fa لـــور، تثبیـت ایلخـانـان تخصصی باستان‌شناسی Special Archeology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">تاکنون پژوهش‌های دامنه‌داری در زمینۀ چگونگی رویارویی ایلخانان مغول و پایان‌دادن به کار عباسیان و اسماعیلیان صورت‌گرفته است اما هنوز زوایای ناگفتۀ بسیاری نزد مورخان و محققان وجود دارد. آنچه مقرر است در این نوشتار بررسی شود زاویه‌ای متفاوت برگرفته از این پرسش است که آیا بخشی از رویارویی نظامی ایلخانان با عباسیان و اسماعیلیان در نقاطی رخ‌داده که به دور از برد پژوهشی مورخان و در پس پردۀ تاریک مانده باشد؟ نخستین فرضیه‌ای که به ذهن متبادر می‌شود آن ‌است ‌که سیاست تسخیر یا خرید قلعه‌های متعدد و نفوذ در کوهستان‌های مختلف توسط اسماعیلیان و همچنین یا‌فتن راه‌های نزدیک برای نفوذ به بغداد توسط ایلخانان، جدال ایلخانان با اسماعیلیان و عباسیان را به کوهستان زاگرس جنوب‌غرب نیز کشانده باشد. براساس شواهدی که در دست داریم حکومت‌های محلی قرون 5 و 6 هـ.ق. به‌شدت از آدمکشی‌های کوهستانیان اسماعیلی ترس داشتند. یکی از مناطقی که موقعیت مناسبی برای اسماعیلیان بود، کوهستان‌های شمال شهر لور1 بود که از طریق گذرگاه مهمی می‌توانست به بغداد وصل شود. این گذرگاه استراتژیک توانسته است مرکز ثقل سه دشمن دیرین باشد. ایلخانان بنا‌بر اسناد مغولی این‌بار هدف‌شان تنها نابود‌ کردن مناطق و تاراج نبود، بلکه آمده بودند تا در آسیای‌غربی پیروزی‌های درخشانی به‌دست آورند، زیرا ده سال بود که قلمرو آنان در این سمت توسعه نیافته بود. وضع مغولان چنان متزلزل بود که پیوسته از دربار قاآن استمداد می‌جستند و درخواست برچیدن حکومت خلفای بغداد و اسماعیلیه را داشتند. بر این اساس این‌بار با برنامه و نقشه‌های از قبل طراحی‌شده وارد ایران شده بودند. از طریق گذرگاه جنوب‌غرب شهر لور، هلاکو در دسامبر 1257م./655هـ.ق. نبرد علیه خلفای بغداد را آغاز کرد و در دهم فوریه سال 1258م./656 هـ.ق. وارد بغداد شد. براساس اسناد و نقشه‌های ارائه‌شده در این مقاله، شهر لور به‌عنوان یک مرکز استراتژیک نقش مؤثری در غلبۀ ایلخانان بر دو دشمن دیرینه آن‌ها داشته است. مقالۀ حاضر پس از بررسی و اثبات شهر لور، به اهمیت سیاسی نظامی این شهر در رویارویی ایلخانان با عباسیان و اسماعیلیان می‌پردازد. شیوۀ کار بر‌اساس جمع‌آوری شواهد از اسناد باستان‌شناسی و کتاب‌های معتبر تاریخی و تحلیل و نتیجه‌گیری از آن‌هاست.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong><br> So far, have much been researches about confrontation IlKhanids of Mongol and putting end to Abbasids Caliphate and Ismailis, but still there are many untold of facts unknown to historians and researchers. Based on evidence that we have, local governments of 5 and 6 century were strongly afraid of murders of Ismaili mountaineer. One of the areas that was the perfect opportunity for Ismailis, was the mountains of north of Lur which through an important this passage could connect to Baghdad. The Ilkhanids that according to the Mongolian documents this time their goal was not only to destroy regions and looting, but had come to get a brilliant victory in west Asia because for ten years their territory was not developed in this direction. The situation was so unstable for Mongols that they continuously asked help from the court of Qaan and requested the dismantling of the government of the caliphs of Baghdad and Ismaili. Accordingly, this time they entered Iran with a pre-designed plan. H&uuml;leg&uuml; army was equipped with Chinese gunpowder and latest engineering equipment of siege. Cavalry archers of H&uuml;leg&uuml; were under the command of commanders that are involved with military operations with Subutai and Genghis Khan. So, in this study are two questions: What is due to be reviewed in this paper, is a different aspect, derived from this question; whether part of military confrontation with the Abbasids and the Ismailis occurred in places far from the range of historians and left behind in the dark? The first hypothesis this is: the policy of conquest or purchasing numerous castles and penetration in various mountains by the Ismailis and as well as finding ways to penetrate to Baghdad by Ilkhanids, has been gone the struggle between Ilkhanids with Ismailis and Abbasids Caliphate to southwest Zagros Mountains.<br> <strong>Keywords:</strong> Lur City, Ilkhanids, Abbasids Caliphate, Ismailis, Baghdad.<br> <br> <strong>Introduction</strong><br> According to documents presented in this study, Lur City has been strategic center played an effective role for Ilkhanids in defeating their two arch-enemies. Lur city on one hand could play the role of logistics base in mountain base to combat Mongereh castle (Mongereh), that was located on Mount dez (dez) the mountains north of Lur, and also with use of the passage in southwest of city, and Ilkhanids army could easily pass the passage and access the center of the caliphate i.e. Baghdad. According to the documents, this passage also existed in past and according to ancient documents at one time it was crossing between Paul Assyria&rsquo;s army to fight the Ilam / ancient Ilam, and at the Sassanid period, it was passage used by Sassanid Shapur to deal with Rome in the battle of Edessa. In the Islamic period, its importance was known to Ilkhanids and H&uuml;leg&uuml; in good way and using military terminal of Lur managed to use part of his military operations against the Ismailis in northern mountains and another part through the southwest passage of city against the Abbasid. Lur base helped Ilkhanids to overcome enemies of Ismaili and Abbasid Caliphate and also they established their rule. From this base, they used their military force against the Damascus and Aleppo, because their next stop after Baghdad was raid on Syria. H&uuml;leg&uuml; by strengthening its forces in the same passage managed the development, support and guidance of the military operations in other parts. The present article, after survey Lur city, is deals with political and military importance of city in facing Abbasids Caliphate, Ismailis, and Ilkhanids. The work method is based on collecting evidence of valid documents, archaeological and historical books, and analysis from them.<br> <br> <strong>Importance of Lur crossing</strong><br> Through the passage of southwest of Lur city, H&uuml;leg&uuml; in 655 AH / December 1257 AD started the battle against the caliphs of Baghdad and in February of 1258 I CE / 656 AH arrived in Baghdad. He plundered Baghdad and after that the caliph surrendered. Abbasids Caliphate treasures were looted and were shipped to the headquarters of the Mongolian Khan. By H&uuml;leg&uuml;&rsquo;s command caliph was thrown under horses hooves and killed and after 5 centuries Abbasid caliphate was overthrown by the Mongols. They continued operations to other cities around Syria, through that passage until receiving news of death Mngoqaan the Mongol army was halted progress and H&uuml;leg&uuml; Khan returned to Azerbaijan. As a result Egypt used the provisional interruption that had emerged in the Mongol onslaught, and provided stability against them. But on the whole Ilkhanids using thus strategic passage by entering Baghdad from the west could bring under the control of different areas. In base of Lur city the Mongereh castle was conquered and this event started Ilkhanids serious presence in the Mongereh castle. Pottery glazed turquoise blue in 7 and 8 AH centuries, is indicate the capture of this important and historic castle by Ilkhanids and their establishment within this period.<br> <br> <strong>Conclusion</strong><br> According to discussions provided in this study, Lur City as a strategic center played an effective role for Ilkhans in defeating their two arch-enemies. Lur city on one hand could play the role of logistics base in mountain base to combat Mongereh castle (Mongereh), that was located on Mount dez (dez) the mountains north of Lur, and also with use of the passage in southwest of city, and Ilkhanids army could easily pass the passage and access the center of the caliphate i.e. Baghdad. So, it seams, fall of the Lur city has been led to overthrow of Abbasid Caliphate. The pottery glazed turquoise blue in 7 and 8 AH centuries, is indicate the capture of this important and historic castle by Ilkhanids and their establishment within this period.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"></div> ایلخانیان, تزئینات گچ‌بری, نقوش تزئینی, امام‌زاده فضل‌بن‌سهل آوه. Lur City, Ilkhanids, Abbasids Caliphate, Ismailis, Baghdad. 105 114 http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-9&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hamidreza Safakish حمیدرضا صفا‌کیش h-safakiesh-history@iiau.ac.ir No Assistant Professor, Department of History, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch. استادیار گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز. Homayoon Hatamian همایون حاتمیان h550bc@yahoo.com Yes Ph.D. Candidate, Department of History, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch. دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز