Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

fa بررسی جایگاه مزارع مسکون تاریخی ایران در نظام میراث کشاورزی با اهمیت جهانی (GIAHS) Studying the Position of Iran’s Historic Farmsteads in the Agricultural Heritage System of Global Importance (GIAHS) میان‌رشته‌ای Interdisciplinary پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">در دهه‌های اخیر مفاهیم مرتبط با میراث‌فرهنگی در گسترۀ وسیع‌تری موردبررسی قرارگرفته و میراث کشاورزی به‌دلیل تأثیر فراوان در معیشت، امنیت غذایی و اقتصاد جهانی به‌عنوان یک مفهوم از میراث‌فرهنگی پذیرفته‌شده است. این توجه از سال 2002 تا 2018م. موجب شده تا فائو، نظامی تحت عنوان «میراث کشاورزی با اهمیت جهانی (GIAHS)» را تدوین و براساس آن آثار مرتبط با میراث کشاورزی جهانی را معرفی نماید. در کمیتۀ جیاس، پنج معیار برای قرارگیری آثار در فهرست میراث کشاورزی با اهمیت جهانی معرفی‌شده است؛ تنوع زیستی، دانش و فنون سنتی، ارزش‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی، معیشت و امنیت غذایی و چشم‌انداز بصری، پنج معیار معرفی‌شده از جیاس هستند که این پژوهش سعی کرده بر پایۀ آن‌ها مزارع تاریخی در اقلیم مرکزی ایران را مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد. مزارع تاریخی یک نظام کارآمد تولید کشاورزی با ویژگی‌های معماری، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی در گذشته بودند که بقایای آن درحال حاضر وجود دارد. مسألۀ اصلی پژوهش، رشد روزافزون ویرانی مزارع در اثر تغییرات اقلیمی، مهاجرت مالکان و ذی‌مدخلان و عدم آگاهی جوامع دربارۀ ماهیت آن‌هاست. هدف پژوهش، معرفی مزارع تاریخی ایران به‌عنوان نظام میراث کشاورزی با اهمیت جهانی است؛ بنابراین سعی می‌شود با رهیافت تفسیری و راهبرد تفسیری تاریخی به موضوع نزدیک شد و در قالب مطالعات میدانی و سندپژوهی به پرسش‌های تحقیق دربارۀ جایگاه مزارع تاریخی ایران در انطباق با نظام‌های میراث جهانی کشاورزی پاسخ داد. این پژوهش به این نتیجه رسیده است که قابلیت‌های مزارع مسکون تاریخی بر معیارهای جیاس منطبق است و دبیرخانۀ جیاس می‌تواند در گام نخست، به شناسایی مزارع تاریخی در ایران بپردازد؛ و سپس برای تهیۀ پروندۀ ثبت جهانی آن‌ها اقدام نماید. با این عمل بسیاری از مزارع مسکون تاریخی به‌عنوان بخش وسیعی از میراث کشاورزی ایران در مسیر صیانت پویا قرار خواهند گرفت.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Abstract In recent decades, cultural heritage-related concepts have been widely investigated, and agricultural heritage has been adopted as a concept of cultural heritage because of its contribution to livelihoods, food security, and the world economy. This consideration from 2002 to 2018 led the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to develop a framework known as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and to introduce global agricultural heritage sites accordingly. The GIAHS committee presented five criteria for incorporating the sites in the list of globally important agricultural heritage. Biodiversity, local awareness and techniques, socio-cultural values, food and livelihood security, and visual landscape were included in the five categories; thus, this article aims to evaluate historic farmsteads in the central Iranian regions. Historic farmsteads were thought-about an efficient agricultural production system characterized by architectural, economic, social, and cultural features in the past, the traces of which are still available. The main research subject concerns the growing destruction of farms following climate changes, the migration of owners and beneficiaries, and the lack of community knowledge about their nature. The research main goal is to introduce Iranian historical farmsteads as a globally vital agricultural heritage system. Thus, the research seeks to investigate the issue through an interpretive approach and an interpretive strategy and to use field studies and document research to respond to research questions on Iranian historical farmsteads in conjunction with global agricultural systems. This research concludes that the potentials of historical farmsteads meet GIAHS standards. The GIAHS secretariat can also identify the Iranian historic farmsteads in the first stride and then register them internationally. It will help many historical farmsteads as a large part of the Iranian agricultural heritage to be dynamically conserved.  Keywords: Historical Farmsteads, World Agricultural Heritage, GIAHS, Iran. Introduction In recent centuries, traditional agricultural activities have decreased, considering numerous reasons, along with the rapid development of cities (Oosterveer & Sonnenfeld, 2011). In the meantime, preserving cultural heritage for a sustainable livelihood has received much attention as many studies on sustainable development have focused on people, the environment, and cultural heritage (Ojomo, 2010). As a result, a new concept known as agricultural heritage was added to cultural heritage. Then, in 2002, the conception of globally important agricultural heritage systems (GIAHS) was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the international arena. The first global GIAHS summit was held in 2018 after 16 years (Behzadnasab, 2019:9). GIAHS was introduced to the world not as a specific product or geographic area but as a recognized system. The National Committee of GIAHS was established in 2014 in the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jihad called NIAHS, investigating issues such as the irrigation of aqueducts and migration of nomadic Qashqai tribes (Joafshan-Vishkaea, 2015:18). Each GIAHS site should have a historical and contemporary aspect and can be restored and developed to the benefit of future human generations.  Therefore, many sites with agricultural heritage potentialities in Iran can be regarded as possible candidates in the future. This article aims to focus on “historic farmsteads of central Iran” as a proposal for inclusion in the GIAHS list to evaluate them according to the five criteria mentioned above. In the central regions of Iran, especially Qom, Kashan, Niasar, Semnan, Isfahan, Meibod and Yazd, these farmsteads have two physical and functional characteristics, but some criteria for their implementation have already been established (Raie, 2017:230). Historic farmsteads were efficient agricultural production systems of the past with architectural, economic, social and cultural features, the remains of which can still be seen today. Presently the main problem is the non-recognition of such historic farmsteads as globally recognized agricultural heritage. They are considered to be threatened by various factors, such as climate change and migration by landlords and beneficiaries. The research aims to introduce these farmsteads as a globally important agricultural heritage system. Thus, the research seeks to investigate the issue through an interpretive approach and an interpretive strategy and to use field studies and document research to respond to research questions on Iranian historical farmsteads in conjunction with global agricultural systems.  