Conservation and restoration workshop of Khorasan Grand Museum, Mashhad, Iran مژگان موسی‌زاده No مربی، آزمایشگاه و کارگاه حفاظت و مرمت موزه بزرگ خراسان، مشهد، ایران

other ارزیابی آسایش حرارتی درونی زمستانی در میراث معماری بومی روستایی ایران (نمونه‌های موردی: معماری دستکند مجموعه میراث جهانی میمند و معماری سنگی روستای ریسه شهربابک) میراث معماری بومی ایران شامل نمونه‌های خوبی از معماری پایدار است که در آن حداقل مصرف انرژی و استفاده از سیستم‌های غیرفعال برای ایجاد آسودگی زیست، رویکرد بنیادین این معماری برای ایجاد محیطی مناسب برای زندگی انسان است. اهمیت شناخت ویژگی‌های تطابق اقلیمی آن و استفاده از آموزه‌های مستخرج از آن برای معماری امروز کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. مقایسه سطح آسایش حرارتی در دو گونه از این معماری هدف این پژوهش است که با روش پژوهش مقایسه آماری انجام شده است. مجموعه میراث جهانی میمند، نمونه کاملی از این نوع معماری در اقلیم نیمه گرم و خشک ایران است که میزان آسایش حرارتی داخلی ۴ واحد از بناهای آن با ۴ واحد از بناهای گونه معماری سنگی در ریسه شهربابک، در این پژوهش مورد مقایسه قرار گرفته است. با استفاده از پایش بیوکلیماتیک داخلی بناهای منتخب در ۷ روز از فصل زمستان، شاخص آسایش حرارتی داخلی PMV برای این بناها در هر دو مکان محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که این شاخص در میمند 2.12- و در ریسه 3.28- است. همچنین مقایسه دمای داخلی بناهای این دو مجموعه با دمای بیرونی آن‌ها نشان داد که در فصل سرد دمای محیط داخلی بنا‌ها در میمند و ریسه به ترتیب 13.27 و 7.83 درجه با دمای بیرونی متفاوت است و خانه‌های میمند با اختلاف 5.44 درجه سانتی‌گراد عملکرد بهتری دارند. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که بناهای میمند با استفاده از ضخامت زیاد لایه بستر استقرار خود، ضریب تبادل حرارتی پایین جداره‌ها و استفاده از دمای توده زمین، شرایطی را در این مجموعه معماری فراهم کرده که بدون مصرف یا با حداقل مصرف انرژی آسایش حرارتی لازم برای سکونت انسان فراهم کند درحالی که در معماری سنگی سطح آسایش ٪54.7 نسبت به آن پایین‌تر است و عملکرد ضعیف‌تری به‌لحاظ آسایش حرارتی در شرایط مشابه نسبت به گونه دستکند دارد. Background and Objectives: Iran’s vernacular architectural heritage includes fine examples of sustainable architecture which, in this type, minimal energy consumption, and the use of passive systems to create living comfort is the fundamental approach of this architecture to establish a suitable environment for human life. The importance of knowing its climate adaptation features and using its lessons for today’s architecture has been less considered. The two most important types of Iranian vernacular architecture are troglodytic architecture and stone masonry architecture, most of them can be seen in the rural architecture of Iran. Troglodytic architecture creates human living space by digging in stone beds or condensed soil settlements. Stone architecture is the result of arranging pieces of rubble with mortar on top of each other and both types have the lowest energy exchange between indoor and outdoor. The thickness of their architectural layers provides a more accurate understanding of them by carefully studying the conditions of their climatic compatibility with the geography of their settlement and their behavior against climatic hashes. Methodes: This research focuses on a comparative analysis of thermal comfort levels across two distinct architectural styles in Iran’s vernacular architecture, utilizing a statistical comparison research method to derive meaningful insights. Troglodytic architecture, which represents a unique and rare form of vernacular architectural heritage in Iran, is characterized by its methodology of creating habitable spaces through rock excavation. This approach enables significant interaction with the earth’s thermal mass, facilitating natural heating and cooling mechanisms that are particularly advantageous in regions that experience both cold and hot climatic conditions. The Maymand World Heritage Site is a quintessential example of troglodytic architecture, situated within Iran’s semi-arid and hot climate zone. This research examines the indoor thermal comfort levels of four units within the Maymand architectural complex and compares these findings with four units from the traditional rural stone architecture found in Riseh, Shahr-e-Bābak. To achieve accurate and reliable results, indoor bioclimatic monitoring was meticulously conducted for seven days during the winter season. This monitoring allowed for the calculation of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) thermal comfort index for the selected buildings located at both sites.   Findings: The findings from this comparative study revealed that the PMV thermal comfort index stood at -2.12 for the Maymand rock-cut buildings, while it was recorded at -3.28 for the structures in stone masonry houses in Riseh. Additionally, an analysis of the indoor temperature averages for both type of indigenous architectural complexes concerning their respective outdoor temperature averages yielded further insights. During the cold season, the indoor temperatures in Maymandand Riseh demonstrated significant variances from the outdoor temperatures, specifically showing differences of 13.27°C and 7.83°C, respectively. Notably, the Maymand structures exhibited superior performance, achieving a more favorable temperature difference of 5.44°C compared to their Riseh counterparts. In conclusion, this research indicates that the architectural features of the Maymand buildings, which include substantial settlement layer thickness, low heat exchange coefficients in the walls, and effective utilization of groundmass temperature, have collectively fostered an environment conducive to thermal comfort. This architectural complex has achieved these favorable conditions with minimal energy consumption or, in some instances, entirely without it. Conversely, the traditional stone architecture in Riseh exhibits a thermal comfort level that is 54.7% lower, reflecting its less effective performance under similar environmental conditions when compared to the troglodytic structures of Maymand. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of architectural design in enhancing indoor thermal comfort, particularly in regions facing extreme climate variations. Conclusion: The reason for this is the structural integrity of the troglodytic architecture and the depth of its penetration. Also, the level of contact with the open air and the influence of its temperature in stone masonry buildings is more than that of troglodytic architecture which is another reason for the lower level of thermal comfort in these buildings compared to the troglodytic architecture. In general, the characteristics of thermal comfort and energy consumption in troglodytic architectural heritage can provide many design patterns for today’s architectural designers, such as more application of ground heating and utilization of materials with suitable thermal phases. Also, the need for more conservation of these two types of architecture becomes more important because unique examples like Maymand have many unknown architectural patterns that have not been studied yet.   Maymand, Riseh, Thermal comfort, Troglodytic architecture, Rock-cut Architecture, Stone architecture, میمند, ریسه, آسایش حرارتی, معماری دستکند, معماری سنگی 163 182 http://athar.richt.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3696-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=2 2023/07/302024/01/252024/01/252024/03/22023/12/102024/02/232024/03/52024/02/24 1402/12/5 2024/01/102024/05/152024/03/262024/08/62024/07/242024/07/52024/08/62024/08/9 1403/5/19 Mohammad Mangeli Assistant Professor, Architecture, urbanism and art faculty, Urmia University محمد منگلی m.mangeli@urmia.ac.ir 0000-0001-6530-9621 Yes استادیار، دانشکده معماری، شهرسازی و هنر، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران Mohsen Keshavarz Assistant Professor, Art and Architecture faculty, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran محسن کشاورز mkeshavarz@uk.ac.ir 0009-0005-4451-6281 No استادیار، دانشکأه هنر و معماری، شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران