fa باستان‌سنجی تحلیلی: امکانات و فرصت‌های پژوهش در ایران تخصصی باستان‌شناسی Special Archeology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">پیش‌نیاز توسعۀ دانش باستان‌شناسی در کشور، دسترسی به آزمایشگاه‌های مجهز، به‌کارگیری متخصصان مجرب و گسترش همکاری‌های ملی و بین‌المللی است. امروزه دستاوردهای صنعت هسته‌ای در کشور می‌تواند سبب ارتقا کیفی و کمّی دانش باستان‌سنجی شود. با توجه به رشد و توسعه روزافزون روش‌های آنالیز مواد، لازم است مزایا و محدودیت‌های این روش‌ها موردتوجه پژوهشگران حوزۀ باستان‌سنجی قرارگیرد. در این پژوهش، امکانات و فرصت‌ها‌ی پژوهش در علم باستان‌سنجی تحلیلی با استفاده از روش‌های علوم تجربی در ایران ارائه و بحث شده است. به‌منظور معرفی ظرفیت‌های فنی کشور در این حوزه، تجهیزات و امکانات موجود برای انجام آنالیز و تحلیل داده‌های مرتبط با آن بررسی شده‌اند. علاوه‌بر این، به‌منظور شناخت مواد به‌کار برده شده در نمونه‌های باستانی و تعیین خاستگاه آن‌ها، مطالعۀ چند نمونه از این آثار با استفاده از روش‌های مختلف انجام شده است. فعالیت‌های انجام‌شده در این پژوهش شامل: پرتونگاری با ایکس و نوترون برای تصویر‌برداری از ساختار یک کوزۀ تاریخی مربوط به اوایل دورۀ قاجار، آنالیز عنصری آثار نگارگری در نسخ خطی با استفاده از روش آنالیز عنصری به‌منظورتعیین منشأ رنگ‌دانه‌های به‌کاررفته در آن، مطالعۀ الیاف طلا در فرش‌های نفیس دورۀ صفویه با استفاده از آنالیز هم‌زمان آنالیز عنصری و ساختاری، و آنالیز عنصری رنگ‌دانه‌های به‌کار‌رفته در نمونه‌های کاشی زرین‌فام مربوط به کاشان به‌روش آنالیز عنصری است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد ظرفیت‌های فنی موجود در کشور می‌تواند در شناخت ماهیت آثار باستانی و ارائۀ تحلیل‌های دقیق‌تر از این آثار، فرصت‌های جدیدی را در اختیار باستان‌شناسان کشور قرار ‌دهد.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong><br> Archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of the remained material culture. The prerequisite for the development of archeological knowledge in the country is access to equipped laboratories, hiring experienced specialists, and expanding national, and international cooperation. Due to rapid advances in instrumental analysis, relevant people in the fields of art and archeometry should be aware of the advantages and limitations of different types of instrumental analysis. In this paper, facilities and research opportunities in analytical archeometry using natural science in Iran are presented and discussed. To introduce the technical capacities of the country in this field, the available equipment and facilities for performing nuclear analysis techniques and their related data analysis are investigated. Moreover, to identify the materials used in the cultural heritage samples and to determine their origin, characterization of some of these samples has been done using nuclear analysis methods. The activities performed in this research include X-ray and neutron imaging of the structure of an ancient jar belonging to the early Qajar period, elemental analysis of miniature in an ancient manuscript using elemental analysis method, investigation of the golden threads in the precious carpet belonging to the Safavid period using elemental and structural, and elemental analysis of luster tiles belonging to the Kashan using elemental analysis. The results of this research show that the existing technical capacities in the country can provide new opportunities for archeologists to understand the nature of the cultural heritage samples in more depth and to provide more accurate analysis of the investigated samples.<br> <strong>Keywords:</strong> Analytical Archeometry, Cultural Heritage, Elemental Analysis, Structural Analysis.<br> <br> <strong>Introduction</strong><br> Archeology is an interdisciplinary science that studies ancient artifacts using analytical methods of various sciences and provides a deep insight into biological, social, cultural, and economic processes, and technologies used by humans throughout history. From the 20th century, cultural heritage researchers used the experts of all sciences and their new methods for the comprehensive reconstruction, biological and cultural transformation of humans, and knowledge of ancient artifacts and previous civilizations. As a result of this synergy, the recognition of cultural findings from archaeological excavations went beyond their mere description and classification, and more detailed analyzes of them were presented. Today&rsquo;s archeology can be seen as the result of chemical studies in archeology since 1795 in Europe (Pollard, 2007: 5). These studies included preliminary investigations regarding metals, minerals, glass, and some organic remains. In 1853 A.D, in the archaeological reports, the first appendices related to chemical analysis were presented by the archaeologist Austen Henry Layard, which was the beginning of the scientific and systematic cooperation in the two fields of chemistry and archaeology (Layard, 2018: 9).<br> <br> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br> Neutron and X-ray radiography: A jar sample from the Qajar period has been used for radiographic images. Figure .1 shows the results of the experiment.&nbsp;<br> PIXE analysis of the miniature: The PIXE analysis of the miniatures from the 15th century is measured in this work. Figure 2. Shows the setup of the experiment.&nbsp;<br> Micro-PIXE and RBS of the gold fibers in the Safavid carpet: Figure 3 shows an exquisite carpet from the Safavid period from the Iran carpet museum. The elemental analysis of the fibers used in this carpet is performed by micro-PIXE and RBS. The detail of this experiment is presented in (Torkiha, 2010: 17).<br> PIXE-PIGE analysis of the Zarrinfam tiles: Figure 4 shows the ancient Zarrinfam tile related to the Tapehsilk shrine in Kashan. To check the presence of the Azure pigments in the blue color, the PIXE-PIGE analysis of the carpet is performed. The detail of this experiment is presented in (Ghadiri, 2015: 9).<br> <br> <strong>Data</strong><br> The elemental map of the fiber of the carpet obtained by micro-RBS and PIXE is shown in Figure 5. The PIXE and PIGE of the Zarrinfam tiles are presented in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.&nbsp;<br> <br> <strong>Discussion</strong><br> The structural investigation of a jar from the Qajar period by the X-ray and neutron radiography showed that neutron radiography can show the detail of the sample. The PIXE analysis of the blue pigment in the miniature shows that the origin of this pigment is Lazorite stone (Kakuee, 2014: 124). The presence of the characteristic element of the mercury in the pink pigment shows that the origin of this color is the mineral Shangerf, which was also used to make red color in the Iranian ancient times. The bright pink color is also due to the green malachite pigment added to the main pigment of Shangerf (Kakuee, 2012: 178). The composition of the elements in the yellow pigment also indicates the use of gold in this pigment in order to increase its brightness. The use of gold to decorate the paintings in this form is still used. Regarding the black color, due to the presence of the characteristic element Mn in this pigment, its origin can be attributed to the mineral Pyrolusite (Clark, 2002: 7).<br> The micro-PIXE and RBS of the gold fibers in the Safavid carpet shows that there are large amounts of the sulfur element in the composition of all 3 fibers which is related to the silk thread used in making the fibers. The elemental distribution map of all 3 samples shows that gold, silver, and copper were used to make and decorate these fibers. In other parts of the fibers, no other characteristic element indicating the presence of pigment in the fibers was observed. Therefore, the silk used in making these fibers is raw and without dyeing. Micro-PIXE elemental analysis also shows that in the old samples of Golabatoon fibers, a thin layer of gold is covered on silver wires.<br> The PIXE analysis of the ancient Zarrinfam tile related to the Tapehsilk is performed by WinQxas (WinQxas, 2009) and the PIGE analysis is done by Fitzpeak software (FitzPeaks, 2011). Elements with an atomic number greater than aluminum have been detected using the PIXE analysis and elements F, Na, and Mg have been detected by PIGE analysis. The characteristic element for identifying lapis lazuli is Na, which is detected in large quantities in the samples 2 and 3. The amount of Na element in the sample 1 is very small and sample 4 also lacks this element. To confirm the results, all the 4 samples were exposed to the proton beam. In this case, induced light emission was detected only from the samples 1 to 3. Therefore, we can safely say that sample 4 is not lapis lazuli. Moreover, as shown in Table 2, the high amount of Co element in Zarrinfam tile distinguishes it from lapis lazuli stone. In fact, the combination of Co element with a glaze of Na alkaline elements in the sample is the origin of the azure color in Zarrinfam tile. The results of this research provide a suitable solution for determining the origin of lapis lazuli in the ancient samples and can be a suitable solution for monitoring of the economic and cultural relations of the past.<br> <br> <strong>Conclusion</strong><br> In this article, the scientific and technical capacities of the country and the active centers in the field of archeology, the state of analysis and software related to the data analysis are presented. To identify the active laboratories in the field of analysis of ancient artifacts, several active laboratories in the field of the analysis of archaeological samples and cultural heritage were introduced in this paper. Moreover, the results of the analytical archeology using several techniques were presented and discussed.&nbsp;</div> باستان‌سنجی تحلیلی, آثار باستانی, آنالیز عنصری, آنالیز ساختاری. Analytical Archeometry, Cultural Heritage, Elemental Analysis, Structural Analysis. 345 372 http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/browse.php?a_code=A-10-485-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Omidreza Kakuee امیدرضا کاکویی okakakuee@yahoo.com 0000-0000-0000-0000 Yes Research Institute of Physics and Accelerators, Research Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tehran, Iran پژوهشکدۀ فیزیک و شتابگرها، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، تهران، ایران Majid Montazer Zohouri مجید منتظرظهوری mzohouri14@gmail.com 0000-0000-0000-0000 No Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Akbar Abedi اکبر عابدی abediakbar1@gmail.com 0000-0000-0000-0000 No Assistant Professor of Department of Archaeology, Tabriz University of Islamic Arts, Tabriz, Iran. استادیار گروه باستان‌سنجی و باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Ali Biganeh علی بیگانه biganehali1368@gmail.com 0000-0000-0000-0000 No Research Institute of Physics and Accelerators, Research Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tehran, Iran پژوهشکدۀ فیزیک و شتابگرها، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، تهران، ایران Vahid Fathollahi وحید فتح‌اللهی v_fathollahi@yahoo.com 0000-0000-0000-0000 No Research Institute of Physics and Accelerators, Research Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tehran, Iran پژوهشکدۀ فیزیک و شتابگرها، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، تهران، ایران محمد لامعی‌رشتی No Research Institute of Physics and Accelerators, Research Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tehran, Iran پژوهشکدۀ فیزیک و شتابگرها، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، تهران، ایران Shokofeh Mesbahi شکوفه مصباحی No Research Institute for Protection and Restoration of Historical-Cultural Artifacts, Tehran, Iran. پژوهشکدۀ حفاظت و مرمت آثار تاریخی-فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. Amir Movafeghi امیر موافقی No Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Reactor Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، پژوهشکدۀ راکتور، تهران، ایران. Omid Oudbashi امید عودباشی No Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Isfahan University of Arts, Isfahan, Iran. دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. Behrooz Rok-Rok بهروز رک‌رک No Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Reactor Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، پژوهشکدۀ راکتور، تهران، ایران. Eafat Yahaghi عفت یاحقی No Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. گروه فیزیک، دانشکدۀ علوم پایه، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام‌خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران. Mostafa Zahedifar مصطفی زاهدی‌فر No Faculty of Physics, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran. دانشکدۀ فیزیک، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.