fa غار کان‌گوهر: تحلیل یک حادثۀ تاریخی با روش‌های باستان‌شناسی‌زیستی تخصصی باستان‌شناسی Special Archeology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;">در سال 1389 ه&zwj;.ش. از معدن غار کان‌گوهر در شهرستان بوانات در استان فارس تعدادی اسکلت‌ انسانی کشف شد. باتوجه به‌وجود فرضیه‌های مختلف در رابطه باوجود این بقایا در غار و نامعلوم بودن قدمت آن‌ها، به‌منظور یافتن دلیل وجود این تعداد بقایای انسانی، علاوه‌بر بازدید از غار، جغرافیای تاریخی منطقۀ بوانات در منابع تاریخی نیز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در منابع دورۀ آل‌مظفر و تیموری ذکر شده است که در حدود سال 742 ه&zwj;.ق.، هم‌زمان با ناآرامی‌های بعد از فروپاشی ایلخانان در ایران و نبود قدرت متمرکز، روستایی در بوانات مورد حملۀ امیرزاده‌ای مغول قرار گرفته و اهالی روستا برای نجات جان خود به غاری پناه می‌برند. امیر‌زاده به‌محض اطلاع از محل اختفای آن‌ها، دستور به افروختن آتش در دهانۀ غار داده که دود ناشی از آن منجر‌ به کشته شدن تمام افراد در داخل غار می‌شود. درراستای تطبیق این بقایای باستان‌شناختی با رویداد مذکور در منابع تاریخی، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی زیستی با محوریت بررسی آثار خشونت، با استفاده از روش پیشنهادی &laquo;بیوکسترا&raquo; و &laquo;آبه‌لیکر&raquo; (در سال 1994م.) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. این روش برمبنای مشاهدۀ چشمی، با هدف تخمین سن، تعیین جنسیت، تشخیص بیماری‌ها و شناسایی تمام تغییرات قبل، حین و پس از مرگ تنظیم شده است. باتوجه به سقف دود‌زدۀ غار، به‌ویژه دهانۀ آن، تعداد زنان (37 درصد)، کودکان (29 درصد) و کهنسالان (30 درصد) و نبود آثار خشونت فیزیکی در جمجمه‌ها و وجود آثار سوختگی، می‌توان با احتمال این بقایا را با حادثۀ مذکور در منابع تاریخی تطبیق داد. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند پاسخ روشنی را در جهت فهم علت وجود این تعداد بقایای انسانی در غار مذکور فراهم آورند.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong><br> In 2010 some human remains were discovered in Kan-Gohar cave, an iron mine which is located close to Bavanat city in Fars Province. By regarding the different hypothesis about the probable events which might have been occurred inside the cave and unknown date of them, after visiting the cave, a series of historical sources relevant to Bavanat regional history were considered. Some texts (e.g. Ale-Mozaffar and Timurid sources) pointed to the events which have been occurred in1350 AD through which after the death of Abu-Saeed Ilhkanid, people of a village in Bavanat were attacked by one of the Mongols son, so that all villagers to escape sheltered inside a cave to save their lives. But Mongol ruler ordered to set a huge fire in the entrance of the cave, thus all people were suffocated by the smoke and were killed in the cave. In order to compare these human remains with the mentioned event in historical sources, bioarchaeological studies were done with focus on violence using standard protocols of Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994). This method is rely almost solely on observations aiming to age estimation, sex determination, identification of pathological conditions and taphonomic agents. Considering the smoky roof and entrance of the cave, the number of females (37%), subadults (29%) and old individuals (30%) and lack of physical violence traces and observing the traces of burning on some of the bones, these assemblage of human remains are comparable with this historical event, with probability. These findings can provide an answer in order to find out the reason of discovering this human remains assemblage from Kan-Gohar cave.&nbsp;<br> <strong>Keywords:</strong> Kan Gohar Cave, Bavanat City, Human Remains, Bioarchaeology, Archaeology of Violence.<br> <br> <strong>Introduction</strong><br> In 2010, a large number of human remains, burnt wooden objects and old shoes and clothing with lots of ash all around the cave specially in the entrance, were discovered from Kan-Gohar cave in Bavanat city in Fars Province. Since the bones were very well preserved, in addition to Fars Cultural Heritage Organization (CHO), Legal Medicine Organization (LMO) started to handle the studies on these bones, through collecting 47 skulls from the cave. The results of LMO studies revealed that most of the skulls belong to females and children, and they seemed that the skulls could not be assigned to the modern times and probably they are the victims of a firing. CHO studies by focus on cultural materials revealed that these are the mine workers who were killed by the collapse of the cave roof probably in the Safavid or Qajar periods. In addition to these hypothesis it was possible to assume that these human remains belong to people with dangerous infectious disease that are banished in this cave to save other people lives. Although there have been no a convincible answer, the case was closed. In 2015 through an archaeological survey project in Bavanat, and the director of this project stated that these are likely the victims of a war (Khanipour et al., 2015). After this project there was another chance to open this case for more investigation (Najafi 2018, Najafi et al., 2018). The aim of this article is to reveal the probable reason of discovering this human remains assemblage from Kan-Gohar cave. In this research 2 methods are used, the first, is studying the historical sources and the second is studying the human remains with using standard protocols (Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994). This method is rely almost solely on observations aiming to age estimation, sex determination, identification of pathological conditions and taphonomic agents.&nbsp;<br> <br> <strong>Discussion</strong><br> Since the discovered cultural materials in the cave belong to Islamic Period, the relevant historical sources of different Islamic periods were evaluated. The result of this comprehensive survey on written sources revealed that some of the Ale-Mozaffar and Timurid sources would point to an event that has been occurred in 1343 AD. After the death of Abu-Saeed Ilkhanid, there was political instability and people of a village in Bavanat were attacked by one of the Mongols son, so that all villagers were sheltered inside a cave to save their lives. But Mongol ruler found the shelter and ordered to set a huge fire in the entrance of the cave, thus all people were killed in the cave through the influence of smoke. This event is mentioned in six sources with the same story. (Hafiz. Abru 1996, 1938, Qazvini 1993, Yazdi 1947, Kotobi 1985, Samarghandi 1993, Mirkhand 2001). So, this and it is possible that theses human remains are the victims of this event.<br> The results of bioarchaeological studies are related to age estimation, sex determination, identification of pathological conditions and taphonomic agents. The study of 40 skulls revealed 9 unidentifiable skulls, 15 females and 2 males. Age estimation showed 12 old individuals, 13 adults, 15 subadults (11 children and 4 adolescents). The pathological situations include pelagiocephaly in 16 skulls and it should be noted that this feature was observable in all ages, 5 old individuals, 6 children and 6 adults. 11 skulls were identified with porotic hyperostosis and 14 skulls with Cribra orbitalia. The last one is button Steoma in 6 skull. Taphonomic changes include smoky and burnt skulls with black and brown staining with post mortem breakage and crystalline spots. 3 antemortem trauma were identified that have been healed before death. No evidence of physical violence was observable on these skulls.&nbsp;<br> <br> <strong>Conclusion</strong><br> The aim of this research is to find out why these human remains without usual burial practices are spread in this cave. The identified pathological items are not related to infectious disease and it is not acceptable that these individuals are abandoned in this cave, to die without hurting others. These human remains based on sex and age, don&rsquo;t belong to mine workers, since almost all of them belong to old individuals, subadults and females that are not qualified to work in mine as mine workers. The reason of death isn&rsquo;t roof collapse in the cave, since there is no evidences of pre-mortem breakage on the skulls that cause death. Based on the available proofs in archaeological context of these remains, like a thick layer of ash, burnt wooden materials and in some of the skulls, scattering bones in all around the cave and smoky entrance of the cave, it is likely that a huge fire was set in the entrance and the smoke has been scattered in all around and covered most places and objects too. Moreover the sex and age gender combination lead us to not only an accidental event in the cave, but also an organized action. One of the reasons that causes old individuals, children and subadults climbed the mountain and gather all together in such a dark and dangerous place, is a more dangerous event that can cause them to death. Based on this combination, the most probable reason can be war. So the geographical location of the cave, the condition of the context and age and gender combination prepare some clues to compare and connect it with the event which happened in Bavanat. These are likely the ones who sheltered in the cave to save their lives so they were killed with no physical violence, and they were suffocated by the smoke and died. &nbsp;</div> غار کان‌گوهر, شهرستان بوانات, بقایای انسانی, باستان‌شناسی زیستی, باستان‌شناسی خشونت. Kan Gohar Cave, Bavanat City, Human Remains, Bioarchaeology, Archaeology of Violence. 159 173 http://journal.richt.ir/mbp/browse.php?a_code=A-10-262-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mahsa Najafi مهسا نجفی mahsa.najafi@ut.ac.ir No M.A. in Archeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Kamal Aldin Niknami کمال‌الدین نیکنامی kniknami@ut.ac.ir Yes Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Saeid Golamzadeh سعید غلامزاده Golam123@gmail.com No Vice Chancellor in Administration and Resources Development affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. معاون اجرایی معاونت توسعه مدیریت و منابع دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Arkadiusz Sołtysiak آرکادیوش سولتیشیاک a.soltysiak@uw.edu.p No Professor, Department of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Archeology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی زیستی، دانشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه ورشو، ورشو، لهستان