Data Farmsteads in the past had two functional and physical systems. These systems, which are based on lived knowledge and techniques, are experience-oriented and traditional and have caused the formation and consistency of farmsteads from the past to the present. Much data related to traditional knowledge about architecture, agriculture, civil, economic, legal, cultural, social, and political fields can be introduced and revived in the heart of Iran’s historical farmsteads. A) Physical system 1. Order of position and formation including; Methods of choosing the location of farmsteads with two priorities of water and security (Raie, 2020: 59); 2. Order of form, including; Building a farmstead based on two forms; Agricultural castles (figures 7 and 8), and agricultural complexes concerning the security (Moradi et al., 2016: 6-13); 3. Order of Water and agriculture lands including; Methods of exploiting and extracting the water of the rivers, Qanats (figure 3), wells and springs, irrigation and water supply and the like (Tavangar Marvasti, 2015: 269); 4. Formation order of physical elements, including; Methods of construction and maintenance of dependent structures (figure 4) such as; the Lord’s and serf’s castles, reservoir, mill, caravanserai, bath, mosque, Hosseiniyeh and Selkh (Beheshti & Raie, 2016: 10). B) Functional system 1. Order of ownership and exploitation, including; types of ownerships, customary law for planting and harvesting, the terms of exploitation between the lord and the “Diwan”, methods of assigning real estate and land, endowed farmsteads (Lambton, 1966: 250; Foran, 1999: 57; Pollak, 1982: 351; Sheikh Al-Hakmaei, 2009: 9 and Safinejad, 1989: 43); 2. Social and demographic order, including; compilation of the social pyramid of the farmstead by the lord, methods of selecting serfs and residents of the farmstead from tribes far and near the farmstead, settlement methods and living standards in castles attached to the farmstead and the like (Tavangar Marvasti, 2015: 298- 305 and Yaghmaei, 1990: 296); 3. Order of economy and livelihood, including; Methods of collection and audit of taxes and tributes by Diwan and lord, rules of income generation, selling and sending products, communication between the lord and serfs and the like (Taleb & Anbari, 2008: 153- 155).    Discussion The FAO provided five criteria for identifying agricultural heritage systems worldwide; biodiversity, traditional knowledge and technology, socio-cultural values, food and livelihood security, and visual landscape. This research investigates the locality of Iranian historical farmsteads in conjunction with agriculture heritage criteria. Regarding the first criterion, there is a significant relationship between historical farmsteads and agro-biodiversity. The presence of water in different regions diversifies agricultural products, livestock and poultry. Planting of damask rose and the production of rosewater in Niasar farmstead, as well as straw oil extraction in Nahchir farmstead in Isfahan, can be cited as good examples in this regard. Concerning the criterion of local knowledge, the farmsteads are said to be based on living experiences and old knowledge. These problems are recognized in terms of two physical and functional characteristics. The third criterion deals with cultural values and social entities at the farmsteads. Fixed population rates and the presence of a group of beneficiaries and stakeholders suggest that farmsteads have achieved sustainability with the collaboration of these groups of people over time. The fourth criterion concerns food and livelihood security. Historical farmsteads have, at various periods, been regarded as economic and production businesses for people, landlords and the government, making significant contributions to the agro-tourism sector. The fifth criterion evaluates the farmsteads’ landscapes. The population, physical environment, and agricultural lands can all be used, to illustrate the natural, cultural, and historical landscapes of central Iranian regions. Landscapes are presented on both an internal and external scale. Conclusion The study concludes that the historical farmsteads in Iran significantly met the five criteria after carefully examining them. In addition to their historical significance, historic farmsteads continue to exist today and contribute to food and agricultural security in various places. They have gradually adapted to their surroundings, producing assorted products based on cultural and economic values while retaining and increasing agro-production knowledge and practices. Local residents and stakeholders have worked together in this regard throughout time to maintain the farmsteads. Farmsteads have been a product of continuous human presence in the environment, creating cultural, historical, agricultural, and visual landscapes. The GIAHS secretariat can first identify historic farms in the central regions of Iran and then have them registered globally using executive guidelines. It makes it possible to study a variety of vital and previously disregarded farm data, leading to their dynamic conservation based on location and time needs.</div> مزارع مسکون تاریخی, میراث کشاورزی جهانی, جیاس, ایران. Historical Farmsteads, World Agricultural Heritage, GIAHS, Iran. 345 369 http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/browse.php?a_code=A-10-496-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hosein Raie حسین راعی hoseinraie@iust.ac.ir 0000-0002-1914-793X Yes Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران، ایران