Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

The Impact of the Mid-Holocene Climate Changes on the Genesis and Development of the Early Settlements in the North of Central Iran

Babak Shaikh Baikloo Islam

Abstract
In the Holocene, there has been a sudden and severe climate change that has affected the process of cultural evolution, subsistence system, demographic change, and the pattern of the distribution of human settlements. Palaeoclimatological studies show that in the second half of the 7th millennium BC, during a cold and dry climatic event, with a peak of about 6200 BC, the settlement conditions, in particular in some parts of the Northern hemisphere, were significantly disturbed. After this period, the air temperature rose sharply and replaced the warm and dry climate from the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. From the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC, gradually, the amount of humidity increased and the air temperature decreased, so that from the beginning of the second half of the 6th millennium BC, more favorable climate conditions were created for agricultural activities. The early evidence of the human settlements in the North of Central Iran region mainly belongs to the beginning of the sixth millennium BC. Due to the lack of architectural evidence from the first half of the 6th millennium BC in this region, human societies were probably semi-sedentary. From about 5400 BC, sedentary-farmer settlements with architecture were established and gradually their number increased. In the early 5th millennium BC, a warm and dry climatic change caused the interregnum/collapse of the settlements in the region. Therefore, the time of the genesis and prosperity of the early settlements in the North of Central Iran was related to the climatic conditions and occurred in an appropriate climate period between two dry periods.
Keywords: The Mid-Holocene, Climate Change, 6200 BC Event, 6th Millennium BC, The North of Central Iran.

Introduction
Although human beings have the liberty in nature, the study of the cultural evolution of human societies without reference to environmental change cannot be valid. In other words, one of the main motives of cultural dynamism and evolution is interactions between humans and the environment.
The Holocene period is divided into three phases: the early Holocene (ca. 9700 - 6000 BC), the middle (ca. 6000-3000 BC) and the late (ca. 3000 BC). Abrupt climate changes, both warming and colding, which have led to drought and unfavorable environmental conditions, have repeatedly occurred since the beginning of the Holocene age and have led to cultural collapses in human societies. However, between these climatic events, we often witness the birth of a new or evolved culture.
In the cultural region of the North of Central Iran, with the exception of the Western Tepe of Sang-i Chakhmaq, no evidence has yet been found of human settlements belonging to before the sixth millennium BC (the beginning of the Middle Holocene). Due to the occurrence of the 6200 BC climatic event, which caused a severe cold-drought period for 200-400 years (in different regions), presumably, the lack of prehistoric sites has been linked to unfavorable climatic conditions in this arid and semi-arid cultural region. The results of palaeoclimatological studies, together with absolute datings, can not only be useful in more accurate chronology of ancient sites, but also they can explain the causes of population changes, settlement patterns, many of migrations and displacements of human societies, as well as changes in their diet and lifestyle. In this study, considering the climatic condition of the early Mid-Holocene, based on the palaeoclimatological studies carried out in several sites, the initial status of human settlements in the North of Central Iran region during the sixth millennium BC will be discussed.

Research Findings
In the Holocene, the air temperature and moisture significantly increased compared to the Ice Age, and the changing climate led to the emergence of the Neolithic Age and food production. However, during this period, despite the high average of the air temperature, the earth experienced severe climate changes, which affected cultural development, demographic changes, subsistence system, and the distribution pattern of human settlements. Around 6200 BC, suddenly, a very cold climate change occurred, which lasted 150 to 600 years in different regions. The occurrence of this event led to changes in the lifestyle of the Neolithic communities. The cultural region of the North of Central Iran consists of two parts: the Western part (the salt lake basin) and the Eastern part (the Western half of the central desert basin). The oldest Neolithic settlement in the Western part of the region is the Western tepe of Sang-i Chakhmaq dating back to 7200 BC to 6600 BC, but in the Eastern part, no settlements belonging to before 6100 BC have been found.
So far, a few semi-sedentary sites belonging to the first half of the 6th millennium BC in the salt lake basin have been identified. Palaeoclimatological studies show that the air temperature and humidity have suddenly increased sharply after the 6200 BC cold event. However, since the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC, the air temperature has gradually decreased. In the middle of this millennium, an abrupt warming fluctuation occurred, but from about 5400 BC, the air temperature and humidity reached an optimum level for agricultural activities. In general, the early sedentary-farmer settlements in this region belong to after 5400 BC. However, at the end of the 6th millennium BC, another climate change caused severe warm-dry conditions, in which, since the beginning of the fifth millennium BC, settlements gradually collapsed.

Conclusion
The cultural area of North Central Iran consists of two parts: West (catchment basin of Namak Lake) and East (Western half catchment basin of central desert). The first Neolithic settlement in the Western part of this region, Western mound of Sang-i Chakhmaq with dating 7200 BC to 6600 BC. In the eastern part, so far, no settlement older haven’t been found than 6100 BC. The early sedentary-farmer settlements in the cultural region of the north of central Iran, such as Yan Tepe of the Ozbeki site, Tepe Ibrahim Abad, Tepe Moein Abad, Northern Tepe of the Sialk site, Tepe Pardis and Tepe Cheshmeh Ali, have been established and developed in a 400-year period between 5400 and 5000 BC with a relatively mild and humid climate, between two severe drought periods.

The Newfound Evidence of the Oldest Remains of Architecture of Chalcolithic Period in Kurdistan Province (Based on Archaeological Excavations)

Abbas Motarjem

Abstract
Archaeological excavations Tepe Gheshlagh have been helpful in understanding Chalcolithic sites in the high region separating the East Central Zagros and the Southern Lake Urmia Basin. Though cultural interface between the two regions was alluded to in the earlier publications, nothing was known of the existence of intermediate sites between them. Tepe Gheshlagh is a site at the center of Talvar valley that as a natural corridor serves to bring the concerned regions into closer contact, and its archaeological data will contribute to reconstruction of interactions of the regions in the Chalcolithic period. The Tepe Gheshlagh is one of the few settlements of the ancient villagers in the Talvar valley of the Bijar City, dating back to the fifth millennium BC (Ancient, Middle, and Late Chalcolithic period) which according to the Thermoluminescence tests it has been settlement form 5500 BC to 3600 BC without any interruption. Performing three seasons of archaeological excavations in this site provides us valuable information about the cultural and archaeological conditions of the region. This site have around one hectare, and during the settlement is formed ancient deposit more than 14 meters.
Keywords: Tepe Gheshlagh, Village Period, Architecture of Fifth Millennium BC, Native Material.

Introduction
Excavations Tepe Gheshlagh have over 14 meters of deposits from different phases of the Chalcolithic period at the site, which consists of a sequence of five periods that begins with the characteristic Dalma material at the lowermost and ends with the Godin VI/VII type material at the uppermost deposit that marks the later phase of the Late Chalcolithic period. After Bronze Age material and after a cultural gap is appeared Iron III. Thus, we deal here with an almost uninterrupted sequence in the Central Zagros spanning almost two millennia. Results from the three seasons of excavations have furnished a clear picture of the Chalcolithic architecture (settlement sequence and other cultural material extending from the Dalma period up to the end of Godin VI). Excavated data from Tepe Gheshlagh is show connections between the Northwest Iranian cultures (Dalma tradition) and Central ZagrosThis is certainly due to the strategic location of the region in a natural pass that has mediated interactions between the two regions. Through cultural studies of the archaeological site of Gheshlagh in Talvar in Kurdistan province, regarded as the regional key site and a major settlement from the Chalcolithic period with clear evidence of Dalma traditions, this study will attempts to illustrate origin and development of the Dalma culture in the region and study evolution in the eastern Central Zagros hinterlands. Also, the cultural developments that took place in these hinterlands will be elucidated and the role of Gheshlagh as a key settlement site in this regard will be determined and the trend of the economic, social and cultural changes of the site’s inhabitants over time will be explained in light of archaeological data. In this context, absolute dates of ceramics would greatly facilitate the precise identification of the strata through providing a chronology for the region.

Goals of Tepe Gheshlagh
One of the major goals of the present work is define the nature of the cultural ties between the early village settlements of the eastern Central Zagros hinterlands and the neighboring regions. There are indications that clearly prove the interactions. We may consider two approaches to the problem. The first is in light of indirect interactions, which including: (1) the material that may have entered the region as raw material or finished products, which are certainly of nonlocal origin; (2) inspirations from Hasuna tradition in the form of Hasuna-like pottery types, ceramics decorated with applied scales characteristic of Umm Dabaghiya, and abstract motifs of the Halaf period such as sun motif. The second builds on direct interactions: there are indications that reveal direct interface of Tepe Gheshlagh with the Southern Mesopotamia and Susiana plain. One of the clay seals is with impression of a stamp seal, it was made from the local materials of area. Other one of the findings is discovery of at least two unique sherds that obviously belong to the Ubaid period. The intrusion of Ubaid period material to Iran is known from Gawra XIII contemporary to the Chalcolithic period, and T. Cuyler Young and Levine’s observations during their surveys of the Eastern Central Zagros indicate the strong presence of Ubaid material culture, represented for instance by Dalma-Ubaid ware. The third indication is a quasi-cylindrical seal attesting to the transition from stamp to cylindrical seals, though technically it is a cylindrical seal not a stamp one. Similar trend is as yet unreported from any other region.

Conclusion
Tepe Gheshlagh is located in the highland region between northwest and central Zagros in the current boundary of Bijar City. In terms of biological sequences, 5 periods of the settlements and 7 architectural phases of the Chalcolithic period were identified in this site. The archaeological evidence of the ancient village of the Tepe Gheshlagh indicated that the architectural texture in terms of physically consists of small central chambers overlooking the central courtyard, which due to the movable findings; it is possible to identify their function, such as kitchen, warehouse, and living space. In terms of architectural form, the spaces are often right-angled, and entirely are made of native and local materials, including mold brick and stratum, whereas the thickness of the main walls in relation to the dividing walls are Maximum twice, and the thickness of most of them are between 40 and 55 cm, and often in the first ridge used a one row of stones as foundation of the building. But the small walls from the beginning have been made with stratum. The main entrances are mainly to the Southwest (sunshiny). The fastening method is used for connecting the walls in the corners, and in the remaining height of the buildings, there is no sign of tension and cracks caused by the difference in load occurrence in the corners.

Qala Ziwa: A Newfound Site with J Ware in Marivan

Morteza Zamani

Abstract
The first season of archaeological survey in Marivan by a team from University of Bu-Ali sina Hamedan was lead to identify some prehistoric sites from Middle Paleolithic to Chalcolithic period. As a result of in mentioned investigation prehistoric cultural sequence of the area from Middle Paleolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period (except Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic) have been identified. So, there was a main question about the absence of Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period sites of Marivan area. Fortunately, during our recent archaeological survey in Marivan, we succeeded in discovering an interesting site (Qala Ziwa) which has traces Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware). In addition to Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware), some typical Dalma related pottery was also sampled from the site. Among mentioned potteries, we believe that most important period can be considered as Early Chalcolithic period. Against other regions of Western Iran particularly Central Zagros that many Early Chalcolithic period sites were identified, this area is really less known and obviously Qala Ziwa is one of the first Early Chalcolithic period site ever reported from Marivan area. This site has typical J ware and compared with similar Early Chalcolithic period sites in Central Zagros. This pottery has been related to the Western parts of Central Zagros like Mahidasht zone and discovering J ware in Marivan can added this area to the distribution zone of this culture also. As mentioned, surface survey of the site showing that Qala Ziwa has a complete sequence from Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period. So, excavation of the site in order to clarifying stratigraphy of the site would yield valuable information regarding too late six millennium B.C archaeological studies of Western Iran.
Keywords: Qala Ziwa, Late Neolithic, Early Chalcolithic, J Ware, Marivan.

Introduction
Looking to the geographical position of Marivan area, it became clear that this region is placed between 2 of the main archaeological zone of entire Western Iran (Central Zagros in South and Urmia lake basin in North). Prehistoric Archaeologist studies concentrated at those 2 mentioned zone and did not pay attention to the prehistoric sites (particularly Neolithic period) of studied (Marivan and adjacent areas). Fortunately, the situation has changed recently and a few Neolithic period sites have been reported not only in Marivan but at the areas like Bijar region (Motarjem & Sharifi, 2018). For the first time was identified 2 Neolithic sites in 2002 (Mohammadifar & Motarjem, 2003, 2015). Two Marivan Neolithic period sites (Tepe Hamaomin and Hamamorad) dating to early period of Neolithic (Mohammadifar & Motarjem, 2003, 2015) and as mentioned, there was not any information about Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period sites of the area. Noted that as result of first archaeology survey of Marivan by Bu – Ali sina university expedition some sites from Middle Paleolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period (except Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic sites) reported. So, there was this important question that what happened after Early Neolithic period in Marivan region and why no Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic site was reported? Why there is such long gap time (more than 3 millinume) in this area? Discovering Qala Ziwa which contain cultural deposits from Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic is may fill this cultural gap obviously.

Methodology
The research methodology uses in this study is based on primary surface survey. Regarding to the importance of the site for late 6 millennium B.C archaeological studies, the site was surveyed carefully and from each periods typical pottery was sampled. As common in archaeological studies the sampled potteries have been sorted, photographed and analyzed. Our preliminary analyzes showing that this site has 3 different archaeological deposits: Late Neolithic (?), Early Chalcolithic, and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma phase). Any way future studies and even excavation would tell us more about this interesting site.

Conclusion
Even as result human interference like agricultural activity the surface of the site was damaged, and it is not possible to sample data systematically, but distribution pattern of surface pottery was really interesting. As mentioned, surface pottery showing that the site would contain the deposits of 3 different archaeological periods: Late Neolithic (?), Early Chalcolithic, and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma phase). The pottery of last period (Dalma phase) scattered at the highest level of Tepe, J ware was sampled in Middle part and Late Neolithic shreds distributed at the lowest level of the site. Even such surface observation is not so trusted and archaeological excavation may show something different, but this pattern is really similar the stratigraphy of some Central Zagros sites like Seabed and Chogha Maran. In Chogha Maran the Early Chalcolithic deposits characterized by J ware lay on the virgin soil and Middle Chalcolithic is the upper one. In Siabid the most ancient cultural deposits belonging to Late Neolithic period which Early Chalcolithic (J ware) and Middle Chalcolithic are upper layers. But in some other site like recent excavated site like Tepe Qeshlagh in Bijar the situation is completely different. In Tepe Qeshlagh the most ancient layer is Late Neolithic deposit which upper layer is Dalma phase. But as mentioned in Tepe Qala Ziwa and some other Central Zagros sites, J ware would place between Late Neolithic layer and early phase of Middle Chalcolithic period (Dalma period). All mentioned document demonstrated that this new discovered site can be compare with Central Zagros region and particularly Western part like Mahidasht zone. As mentioned there was not any information about Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period of this area of Western Iran and Qala Ziwa is one of the first discovered site of this period. Obviously, future archaeological survey and excavation would yield remarkable information about archaeology of late six millennium B.C of Western Iran.

Zavarehvar, the Central Site from of the Urbanization Period (Protoliterate) of Varamin Plain: Studying Pottery Features

Sobhan Ghasemi

Abstract
The Varamin plain is located on the way to the Great Khorasan and the point of intersection between East and West of Iran in the North of Iran’s Plateau. The plain is fertile in the south of the Alborz Mountains and the deposits of alluvial soils flowed from the Alborz to the central desert, and are the gathering place of human societies with evidence from the Middle Paleolithic so far. This plain, with an average up rainfall, but due to the arrival of current waters, in the past, nowadays, with the construction of two dams on the way to the streets of Varamin, a small amount of this river water reaches Varamin, there is a thriving agricultural and livestock farming, which are still visible signs Is. The Zahistor area is also one of the foundations located on the periphery of the river, which is likely to be permanent, which is currently no longer visible. The site is one of the few settlements where its initiation pottery was obtained in the plain of Varamin, and the key area is located in the East of the plain of Ray and North of Qom. The purpose of this research is to introduce and describe the area as a whole, and to identify and characterize the clay evidence of the site, and its comparative study on the Susa, bang, and primitive culture of the culture. The questions raised in this study are generally about the changes in the pottery of this site, and what interactions have they with the nearby sites? The basis of analyzes relies more on information and internal findings, and field data, and the results also include the full typology of its upcoming pottery and the documentation of another settlement establishment of the urbanization period (its initiation) based on the evidence of the pottery of this period.
Keywords: Zavarehvar, Varamin Plain, Protoliterate, Pottery.

Introduction
This site is located in the archaeological study of Varamin plain, and was identified in Jawadabad District in 2012 (Hessari et al., 2014). The Zahavar is currently a small part of a brick factory that was excavated to expand the plant to cultural works that had before been seen in the plain of Varamin. It is worth noting, that if the plan was not a factory development, then, perhaps, in years of years, nobody realized these works and remained unknown. Having found cultural materials from this site, the question of the scarcity of the study centers in the Varamin plain was cleared in the studies of the Varamin plain establishments in Varamin plain, but other questions were based on the works of the Safavid horizons of Sialk III and IV, how the clay changes to this site and that what has been interacting with nearby centers. These findings adapted to the Shush 2 cultural horizons in Khuzestan, Fars, Varamin plains, Erisman and Sialk (Hessari et al., 1396; Hessari, 2011; Alden, 1982; Malkeshmirzadi, 2006; Ghirshman, 1934). In the evaluation of clay indicators, the basis of analyzes is more based on information and internal findings and field data. The main objective of this research is to document the archaeological evidence of Late Protoliterate and Early Bronze Age periods in this area, which can serve as an indicator area in the North of the Iranian plateau, depicts the routes to the South through the Chemarshahr to Qaq Qom, Qalidroish and Silak Kashan. The most important approach to this study is to answer the question of how are the findings gathered from this hill can interpret the culture of the cohesion of Silk III to the culture of Silk IV? This is avilible the hypothesis that there was probably a native culture specific to the plain of Varamin, which has been serious interactions with the south and north of the plain.

The Types of Pottery Studied
The zeal was collected from the clay and classified in the field study and then in comparative study in the following species (Ghasemi, 1392).
Type one: The clobug, which is hereinafter called CLEBUG, is made of wheat, and has a mildew paste.
Type two: The pomegranate, called FIGTEG, is a man-made with brown-black or black-colored gray tasting, often with simple (non-engraved) pottery with relatively thin bodies.
Type three: The abbreviation is FIGOP. This kind of crop with orange-brown flavors and a creamy lining is the largest known species in this collection.
Type four: This type includes mostly simple pottery and rarely pomegranate, which has a small amount of herbs in it.
Type five: This type is so rough with a pepper-colored, or curly-colored, cream-molded pottery that is used in it to be large vegetation with high purity of gravel.
Type Six: Such hand-made pottery with a vivid color and desire to have a simple and small bowl known as the Banchi Tray or the Uruk (Hessari et al., 1396: 40) seems to have been made of simple pottery without any decoration and role.
In this resaerch, other types of pottery such as types 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 have been studied.

Conclusion
The appearance of the bevelled rim bowles on this site should indicate some specific and intermittent activities. It is possible to examine and determine some of the administrative-supervisory documents through different sizes of containers. It seems, that the time findings of this site has before been the beginning of the period or the horizon of Susa 2. These examples are proposed in the comparative chronicle of the middle Susa cultural period. The low proportion of applied pottery in this site such as cooked bowls, is may prove non-industrial and non-productive.

The Influence Area of Culture and Cultural Interactions of the Scythian Tribes in Eurasia

Reza Rezalou

Abstract
Migrant Scythian tribes were occupied many parts of the Eurasia following a move to the West in the first millennium B.C. The Scythian people were among the last Aryan tribes who, after the migration of other indo-European tribes, emerged from their mainland (Southern Russia) at the end of the Eighth century, and dispersed in Northern Central and Southern Siberia, the North of the Caspian Sea and its Western boundary, in the vast plains of the Caucasus Mountains. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence area and cultural interactions of these ethnic groups in sixteen geographical zones of the Eurasia, from east to West. The present study in a historical method, with a qualitative approach and based on archaeological reports have studied dispersion of the Scythian type artifacts in the West Mongolia, Tuva region, the Altai region, Central Asia, Iran, South Caucasus, North Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Crimea, southern Ukraine and South-East Europe, Egypt, Greece, West Mediterranean, Central and Western Europe. Because of the extent of the study area, in this research has been tried to be mentioned to the main of the Scythian areas in the each zone and its materials, so that be shown a detailed view of the extent of this culture in Eurasia. The present research has been carried out according to these main questions: How is the extent area of the Scythian culture? What is the type of their materials in each of these areas? The results point to the vastness of this culture in a wide area of geography. The culture has been able to influence many cultural and geographical areas and attract the cultures of many tribes, in the short time. In many of the areas studied, there are similar findings from this culture.
Keywords: Eurasia, Scythian Tribes, Scythian Cultural, Scythian Burial.

Intrudoction
When a tribe enter to an alien land as an immigrant or an invader, it develops its culture as an effective factor over time. Although immigrant or invading peoples may not pursue such a goal, undeniable impacts and cultural relations, as a factor in stimulating such processes, will accelerate. They seek to dominate human resources in the every part of the world, and change the cultural, political, and social equations of the conquered regions and, after consolidating their presence, propagate purposely their culture. In the meantime, due to cultural interactions, the art of these immigrant or invading generations also affects. This impact has been associated with war in most cases, and the outcome of such a struggle is the creation of a cohesive culture in a wide range. The more these wars continue and wider, the greater the culture of dominant folk; in this process, the power of the invading force is a major factor. The generators of homogeneity in this area act in the most common and similar cases. In other words, the cultural attributes of a people in two distant geographic districts show similar characteristics. The development of the culture of the Scychian peoples in a widespread zone, and in a short time, has almost followed such a mechanism. Scythian people at the beginning of the first millennium B.C in their movement were to the west, Central Asia, North and South Caucasus, the north of the Black Sea, East Europe, Northwest of Iran, East Anatolia, Mesopotamia and the vicinity of Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea and they left their cultural features in these areas. In these movement they, they left many traces such as unique burials, special techniques for decorating ornamental objects. The course of the movement and how they deal with the ruling powers in these regions, including Urartu, Med, Mana and Asshur, in historical sources have been described.

Discussion
Basically, what is attributed to the Scythian people, is specific cultural material that specific to them. In terms of burial data, the horse has been a special place in the sacred burial ground, so that this can be seen in most of the ancient Scythian sites. In terms of burial data, the existence of objects such as triangular and flat iron and bronze arrowheads (often with a reverse barb) interesting cheekpieces with three holes in the middle of them for passage of rope that in most cases they end up with animals such as horses, eagles and rams, iron and bronze bits for harness, special styles for decorating objects (that known as animal styles, stickers and Other war material specifically) are show the art and culture of the Scythian peoples in Eurasia. The materials of the Scythian tripes have been found in the west of Mongolia from Beiram Kurgan: In Tuva region from Aimyrlig, Arglykty and Shurmak-Tei Kurgans; in Altai zone from Pazirik, Ust-Kuyum, Kurtu II and Katanda Kurgans; in central Asia the Scythian material have been found from Tasmola, Chilikta valley, Irtysh, Alakul, Uigarak and Tagisken Kurgans. in Iran have been found from Khoram Abad cemetery, in the south of Caucasus from Kar Mirblur, Musa Yeri, Chitan Dagh, in the north of Caucasus from Kelermess, Kostromaskaya, Ulski, Voronezhskaya, Ust-Labinskaya and Elizavetovskaya, in Mesopotamia from Assur, Musel, Karkmish and Al Mina. Also, the materials of the Scythian tripes have been in Asia Minor from Alaja Huyuk, Kernes dagh, Pazarli, Yazili Kaya, Gurdion and Hesarlik, in Krimeh from Temir-Gora, Perekop Isthmus, Talayevskii, Bosporus, Zolotoi, in the south of Ukrain and southeast of Europ from Elizavetinskaya, Chertomlyk, Solokha, Melitopol and Gaimanova mogila Kurgans, in Egypt from Tel Defaneh, Nakratis, Elfantin, Teps, in Greece from Aten, Atika, Delfi and Missen, in central Europ from Zwolaki, Zakrzow, Chelm, Morawy, Miyniec and Villach sites, in the west of Mediterranean from Megara Hibela, Katania and Motye sites and in the west of Europ from Brussels and France.

Conclosion
The remarkable expansion of the culture of the Scythian peoples over a wide geographical range during the few hundred years has made it one of the rarest ancient cultures. These nomadic peoples (wherever they could) have been left their cultural influence. In the areas where they entered, the most important work of their ancestors, the magnificent burials, is reminiscent, and in other areas, under their influence, the Scythian culture in the artistic objects of manifestation has been transported from the land to another country. So, the extent of damage to the their culture have been in east area Mongolia, in west with France in Europe, in north with Russia, and the southernmost part in Shush and Marvdasht.

The Comparative Study of the Historical Event: Sacrifice of Hazrat Ismail in Religious Texts with Archaeological Findings from Babylon, Mesopotamia

Khalilollah Beik Mohammadi

Abstract
There are important events in Ebraham’s life in Babylon - Mesopotamia so, his name was familiar to Babylonians. Babylon is one of the civilizations and cities in Southern Mesopotamia the people of Babylon did not know the alone and grand God and worship stony idols. Abraham defeated idols with his presence in this city. For this reason, to Nimrod command throw up him to the mountain of fire. Fire became to “Golestan” for him. He was a pure Muslim except the grand creator he did not prostration anything else. The prophet who was tested many times and proudly came out of it. One of Abraham’s experiments is to kill his son Ismail. After this test, he reached a high ranking and set on the head the crown of Khalilullah. The events of his life are detailed in the holy Quran. The effect of registered stamps, including visual and writing resources, is one of the ways gets acquainted with ancient times and their social transformations. We can by examining the effect of their stamp become familiar with the social life of prehistoric people and all kinds of activities, customs, beliefs traditions and characteristics of their lives. One of the most important findings of the ancient archaeological excavation is “seal impression”. The engraved role on this pieces depicts the story of cutting of a personal head that is comparable to the slaughter of Islam. The main question of this research is, what is the meaningful relationship between the historical event of the slaughter Ismail and the seal impression of Babylon? Considering a semantic relationship in the content of both stories, this article this is the historical event of the most important parts of the Holy Quran and the religious and mystical literary source. The relationship between two events should be presented with one of the most important finding of the picture of Babylon (including the seal impression on the altar scene similar to the slaughter of Ismail).
Keywords: Seal Effect, Babylon, Hazrat Ismail, Slaughter, Hazrat Ebraham.

Introduction
The commentators on the Quran interpret the verses related to the life of Hazrat Ebraham has descripted the various parts of his life. The Holy Quran has consistently inspired a great deal of spirituality in the hearts of Muslim mystics, so many Quranic patterns have been reflected in our mystical literature. The clay tablets left over from flat and cylindrical seals, including visual and written sources, have narrated the social and cultural developments of various historical eras from the fourth millennium BC to the late Sassanids period. The main question of this research is, what is the meaningful relationship between the historical event of the slaughter Ismail and the seal impression of Babylon? Considering a semantic relationship in the content of both stories, this article this is the historical event of the most important parts of the Holy Quran and the religious and mystical literary source. The relationship between two events should be presented with one of the most important finding of the picture of Babylon (including the seal impression on the altar scene similar to the slaughter of Ismail).

The Seal Impression Under Study
One of these seal effects has obtained from Babylon in Mesopotamia. This stamp by Jeanne Diemer Nijhowne has been studied in his Ph.D. thesis with title: “The study of symbols of political, religion, and the seal of Mesopotamian cylinders in the second millennium BC”. On the clay tab of this seal impression we are see the stamped role of 6 human figures and a scene this is comparable to the historical fact of the slaughter of Hazrat Ismail. This role do not exactly correspond to the historical fact quoted in the Quran, and only the contents of the stories are comparable to each other.

Conclusion
We start the result with “Roger bayside’s” sentence: for a long time, we have found that the art of a simple interval personal is not fruitless but affects the collective life of humans and can transform the fate of human societies. In order to better understand, the nature of thoughts and beliefs and the social status of human societies one can receive through their study of art. Religious designs in different cultures have a status beyond the apparent beauty. Although the beauty and beauty of art work is an important feature of art, but these roles have higher values. Each role is not just beauty color, and shape it also has a meaning the appearance of many roles in different motifs at the start of seeing is an invisible and in word maiming study and research in various aspects of art will deserve the recognition of many of the signs and roles of various arts. Otherwise, you cannot get enough interest from the art work unfortunately, the study of this image of religious and ritual art (various parts, such as the historical event of slaughter Ismail) is located less discussed in comparison with historical dimension. This issue, addressed in this writing, is primarily aimed at introducing a historical event from past documentation in the context of history that in the Quran and historical sources are mentioned. And attempted to drow on the two - sided (decorative and semantic) relationship of an effect (painted muddy bred discovery from Babylon- Iraq) artistic found to this paid historic event that has been neglected in Persiam source. And in no way intends to make a new claim to the events events that occurred in this historical event. The Babylonian muddy bred repeat the impact of the historical event has been one the beliefs of the people of Babylon in their period. In any event the end result is this with all the probabilities and doubts in the story of Babylonian muddy bred only the themed of both stories can have a meaningful relationship with each other.

A Newfound from Mansourabad Behbehan Based on Archaeological Surveys

Ahmad Azadi

Abstract
Behbahan plain in Southwest of Iran, is a region where high peaks of the Zagros Mountain meet the lowland plains of Khuzistan. The plain, due to several rivers including the Maroun River which originates from the high peaks deep into the Zagros, and fertile lands has been a locus for nucleation and subsequent development of human settlements since prehistoric periods to the modern times. In August and October of 2007, the authors of this article were conducted a settlement survey in Mansour Abad area, North and Northeast of the Behbahan plain, covering 150 km. The principal aim of the survey was identification of ancient sites in an area which was subjected to seismic prospection for the Iranian Oil Company. In fact, it was a rescue operation to minimize the possible risks to the ancient sites of the area. The survey method was extensive using GPS to locate the surveyed sites on topographic maps with scale 1/25000. The surface materials were gathered using random survey. The surveyed region can be divided into several landscapes, including: Mansour Abad Plain, the hilltop rolling hills in North, East, Northeast and Northwest of the Behbehan Plain and the mountainous region including Khaeiz and Badil Mountains. The most important feature of the mountainous region is the existence of several valleies. At the end of the archaeological surveys of the Mansourabad region, in addition to known sites which have been identified previously during the Behbahan survey project, we could identify 55 sites ranging in date from the prehistory to the Late Islamic Period, with highest number at Middle Islamic Period. The surveyed sites could be divided into several types including mound, sherd/flint scatter, hill-top site, cave and various standing architectures including Imamzadeh (shrines), water-mills, fortresses, and settlement structures of the Islamic Period. These sites usually have low frequency of surface sherds, some none.
Keywords: Behbehan, Mansourabad, Archaeology Survey, Relative Chronology.

Introduction
The Behbehan plain, due to several rivers including the Maroun River which originates from the high mountains of Eastern parts of the Kohgiluyeh region, and fertile lands has been a locus for nucleation and subsequent development of human settlements since prehistory well into the modern times. The region, 150 km in area, was surveyed in August and October 2007. The main goal of the survey was identification of ancient sites in an area which was subjected to seismic prospection for the Iranian Oil Company. During the survey we identified 55 sites ranging in date from the prehistory to the Late Islamic Period. The survey method was extensive using GPS to locate the surveyed sites on topographic maps with scale 1/25000. Archaeologically, one of the important aspects of the Behbehan plain is its potential to track the cultural interactions between Khuzestan and Fars especially in the prehistoric period. Previous research in the region were excavations and surveys by Nissen (Nissen, 1971; 1973, Nissen and Redman, 1971) and Dittman (Dittman, 1984), conducted a few decades ago. The chance discovery of the Elamite Tomb of Arjan in the early 1980 striggered a series of research in the region (e.g. Alizadeh, 1985, Saraf, 1992, Majidzadeh, 1992, Stronach, 2003, Alwarezmon, 2006).
Of these one may point to the archaeological survey of the Behbehan plain in the early 2000s (Abdi, 2008). New phase of the systematic archaeological research in the region has been launched by A. Moghaddam since 2014. In these investigations, in addition to excavation at the site of Chahe- Naft, a series of period-oriented archaeological surveys aiming identification of early settlements at the region were conducted (Moghaddam, 2014: 287-8).

The Surveyed Sites
As mentioned above, in general, 55 sites ranging in date from the prehistory to the Late Islamic Period were identified. The sites are belonged to the Protoliterate, Proto-Elamite, Elamite, Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid and Islamic Periods. Of Protoliterate period, just one site, Taytou, was identified. Stone tools collected from the surface of the site includ bladelet cores, end-scraper and a number of debitages. Three sites (Karayale Talaw, Zaminhaye Partaki and Gasawz) can be dated to the Proto-Elamite and Elamite periods. They are distributed at the foothills of the Badil Mountains. In addition to Tange Takab’s ossuaries, four sites (Zaminhaye Partaki, Talaw, Darebazar and Konar Tepe) which are sherd scatter and mounded sites, are datable to the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid periods. Of these, Zaminhay Partaki is located in the Mansourabad plain and other sites are distributed in the foothills of Badil Mountains. These sites range in area from 1.2 to 16 ha.
The highest number of the identified sites belongs to the Islamic period. In total, 46 sites of several types including mounds, sherd scatters and various standing architectures including Imamzadeh (shrines), water-mills, castles, and settlement structures were identified. These sites are located in various landscapes of the region like high altitude, at the mouth and inside the gorges, rolling hills and the Mansourabad plain. Save for the site of Karatowal, which accoding to an inscribed sherd found on its surface belong to the Early Islamic centuries, most sites of this period are related to the Middle and Late Islamic Periods.

Conclusion
At the end of the survey, in addition to known sites which have been identified previously during the Behbahan survey project, we could identify 55 sites range in date from the prehistory to the Late Islamic period, with highest number at Middle Islamic Period. The surveyed sites could be grouped into several types including sherd/flint scatters, mounds, hill-top sites, caves and various standing architectures including Imamzadeh (shrines), water-mills, fortresses, and settlement structures of the Islamic Period. A considerable number of the surveyed sites belong to settlements with stone structures dating to the Islamic Period. These sites usually have low frequency of surface sherds, some none.

Analysis of Applied Geometry in the Plan of Three Buildings Abubakr Taybadi, Goharshad Mosque and School of Ghiasieh Khargerd

Fereshteh Azar Khordad

Abstract
The architect of Timurid have four systems or sets of proportions that could have combined them, but in general, a system had a major role. These systems can easily be equated to musical steps that although they are run by geometric progression, they are repeated. Each system is set based on an integer, but it is balanced by the root of that integer, according to geometric principles. Integers 2, 3, and 5 are each associated with geometric shapes determining the other elements of the scale. It was indeed Farabi who could discover the kinship of architecture with music, and then it was discussed by Bolatov. The nature of this system is well illustrated according to Farabi stating that the side of square and sector of circle in architecture is used as measuring instruments, and is similar to the theorem in logic and refrain in poetry, as well as poetry rhythms. It is precisely because of such an issue that Bolatov’s view can be accepted. Accordingly, the geometry of the design is not comparable with Western imaginations of proportion, which deals with the repetition of similar or related forms. In addition to its practical value, as an implementation procedure, the Islamic system provided the coordination and harmony for all parts, thereby the entire parts were associated with a single nature, like the relation of the parts of squares, triangles and pentagons with each other.
Keywords: Applied Geometry, Buildings Abubakr Taybadi, Goharshad Mosque, School of Ghiasieh Khargerd.

Introduction
A feature of the Timurid architecture is the use of geometry, which is manifested in the magnificence and verticality of the Timurid buildings. Also, during this period, exact sciences and geometry significantly developed. These sciences were practically applied in architecture and used as a pattern in the construction of buildings. The application of geometric formulas had a major role in coordinating proportions, balancing and overall balance and its elements, which are the features of the Timurid architecture. After preparing the design, the architect has been entered the practical research stage. Therefore, the following questions are raised in this study: What is the pattern and geometrical ratio used in the design of these buildings? The architect of the Timurid Period which geometrical principles have used in the design of these buildings?

Research Findings
Timurids architects applied all of the geometric systems used since the tenth century, including:
Rule 1: Square and its derivatives, the most important of which are the diameter of √2 of half and its double, and the side of an octagon (√ 2-1).
Rules 2 and 3: Equilateral triangle and its derivatives, i.e. sides and height (√3/2). Such triangles play a role in dodecagonal figures (the sides are equal,) (2-√3). Sometimes, the geometry of square and equilateral triangle were combined, as it is seen in (√ 2: √3) rectangles whose height is half the generatrix square. Bearer (√3) was often used. The size of this dimension can be drawn by encircling a pentagon and extending its radii.
Rules 6, 5, 4, and 7: A half-square is usually formed by dividing the square of a room into halves, so that by drawing diameters of two half-squares, a square in the center is obtained whose side is 1/ √5. The diameter itself (√5/2) plays a major role especially in determining the heights. Another method to get a rectangle with the same proportions yields a triangle with a ratio of 2:3√5. A common form associated with the half-square was a triangle made of diameters and two sides that could be used to separate the proportional parts of the line 1√5 and (√5-1) 1√5. This was done in a way that an arc was separated along the chord, the radius which was a triangle height, was then entered through this point to the base. These proportions were sometimes used for designs of façades.
Rules 8 and 9: The √5 of a rectangle or the √5 of orthogonal: using a half-square, the base could be divided in another way, previously known to the Greeks as “moderate limit” which is involved in the construction of the “golden section”. This is done in such a way that an arc with the length of the height along the chord is separated like the previous state, then a secondary arc whose center is smaller in the angle is drawn at the point on the chord. In the point where this arc intercepts the triangle the line is divided into two parts that one is larger {(√5-1)/2} represented by M, and another one is smaller {3-√5/2}} represented by m. The multiples of this section are usually used in the design of interior and exterior façades and many other spaces. A number of decreasing triangles were applied in the same way as used for the diameter of the minarets {2 / (√5 3-7); 4 / √53-7) ...}.
Rule 10: A decagon encircled in a circle with a radius of 2 has a side equal to √5-1. The golden rectangular was made by adding unit 1 to the larger part M {1: 2 / (√5+1)}. Using the half-square as a base, a rectangle can be easily drawn.

Conclosion
Abubakr Taybadi’s Tomb: The use of the rules 2 and 3, i.e. the equilateral triangle and its derivatives, like in the height of the triangle. The use of rule 5 of half-square, i.e. √5 and its derivatives and the rule 9, namely, √5 of the rectangle. The use of rule 4, i.e. half-square. Dividing the square of a room which is divided into halves. The ratio was used in this rule.
Goharshad Mosque: The combined is use of the rule 5 of half-square, namely √5 and its derivatives, and the rule 9, i.e. √5 of rectangle.
School of Ghiasieh Khargerd: The use of the rule 1, namely √2 and its derivatives such as By analyzing such patterns and the system of proportions used in the construction of Ghiasieh Khargerd School, Goharshad Mosque and Zayn al-Din monument, the present study describes the role of mathematicians and the application of geometry knowledge by architects such as Qavameddin Shirazi in the development process of architecture during the Timurid period.

Comparative Study of Spatial Structure, Formation and Distribution Pattern of Fortresses Qajar and Pahlavi Periods in Darreh - Shahr, Ilam Province

Arash Lashkari

Abstract
The monuments of Qajar and early Pahlavi periods in the valley of Darreh-Shahr of Ilam province are among the works that reflect the political and social developments of this era. The purpose of this study is to investigate the adaptive study of the spatial and temporal structure of Ghala Poursharf, Mirgholam Hashemi and Ghaleh Jahangirabad, the causes of their formation and pattern of distribution. The research method in this study was experimental research, field and library studies. In this regard, by studying the architectural elements each of the buildings, the Appellation of them according to their spatial-physical structure is to be re-evaluated. The results of the research are show that the construction of the studied buildings in the city of Darreh-Shahr, according based on military and security necessity and then on political and social grounds. The results of the research are show that the construction of the studied buildings in the city of Darreh-Shahr, have been according based on military and security necessity and then on political and social grounds. These buildings are located at the most appropriate geographical locations and related to agricultural affairs and tax affairs. On the other hand, according to architectural and archaeological studies, other buildings of Pourashraf fortress, has been built on the basis of military and security necessity, and the buildings of Mirgholam Hashemi and Jahangirabad have been manor house and where built at the beginning of the Pahlavi period for political and social reasons. So, in this study, these questions are raised: What is the pattern of distribution of these buildings in Darreh-Shahr? How are the spatial structure of these buildings? Can be used the title of fortress for these buildings?
Keywords: Darreh – Shahr, Late Qajar and Early Pahlavi, Fortresses, Comparative Study.

Introduction
From the location, the fortresses of Iran have been made in different ways in relation to the natural situation of the place and materials. So that, construction of fortresses in the Pre-Islamic Era and the Islamic period of Iran had a close connection with the political, economic and geographical necessities. For this reason, they have made the fortresses in the harsh mountains and beside the water and springs, around the cities and overlooking them. They have made these fortresses for their role in various political developments, such as the rise and fall of governments, the internal crises and used in the onslaught of foreign nations as a refuge for political opponents. Also build these fortresses have been important in the formation of cities. The shape, type, and number of Iranian fortresses towers in the Islamic period have been depend on the social, natural and military conditions of each region. The Iranian fortresses have a long, wide and long wall, cylindrical and multifaceted towers, one or more gates for entry and exit, and sometimes entrenchment on around fortresses. The type of relations governing the life of the fortresses was almost the same. These relations, along with the natural and geographical factors of the region, played a decisive role in function of the various parts of the fortresses, and they all brought together in a special type of architecture. In general, fortresses had several functions that including: for holding detainees, state treasury holdings and the status of government. With this introduction, the monuments from the Late Qajar and Early Pahlavi periods in the city of Darreh-Shahr called “fortress” have been selected for study. The main purpose of this research is to first introduce, describe and analyze the spatial structure of the buildings of Pourashraf, Mirgholam, and Jahangirabad, and then analyze their structure and location. The main purpose of this research is to first introduce, describe and analyze the spatial structure of the buildings of Pourashraf, Mirgholam, and Jahangirabad, and then analyze their structure and location.

Finding Research
The archaeological excavation in the Ziyat area is considered to be a collection of rescue researches of the ancient sites of the basin of the Kurih dam. In order to, this study has done identify and understand the status of the remains architecture and the ancient layers this site. Ziqi enclosure is one of the sites that was quickly destroyed by the first stages of dewatering in the dam buried lake, due to its location and texture; therefore, the implementation of ancient archaeological research on this site before the dam drainage of Amiri, It was essential and important to carry out these researches a valuable step in the process of recognizing and introducing this ancient work before its complete destruction. The Ziqi area has always been part of it due to its proximity to the Guria Monument. The first mention Piran in 1380 was identified during the first chapter of the Ancient Cognitive Examination of the Ivan County of Guria, which Zich was also part of it (Pirani, 2001: 159-183). In 2004, Ibrahim Moradi introduced the Ziqi site in an archaeological study of the Kyrgyz Dam basin independently of the “Guria” building (Moradi, 2004: 40-53).

Conclusion
The archaeological excavation of the archaeological site of Zich has done in three parts distinct but related sections, including systematic survey, speculation to determine the area and extensive exploration of the site was accomplished. The results of these studies have ultimately led to the recognition of the temporary deployment area (seasonal settlement). The study of the architectural and architectural remnants of the spaces in the excavated workshops and their comparative comparisons with contemporary samples in the region has showed that the Ziqi area was a temporary deployment site (seasonal deployment) and a one-stage deployment that during a period (to Seasonal but for several years) has been used by the Cubans. Establishment in tents that surrounding it with single or double-edged stone and one or two row strips separated from each other, have been outside the tent space (outside the tent) cooking utensils and other day-to-day activities. The nomads have been set up stairs and set up tents on their slopes and have been facilitates their settlement. The healthy and complete example of such settlements that are related to the life of contemporary localities is to the present day and in the same style, and their works are clearly visible around the site.

Investigation and Analysis of Types of Mastery Village Architecture of the Qajar Period (Case Study: House and Mastery Stables Mehri-Khanoom Qaragozlou in Varkaneh, Hamedan)

Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei

Abstract
Of the common types of late architecture in Iran various mastery buildings some examples of which were made during the Qajar period, that some examples these types are considered by the rulers of the cities and villages of this period. The Varkaneh village is located in the Eastern Alvand district and in the central part of Hamedan in the mountains area, and with Arzanfood-Varkaneh valley 15 km is away. The village has been governed in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods by Naqikhan and Mehri-Khanoom. From the presence of Qaragozlou’s family in the village of Varkaneh are two monuments of the “mastery house” and “stables of breeding horse” with distance of 100 and 500 meters outside the village respectively. Among the buildings of state as selected patterns two different types of local court architecture and comparable to the master’s buildings collection (Qaravol Khaneh) Aghovlar in Talesh will be investigated and analyzed. The main purpose of this paper is to recognize the patterns and transformations created in traditional roral architecture Based on ideas and methods of transformation in two different types of mastery buildings of the Qajar period and beyond. Accordingly, in the present study in addition introduces a descriptive - analytical method, has done analysis and classification of elements of rural architecture and fluently social transformations in the formation mastery architecture of the Qajar period in the Varkaneh village. Questions of this study: What factors have led to placement of these buildings outside context of the village? These buildings under study, how much have been effective of the area architecture? The result of this research is show that the architectural features of these two buildings, a part from the Varkaneh village texture with the effect mastery architecture and European architecture on the Qajar period they were made with indigenous materials.
Keywords: Qajar Architecture, Varkaneh, Mastery House, Stables of Breeding Horse.

Introduction
From examples of architecture courtesy in Qajar period is mastery architecture of Qaragozlou tribe in Varkaneh village of Hamedan. These buildings in terms of construction and materials are the most unique architectural works of this period. “Naghi Khan Qaragozlou” has been “Khan” in the village of Varkaneh that after him his daughter becomes ruler. From the Qaragozlou tribe are two buildings of “mastery house” and “stables of breeding horse” left in the village. The “mastery house” is related to the Qajar period and “stables of breeding horse” related to the early Pahlavi period. Therefore, in this study raised the following questions: What factors have led to placement of these buildings outside context of the village? These buildings under study, how much have been effective of the area architecture? The result of this research is show that the architectural features of these two buildings, a part from the Varkaneh village texture with the effect mastery architecture and European architecture on the Qajar period they were made with indigenous materials.

The Mastery House of Varkaneh
The mastery house of Varkaneh is located about 100 meters south of the village. It building related to the Qajar period. It is a two story building and has a crucifixion map.

The Stables of Breeding Horse of Varkaneh
Mehri Khanom Qaragozlou after becoming the ruler of the village, with help of the royal society, she made a stables in the south of the village. This stables for was taking care horses in spring and summer. This stables is to form of separate building, but it is part of the Varkaneh village. The building has a length of 22×72 meters and a total area of 1584 square meters. The result of this research is show that the architectural features of these two buildings, a part from the Varkaneh village texture with the effect mastery architecture and European architecture on the Qajar period they were made with indigenous materials.

Conclusion
Protecting and maintaining buildings, especially monuments is one of the most important steps that can be taken in relation to the valuable work of past ancestors. Where cannot be keep well or continue to use it, it definitely disrupts the life cycle of the building and causes irreparable damage to it. In these situations, natural and human factors always effect the building and damage it. Since the damage caused by the building gives it an unpleasant appearance, it is also difficult to operate and maintain it. Today are monuments that life cycle has been destroyed due to negligence. The collection of historical works in Varkaneh, is one of the most valuable remains of the Qajar period, because of neglect exposed to distraction. This collection can be moong the effects of the master rural area. Which has been driven by the central government, feudalists, and the productivity of the agricultural and natural an ability to meet the needs of the court. The Varkaneh master collection in fact has been one of the buildings local governor’s seat. These boilding have been governed by the family of Qaragozlou and used for nomadic residence in the spring and summer. The Varkaneh master house has been made white rocky material and cruciate map of unique works. That with method the extrovert architecture and interior spaces are enclosed between walnut and poplar tree. The stone building master’s house shows the innovative use of local and native capabilities so as to resist the cold weather of the mountain. Horse stables have been made white and this kind of approach, property and clever thinking of choosing a place, built in a stalemate valley due to the lack of written evidence, it is not possible to accurately determine the date of construction of both buildings. The result of this research is show that the architectural features of these two buildings, a part from the Varkaneh village texture with the effect mastery architecture and European architecture on the Qajar period they were made with indigenous materials. These both buildings related to the Qajar period these buildings are comparable with Aqhovlar building in Talesh.