Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

fa سفال نوع لرستان و انتساب آن به پادشاهی الیپی Genre of Luristan Ware and its Attribution to Kingdom of Ellipi تخصصی باستان‌شناسی Special Archeology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">بیش از صد سال است که محققان با قرائت متون آشوری، به مکان‌یابی جای‌نام‌های ذکر‌شده در این کتیبه‌ها پرداخته‌اند. برخی از این جای‌نام‌ها در مرزهای شرقی قلمرو امپراتوری آشورنو و در غرب ایران قرار داشته که یکی از آن‌ها پادشاهی الیپی بوده است. اکثر باستان‌شناسان پادشاهی الیپی را در شمال پیشکوه لرستان و جنوب کرمانشاه مکان‌یابی کرده‌اند، اما طی دهه‌های اخیر، بعد از انتساب «سفال نوع لرستان» به اقوام الیپی توسط «لوئیس لوین» و بعد از آن به‌وسیلۀ «یانا مدودسکایا»، محققان به تحلیل یافته‌های فرهنگی، ازجمله این نوع سفال در قالب پادشاهی مورد بحث پرداخته‌اند. دلیل انتساب سفال نوع لرستان به اقوام الیپی توسط باستان‌شناسان، هم‌زمانی و پراکنش این نوع سفال در محدوده و قلمرو درنظر گرفته شده برای پادشاهی الیپی است. پژوهش حاضر درپی این‌ است که با استفاده از رویکرد نظری «باستان‌شناسی تاریخی» که به تفسیر اطلاعات متون تاریخی در بستر داده‌های باستان‌شناختی اتکا دارد، تحلیلی دقیق و همه‌جانبه از این موضوع ارائه دهد. اما پرسش این‌جاست که می‌توان با بهره‌گیری از متون آشوری و مکان‌یابی احتمالی یک پادشاهی، یک گونۀ سفالی را به آن فرهنگ نسبت داد؟ پژوهش حاضر درپی این است که با تحلیل همه‌جانبۀ مدارک تاریخی و یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی، نتیجه‌گیری منطقی در باب فرضیۀ مطرح‌شده ارائه دهد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان‌دادند که با توجه به داده‌های کنونی، انتساب یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی نیمۀ نخست هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد پیشکوه لرستان، همانند سفال نوع لرستان به پادشاهی الیپی، قابل‌قبول نیست؛ درواقع، این انتساب باید در حد یک فرضیه مطرح شود، و مبنا قراردادن آن برای تحلیل یافته‌‌های محوطه‌ها سبب گمراهی و نتایج نادرست خواهد بود، چراکه از یک‌سو مدارک قطعی تاریخی برای مکان‌گزینی دقیق پادشاهی الیپی در پیشکوه لرستان وجود ندارد؛ و ازسوی دیگر، الگوی زیست مبنی‌بر کوچ‌نشینی در این منطقه، امکان تطبیق محدودۀ پراکنش داده‌های باستان‌شناسی همانند سفال نوع لرستان را با اطلاعات تاریخی موجود در متون آشوری نمی‌دهد.   </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Abstract Scholars have been reading Assyrian texts for over a hundred years to locate the toponymys mentioned in the inscriptions. Some of these toponymys are located on the eastern borders of the territory of the new Assyrian empire in western Iran, one of which was the Ellipian kingdom. Inscriptions of the Neo Assyrian Period from Ashurnasirpal II (866 B.C) to Ashurbanipal (639 B.C.), had referring about 250 years to the Ellipian kingdom. Most archaeologists have located the Ellipian kingdom north of Pish-Koh in Luristan and south of Kermanshah. Over the last two decades, after the attribution of Genre of Luristan ware (Baba Jan III painted ware) to the kingdom of Ellipi by Louis Levine and later Yana Medvedskaya, researchers have tried to analyze the different cultural finds such as this type of ware in the context of the kingdom. The reason of researchers for attribute Genre of Luristan ware to Ellipian kingdon is the concurrence and distribution of this type of ware in the territory considered for kingdom of Ellipi. This study seeks to use the Historical archaeology approach, which relies on interpreting historical textual information in the context of archaeological data to provide an accurate and comprehensive analysis of this issue. This research indicates that attributing the archaeological findings of the early first millennium BC such as Genre of Luristan ware, to the kingdom of Ellipi is not valid. This attribution should be considered a hypothesis; basing it on analysis of findings will lead to misguidance and inaccurate results. On the one hand, there is no actual historical evidence for the exact location of the kingdom of Ellipi in the Pish-Koh of Luristan. On the other hand, according to the existence of nomadism in this region, adapting the distribution range of archaeological data such as Genre of Luristan ware with the historical information in Assyrian texts is problematic. Keywords: Pish-Koh, 1st Millennium B.C, Genre of Luristan Ware, Kingdom of Ellipi, Historical Archaeology.  Introduction Scholars have been reading Assyrian texts for over a hundred years to locate the toponymys mentioned in the inscriptions. Some of these toponymys are located on the eastern borders of the territory of the new Assyrian empire in western Iran, one of which was the Ellipian kingdom. Inscriptions of the Neo Assyrian Period from Ashurnasirpal II (866 BC) to Ashurbanipal (639 BC), had referring about 250 years to the Ellipian kingdom. Most archaeologists have located the Ellipian kingdom north of Pish-Koh in Luristan and south of Kermanshah (Fig, 1). According to their studies, Kingdom of Ellipi include original range of Pish-koh, which From the north to the Gareen mountains(Harhar), in the northeast to along the Grien and in the East to Oshtoran-Koh (Media), from the south in the basin of Seymareh(Elam),in the West to Kabir-koh and in the North-West to South Harsin(Bit-Hamban)(Mollazah&Goudarzi,2016:89-92). Genre of Luristan ware (Chronology, Stylistics& Attribution)   The genre of Luristan ware, which was first emerged in the early first millennium BC, during the Iron Age IIB(950–800BC)& IIIA (800-650BC), was distributed in the settlement and graveyards of Pish-Koh region(Adachi, 2004: 81). The pottery is often called by Roman Ghirshman »Genre Luristan«, that were found from Giyan Tapeh(Contenau&Ghirshman,1935). Although after excavation at Baba Jan tape by Clare Goff, she named them »Baba Jan III painted ware«(Goff, 1978 : 29). Baba Jan III painted wares, decorated with the bow-tie designs, which has called the kite design.  The appearance for about 300 years of genre of Luristan ware or Baba Jan III painted wares, can be divided into two phases old style and new style. Old style of genre of Luristan ware (Baba Jan III) is mostly handmade or thrown on a slow wheel. But the new style of this pottery (Baba Jan IIB) is made entirely by wheel. In addition to the Pish-Koh area, the new style of genre of luristan ware has been obtained in the south of Hersin (Goudarzi, 2017: 226). This phenomenon is the result of the expansion of cultural relations and has led to the evolution of technology and wheel maker genre of Luristan ware (Fig.2&3).   Moorey suggested that genre of Luristan ware in the Iron Age Luristan can be generally attributed to invader from outside of this region(Moorey,1974:19). The invaders have been considered to be Kassites, Cimmerians, Median or Elamite people. Goff thinks that the culture of Baba Jan III was mist probably Median (Goff, 1968: 131). Medvedskaya believes that Baba Jan III painted ware belongs to the Ellipian kingdom (Medvedskaya, 1999:59). She says it cannot be Median, because it is quite different from the pottery found at Nush-I Jan tape. Discussion  Over the last two decades, after the attribution of genre of Luristan ware (Baba Jan III painted ware) to the kingdom of Ellipi by Louis Levine and later Yana Medvedskaya, Iranian researchers have tried to analyze the different cultural finds such as this type of ware in the context of the kingdom(Shishegar, 2006; Molazadeh&goudarzi,2016؛Garavand, 2014). The reason of researchers for attribute genre of Luristan ware to Ellipian kingdom is the concurrence and distribution of this type of ware in the territory considered for kingdom of Ellipi (Fig. 4). This study seeks to use the historical archaeology approach, which relies on interpreting historical textual information in the context of archaeological data to provide an accurate and comprehensive analysis of this issue.  But the available resources for reconstruction of historical geography of Ellipian kingdom is limited to historical texts and analysis archaeological data. The historical data, on one hand, are limited to Assyrian inscriptions, which often look and more political sententious zoom describes their version of victories. On the other hand, no writing among on the land of the Babylonians and especially Elamite inscriptions about Ellipi that according to evidence have been good relationship with Ellipian achieved. In addition to according to Assyrian texts, three times by Assyrian army, the territory of Ellipian kingdom has been occupied. Bat yet no data had been obtained about the presence of the Assyrians in Pish-Koh. For example, Assyrian data such as seals and decorations found on the tapeh Giyan, not obtained in Pish-Koh of Luristan(Fig. 5).  Also finding a type of pottery in archaeological sites, can be no reason for a special ethnicity. Because the main data that anthropologists emphasize, such as clothing, etymology, language and etc., usually not available to archaeologists.  Conclusion In this study tried to answer the question that the attribution of genre luristan ware to Ellipian kingdom is true and meaningful? So with the comprehensive utilization of historical sources and archaeological data in context of the geographical features of the region, provide a logical analysis. This research indicates that attributing the archaeological findings of the early first millennium BC such as genre of Luristan ware, to the kingdom of Ellipi is not valid. This attribution should be considered a hypothesis; basing it on analysis of findings will lead to misguidance and inaccurate results. On the one hand, there is no actual historical evidence for the exact location of the kingdom of Ellipi in the Pish-Koh of Luristan. On the other hand, according to the existence of nomadism in this region, adapting the distribution range of archaeological data such as genre of Luristan ware with the historical information in Assyrian texts is problematic. Therefore, we can offer Pish –Koh area, in the historical geography of 1st millennium B.C, for location of Ellipan kingdom. But attribution of archaeological data and putting it on the basis of analysis will be a hasty and unscientific.   Acknowledgment Spatial thanks to Bill Partt (Royal Ontario Museum) for access to the excavation data of Jame- Shoran site.  Conflict of Interest This paper is an independent research of the author and has not conflict of interest with any organization.  </div> پیشکوه, هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد, سفال نوع لرستان, پادشاهی الیپی, باستان‌شناسی تاریخی. Pish-Koh, 1st Millennium B.C, Genre of Luristan Ware, Kingdom of Ellipi, Historical Archaeology. 85 103 http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/browse.php?a_code=A-10-602-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Alireza Gudarzi علیرضا گودرزی gudarzi.alireza@gmail.com 0000-0002-2771-3647 Yes Ph.D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran دکتری باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران