Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

The Paleolithic Area of Dalpari in Dehloran, Ilam

Shaghayegh Hourshid

Abstract
Dehloran plain, because of geographic location itself has always been one of the population centers in the southwest of Iran. Also, this area, because of permanent and seasonal rivers and fertile fields has been a good place to live in a long time. In terms of natural landscape, this plain is divisible into three regions of eastern, central and western. The first area (eastern area) is includes east of Dehloran plain, that consists of peaks and slopes of Zagros Mountains. The second area are including of lands near to these mountains. This area by floods of these mountains is covered with rocks and coarse-grained sediments. The third area (western area) is includes settlements from Neolithic to contemporary period and farming fields. Overall, these three areas for a long time, because of the rocky shelters in Zagros Mountains have been good place to live a human. On the other hand, these areas because of animals and suitable vegetation them, have been provider of food for human groups. Furthermore, because of existence conglomerate sediments eastern highlands of Dalpari in Dehloran, human access has been easy to rich sources of raw rock for make stone tools. This area that is more than 30 kilometers long, on the way of Zagros Mountains of Dalpari near to Dehloran plain and Dasht-e Abbas, covered with stone tools. These stone tools are containing of indicator samples of points, blades, centripetal core, Levallois chips. These samples can be sign of human existence at least from the middle Paleolithic period. So, existence of the Neolithic settlements to the late Islamic era is sign of a long process from the settlement human in this area.
Keywords: Zagros Mountains, Paleolithic, Dalpari, Dehloran.

Introduction
In 2015, in order to organize the western waters of the country, survey and identification programs frontier areas located in the provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam in format of ten programs for survey and identification (plan of tropical) were implemented. These programs were containing of identification water transfer routes, place of construction of dams, and drainage networks. The drainage network number 23 was studied by the author. This network was containing of Patk plain in Musian (eastern half of Dehloran), that water supply project it was on the agenda of the government. Therefore, all this plain with license number 943141/00/6495 with date of 2015/11/15 from Iranian center for archaeological research was carefully surveyed. During this survey (includes the southernmost tropical system in the south of the Ilam province), in addition to the identification of sites and ancient hills was surveyed wide area in the east of the plain that were many stone tools in it. The Dalpari area is several kilometers along the Zagros Mountains continue. The research background in relation to this area is shows the main focus of researchers on the sites belonging to the Neolithic period to the historic period and hasn’t been studied previous periods. The only survey of the Paleolithic period was done by Mohsen Zeynivand in year of 2015 in network number 22, that it has led to the identification and introduction of stone tools of type a Biface (Zeynivand, 2016 & 2017). So, the eastern half of Patk plain in Musian hasn’t been surveyed prior to this study.

Introduction of identified traces
A: Rock shelters
In a small part of the Dalpari Mountains a large number of small and large holes were identified with shelter form. These holes and shelters in sedimentary and conglomerate layers in low height hills have been formed with weak structure. The depth and width of the crater some of these holes and shelters 2 to 3 meters and high to 1.8 meters. Because of weak cement structure conglomerate and the existence of sedimentary layers of silicate and clay of non-condensing environmental degradation factors as wind and rain, it seems, these holes and shelters over time have been changed a lot. Due to a lot of stone tools inside and around of these sites, probably they were remnants of older refuges that used by humans (at least late) in the Paleolithic period. Today this area, because of a water fountain is used by pastoral nomads this area.

B: Surface finds
Mainly, at the surface of this area, can be seen stone tools includes blades, centripetal core, levallois chips, points, scrapers, and micro blades. The stone tools can be seen in all of plain, but in around the rivers less seen. Because of the continuity of distribution stone tools at surface this area, all of this range is introduced as a zone. During the survey this area, samples were collected from different parts of it. In total, 129 sites were encoded and distribution of the findings recorded. This area that is more than 30 kilometers long, on the way of Zagros Mountains of Dalpari near to Dehloran plain and Dasht-e Abbas, covered with stone tools. These stone tools are containing of indicator samples of points, blades, centripetal core, Levallois chips. Dating of samples collected is between 40,000 years and 16,000 years ago (Olszewski & Dibble, 1993).

Conclusion
Probably, dating stone tools collected of the Dalpari is between 40,000 years and 16,000 years ago. At most of surface the land in this area (except for a small area in the mountains) isn’t seen evidence of permanent deployment such as a cave or shelter. However, in these areas is identified little evidence of temporary and seasonal deployment of human in a small part of the northern mountains of the area. In this area, can be seen conglomerate and sedimentary layers, and because of the natural erosion including wind and rain have been created holes and shelters. These holes and shelters due to loose cement conglomerate and sedimentary layers is young seems to arrive, but stone tools around them doesn’t show this.

Typology and Classification Stone Tools Survey of Archeology in the Kazeron Plane

Mohamad Hosein Rezaei

Abstract
The Kazeron County is located in the West of Fars Province and 732 M above sea level. From identified sites in survey of Kazeron plane (that mainly are sites of Neolithic period to late of Bronze Age) in total of 141 pieces of stone tools were gathered from 13 sites. Based on research on stone tools, sites as SK023 are show extraction and use / maintenance / repair. In these sites, the existence of core stone indicates of the construction of tools, and also existence a lot of the stone tools are indicates of settlement long-term in these sites. The core stones in all sites are exclusively chipped stone and mostly from kind of Chert stone of gray – green. It seems, produce of tools from other types of Chert stones such as red Chert, Chert of brown stripes, cream Chert, and… have been made in another place. The blades and their flakes in some sites of Kazeron plane (especially sites of SK022 and SK023) represents are the use of these tools for reaping of the plants. The raw material used to make stone tools (that often made of local stone) today it is easily accessible in the Kazeron mountains. These tools, to form of a combination and with natural resins such as bitumen have been placed inside the bone handle or in newer periods inside the metal handle, and similar to sickle have been used to cut plants. From of the main goals of the present research, study of technology diversity in stone tools sites of prehistory in Kazeron plane is for regional and comparative studies and for gain of general knowledge the prehistory of Kazeron plane.
Keywords: Stone Tool, Typology, Prehistory, Kazeron Plane.

Introduction
The Kazeron County is located in the west of Fars Province and 732 M above sea level. This County from the north to Mamasani and Behbahan, from east and northeast to Shiraz, from southwest and west to part of Borazjan city and Bosher, and from southeast to Firozabad is limited. This County in terms of geographic is located in mountainous area and with surrounded by high mountains. The mountains of Kazeron area is stretched from the northwest to the southeast (Mozafariyan, 1994: 25). The Mountains of Kazeron consists of two ranges and Kazeron plane is between these two mountain ranges. The Kazeron County has a warm climate. The temperature of this county is max.49 degrees above zero and at least 6 degrees below zero. The average rainfall in Kazeron County in years of low rainfall is less than 500 mm and in the rainy years approximately 700 mm (Behrozi, 1968: 8). The Kazeron County has abundant water resources. Abundant springs and a lot of water has a created several rivers. The major rivers of this county are include of Jareh, Shapor, and also freshwater Lake of Parishan (Hatami, 2006: 12). So, Kazeron plane with a lot of water resources and suitable climate had a good environment for development of human societies in the long term. In this research, stone tools related to Neolithic period to Iron Age (that collected from survey of archeology Kazeron plane) have done typology and classification. So, from of the main goals of the present research, study of technology diversity in stone tools sites of prehistory in Kazeron plane is for regional and comparative studies and for gain of general knowledge the prehistory of Kazeron plane.

Research findings
From identified sites in survey of Kazeron plane (that mainly are sites of Neolithic period to late of Bronze Age) in total of 141 pieces of stone tools were gathered from 13 sites. Tepe Qalat 2 (SK002) is located 1 km northeast of Baladeh city. From this site was obtained only 2 chips. A piece is Retouch and another Burin. The Galeh Narenji (SK006) is located in near of the village of Galeh Narenji and 1.5 km east of Pershian Lake. From this site 6 pieces stone tools have been collected. Tal Siah 1 (SK013) another from sites, that is located in around Pershian Lake. From this site 3 pieces stone tools have been collected. Another from sites is Tal Siah 2 (SK014), that from this site 7 pieces stone tools have been collected. Gabrestan Karai (SK015) is located 500 meters southeast of Karai village, and from this site 11 pieces stone tools have been collected. Another from sites this study is Dreh Tampoi (SK016) that from this site 12 pieces stone tools have been collected. Tal Zirakan is located 1 km east of Kaskan village and in south of the Kazeron city. From this site 17 pieces stone tools have been collected. Another from sites this study is Tal Rashton (SK020) that from this site 8 pieces stone tools have been collected. Tal Panj Mahal (SK022) is located 700 m west of Shapro River, that from this site 25 pieces stone tools have been collected. Tal Dehdaran (SK023) is located on the northern margin of Kazeron plain, that from this site 26 pieces stone tools have been collected.

Conclusion
Usually, estimate the ratio of blank flake to core stones can help us to guess that production of stone tools has done elsewhere. On the other hand, the blades and their flakes in some sites of Kazeron plane (especially sites of SK022 and SK023) represents are the use of these tools for reaping of the plants. In general, in spite of a lot of variety in the collection of stone tools in sites of Kazeron plane (that shows diverse and advanced industries), in core stones can’t be seen complexity and advanced technology. Ultimately should be noted, based on survey results and pottery samples, these stone tools are belonging to the 7th millennium B.C. to the end of the second millennium B.C..

The Architecture Technology in Acceramic Neolithic Period (Kapargah Architecture)

Hassan Akbari

Abstract
Despite of studies about acceramic Neolithic period in west of Asia (especially Levant area), little has been done archaeological activities related to this period in Central Zagros. The Central Zagros is one of the important areas of west Asia that in this area has been done sedentary, domestication animals, and cultivation for first time. In Central Zagros, Seimare River is the largest river. The Seimare archeology project was done based on surveys and excavations archaeology in dam basin of Seimare. The Dangjoun from sites was excavated in related to Seimare archeology project in year of 2010. In total, 70 square meters was excavated from this site that led to discovery three phase of settlement. In Dangjoun wasn’t achieved of terra cotta ware, but architectural remains were achieved from all trenches with different quality. The architecture this site has been affected from Central Zagros environment. The materials used in this site are taken from the surrounding environment. This study was done with a fundamental purpose, and method of data amassment in this research is library – field method. In this research, in addition to the introduction and description architecture of Dangjoun, the complete descriptive has been done about architecture of A and B periods of acceramic Neolithic. In this regard have been explained specific architectural features of each period in Anatolia, Syria and Northern Zagros (in Iraq). Main questions of research: Due to the architectural condition of this site as right corner architecture, and …, this site belongs to, which period of acceramic Neolithic period? Due to the permanent architecture in Kapargah (that including of homes four corners, and built of homes on the ground), it seems, this site is belong to period B of acceramic Neolithic period and can’t be attributed it to earlier periods.
Keywords: Acceramic Neolithic Period, Seimare, Central Zagros, Architecture.

Introduction
In the history of human culture, the Neolithic period is of particular importance. The Neolithic period is including from 11000 to 7000 BC. The human societies has been experienced many changes in this period. Some of the most important changes in this period as: Starting and developing agriculture and animal husbandry, permanent establishment, population increase, long distance commerce as obsidian, skill in the production of stone tools, beginning of metallurgy, production of pottery, use of fire in the industry, indication of personal ownership of objects, accumulation of wealth and beginning of social inequalities, construction of public and religious buildings (Hole, 2000: 192; Byrd, 1994). However, the most significant consequence of Neolithic revolution was emergence of a compound economy with emphasis on domestic plants and animals (Hole, 1984). On the other hand, production of pottery in this period is led to cleave Neolithic period into two periods: Acceramic and ceramic Neolithic. According to the hints top, the main concept of Neolithic period is with food production, appearance of village, and architecture. The Central Zagros is one of the important areas of west Asia that in this area has been done sedentary, domestication animals, and cultivation for first time (Zeder, 1999). The Central Zagros because of the strategic position and placing in between areas like Mesopotamia, Khuzestan, Azerbaijan and central parts of Iran, and also Due to the appropriate environmental facilities in this area as: fertile fields, good agricultural lands, abundance of water resources, … has always been a concern for human societies for a long time. Main questions of research: Due to the architectural condition of this site as right corner architecture, and…, this site belongs to, which period of acceramic Neolithic period?

Research findings
The Kapargah is located in Lorestan and part of Kuhdasht County and Konani region. The nearest city to this site is Badreh city in Ilam Province. The Kapargah is located in Cham Ghoileh valley and for difficult transit this valley, in this area is living of wild animals. In terms of size, the Kapargah is small size and about 2000 square meters. Around this site rarely is obtained stone tools. This site is to form of rectangle and has 70 meters long and 30 meters wide. The Kapargah isn’t located on the floor of the plain, and with the passage of time have been created sediments about 6 meters on the site. The distance of this site to the river is about 50 meters, and surrounding lands are very prone to farming and animal husbandry. It seems, primary village because of located in between mountainous plains has been built on a gentle slope. The architecture this site has been affected from Central Zagros environment. The materials used in this site are taken from the surrounding environment. Workshop 1 was created with 5 m long and wide, and relative to workshop 2 had less architecture. All the walls have been made with rubble from mountain and river and sticking together with mortar. In this site was discovered three phases of architecture that hasn’t been seen structural difference between phases. Workshop 2 first was created with 3 m long and wide and then developed, and extent it was reached to 54 square meters. In this workshop too, discovered three phases of architecture that all the walls have been made with rubble from mountain and river and sticking together with mortar.

Conclusion
Due to the permanent architecture in Kapargah (that including of homes four corners, and built of homes on the ground), it seems, this site is belong to period B of acceramic Neolithic period and can’t be attributed it to earlier periods. The difference in architecture in two trenches this site probably because it is workshop 1 has been created in around of the village and this area has been temporary residential homes. Two warehouses in this workshop show each home has its own warehouse. The climate situation of this area has been influenced the construction of houses. Because of the air temperature above zero in this area, the walls aren’t thickened.

A Review of Gender and Estimate of Age the Human Skeleton (Case Study: The Human Skeleton of Korijan of Kabudarahang in Hegmataneh Museum)

Esmail Rahmani

Abstract
Study of human skeletons are gives researchers very valuable information about ancient people (especially, skeletons that in archeological excavations are obtained). In studies of osteology are considered different aspects of bone morphology after classification and typology. In this type of study, quickly gender determination and estimate of skeletons age is done from the appearance of bones without performing complex experiments in the lab. In the male and female skeletons are clear differences. These differences are based on standard indicators. The human skeletons of Korijan from a historical site was obtained, that after the recovering actions and maintaining the physical structure it in the first situation, necessity of studies of gender determination and estimate of skeleton age was considered. In the first view, maybe questions about gender determination and estimate of skeleton are looked completely clear or very complex. The review this point that human skeleton of Korijan have been related to men or women, or this skeleton is in the age of the elderly or adult; proof or refutation of these hypotheses was needed to use scientific approaches and use of measurable and experimental variables. The sciences of biology, physical anthropology, and osteology are close relationship with each other, and these sciences through this relationship are help great help to answer these questions and hypotheses. In this research, has been used from the combination of the species classification method (typology) and branch classification (that this method more is used biological studies and osteology). In these methods, skeletal data has been evaluated in equal of indices and variables in category of similar species. Use of the library resources, is another part of studies of this research.
Keywords: Gender, Age, Human Skeleton of Korijan, Hegmataneh Museum.

Introduction
After the discovery of ancient grave in Korijan, in the first step, was done identification of bones and tissue fixation them, and the skeleton was moved to the Hegmataneh Museum with scientific methods. After restoration of the skeleton, was done gender determination and estimate of skeletons age. Many archaeologists are refitting the social structure of ancient societies based on traces from the excavation of ancient sites and cemeteries are obtained. In this research, based on bio data with species classification method (typology) has been studied apparent differences of male and female skeletons. The male and female skeletons are a lot of obvious and hidden features that can be categorized. These features are different with each other; and experts from these different features are used to classify human skeletons. Main research questions: What features should be used in the classification of the skeleton under study? And, how should these features assessed? In relation to estimate of skeleton age, in addition to use the species classification method (typology) and branch classification, also evaluation pattern of the skeleton age has been consideration. The purpose of this research, provide of the standard criteria for gender determination and estimate of skeletons age is done from the appearance of bones without performing complex experiments in the lab. In this research, has been used from the combination of the species classification method (typology) and branch classification (that this method more is used biological studies and osteology). In these methods, skeletal data has been evaluated in equal of indices and variables in category of similar species. Use of the library resources, is another part of studies of this research.

Research findings
During the trenching for limitation of Korijan Tepe in South of Kabudarahang in 2002 year was obtained the human skeleton of Korijan, and for further studies to Hegmataneh Museum was moved. The male and female skeletons are a lot of obvious and hidden features that can be categorized. For this purpose, pelvis bones are most important part. The importance of pelvis bone is for distinguish of gender, and this Because of the difference in performance it between men and women. In general, the female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis. Thin pelvis is more suitable for movement. In addition to the pelvic bone, skull bones and then bones of hip, arm, collarbone, shoulder, and wishbone for distinguish of gender are important. Size and general strength of other skeletal areas as a sub-index are noteworthy.
Furthermore, by reviewing the skeleton, we can be estimate of skeletons age. The various methods that are use usually for estimate of age in the time of death in adult skeletons, as follows: Closure of the skull sutures, shape of ends of the ribs, shape of the articular surfaces, shape of the symphysis pubis, and checking the condition and covering of the teeth. In general, the age of human is determined: to 2 years from the milk tooth, from 2 to 6 years old from bone points, from 6 to 12 years old through permanent teeth, from the age of 12 to 25 from the junction of epiphysis to diaphysis, and from the age of 30 from the skull sutures and condition of the teeth.

Conclusion
Although, today is genetic laboratory methods for recognize the men and women skeletons, but these methods are expensive and time consuming. Adaptive method and typology used in osteology of Korijan skeleton and with knowledge of male and female skeletal differences, the most appropriate approach is to achieve the desired information. Ancient grave of Korijan was includes a squatting burial. In this research, that has been done based on osteology studies, gender of skeleton was detected woman, and its approximate age based on the skull and lower jaw, was adult human.

The Namord Painted Ware: The Pottery of Late Parthian and Sassanid Periods in Southeast of Iran and Persian Gulf

Alireza Khosrowzadeh

Abstract
Due to few is excavated Sasanian sites in southwestern Iran and Persian Gulf, the region still lacks a securely dated pottery assemblage from this period, which renders identification of the Sassanid sites there extremely difficult. Therefore, a reliably dated ceramic collection is essential for better understanding of the Sassanid period. The present paper addresses this issue and sets to introduce one of the typical type of Sassanid pottery of southeast Iran based on material recorded during surveys and excavations at Southeast of Iran and northern and southern coast of Persian Gulf. This type which is famous to fine orange painted ware or “Namord” Widely distributed in the Northern and Southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Southeast of Iran. This type was only obtained from excavated sites at Kush, Mleiha and ed-Dur in United Arabian Emirate, Tape Yahya in Kerman and Tame Maroun in Minab. Also many of these types have been found in survey of these areas. There are two type of Namord ware; one type is belonging to late Parthian period and another one dated back to early and middle Sassanid period. Due to the wide distribution of the Namord ware in southeast of Iran and northern and southern beaches of the Persian Gulf, probably, this type of pottery in the Persian Gulf has been used as a kind of commercial goods. The absence Namord ware in Kuwait, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia is representing close relationships between eastern parts of the Persian Gulf (Emirates and Oman) and south and southeast beaches of Iran. Also, the existence of Namord ware in Gana of Yemen, is represents expanding the trade of this pottery to the east beaches of the Indian Ocean.
Keywords: Namord Ware, Sassanid, Southeast, Persian Gulf.

Introduction
As we know, pottery in the Sassanid period like the Parthian period has been local style, and each region of Iran in this period have been a special style of pottery. One of the areas, that Sassanid pottery in it little known, is southeast of Iran and the Persian Gulf beaches. A very large part of southeastern Iran (Kerman, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan provinces) in terms of archeology is less recognize than other parts of Iran. Unfortunately, due to the lack of archaeological excavations in this area of Iran, we can’t present correct theory about Sassanid pottery this area. One of the most important sites in the south east (that has the Sassanid period) is Tape Yahya in the southeast of Baft county near of Soghan. The Tame Maroun is another important Sassanid site. Sarlak based on the pottery obtained from different layers of this site, five cultural periods have been identified on this site (Sarlak, 2011: 374). Emirates and Oman (that have done more excavations in them) are located in the cultural area of the southern of Persian Gulf. The Sohar excavations in Oman, and excavations of Addor, Koush, and Meliha in Emirates are most important excavations in this area. Koush is important of site in southern beaches of the Persian Gulf that has a fairly accurate chronology. Based on excavations done in this site, period 1 is the oldest settelement in Koush, includes two steps of brick building that can be related to 6th and 7th century AD (Kennet, 2005). From this period (6th and 7th century AD) has been obtained large number of pottery related to Namord. In addition to excavation, a lot of surveys have also been conducted in this cultural area. These surveys have been done by Descartes, Potts, and … In these surveys have been obtained large number of pottery related to Namord.
Pottery dispersion of Namord in southeast of Iran and northern beaches of Persian Gulf
In 1983 Seyyed Mansour Seyyed Sajjadi with an archaeological team was surveyed Rodbar valley in southern Kerman. Seyyed Sajjadi was obtained Namord ware from the four sites of Ghaleh Kharg, Dogari, Tamb Namord, and Sitamb. Also, this pottery has been obtained from the layer 1 of Tape Yahya. Furthermore, Namord ware has been obtained from the third period of the Tame Maroun. Namord ware in third period of the Tame Maroun has red and orange paste. This type of pottery in Bushehr has orange color and with gravel temper. Also, Namord ware is obtained in surveys conducted in Damb Koh and Qeshm Island.

Pottery dispersion of Namord in the southeast of Saudi Arabia and the south beaches of Persian Gulf
The Namord ware is obtained in Alganam Island, Addor, Koush, Meliha, and Tal Abrak. From the Meliha fort has been obtained a few glasses of delicate and painted from the type of Namord. The paste of this pottery in Meliha is so stiff and has orange color. In surveys of northern Oman in the peninsula of Mosandam has been obtained samples similar to painted pottery of Namord.

Conclusion
Due to Widespread of Namord ware in southeastern Iran and northern and southern beaches of the Persian Gulf, probably, this pottery as a commodity has been exchanged between the north and south of the Persian Gulf. Trade this pottery have probably been for the quality this type of pottery. Namord ware has been obtained most from areas the eastern of the Persian Gulf, especially from Alganam Island, Addor, Koush, Meliha, and Tal Abrak. It seems, this type of pottery has been produced in one or two small areas (probably in Minab plain and Halil Roud), and has been exported to other places as a valuable commodity.

Gavart, southern Fortress; the Archaeological Survey of Building Related to Pre-Islam in Isfahan

Majid Badiee Gavarti

Abstract
The fortresses of Iran, due to the geographic location and weather conditions have been built to two types of lowland us and mountainous. For this reason, used building materials are different in these two types. Due to the location of the city Jey and southern highway in Isfahan (that have been location of the Caravans passage from the south to the center of Iran), in Gavart area (At the highest point of Mount Gavart) has existed defensive fortress. Due to the full control Gavart fortress on southern highway in Isfahan, this fortress in addition to defensive destination has also been role of the Caravans guide. The research method of this study is based on method of historic, and in this research preliminary data is obtained from field survey. Due to the architecture style and potteries Gavart, this fortress was made in Sassanid period and has probably been used in early Islamic period. The Gavart fortress has a mountain architecture, and hasn’t regular geometric shape. In this fortress, from the top of each tower is seen roof of the front towers. This site probably has other buildings in the lower of the mountain that troglodytic building in lower of the mountain is from these buildings. This fortress is made in three levels and ten architectural parts. The ceramic founds in Gavart fortress aren’t decoration, and they have been practical. In this research, after full description of this building have been answered to the following questions: What period is this building? What is the use of this building?
Keywords: Fortress, Sassanid, Ancient Jey, Gavart.

Introduction
Iran in terms of geographic location (placing on the road of great Khorasan and Silk Road) has always been threatened from different ethnicities and governments. In prehistoric periods, humans have been created fortresses around of villages and cites for defense of animal’s invasions, but later, fortresses created for defense against of invasions humans. Today, in all Iran can be seen remains of strong enclosures residential castles, that indicates are technique Iranian against of aliens.
The fortresses of Iran, due to the geographic location and weather conditions have been built to two types of lowland us and mountainous. For this reason, used building materials are different in these two types. The fortresses located in the plain areas have usually been made to shape of square or rectangular whit circular towers in four corners. The used building materials in these fortresses have been more than mud and adobe brick, and from bricks and plaster have been used less. The walls of these fortresses are made from thick of pies and adobe bricks. In most cases the thickness of these walls are four meters. Inside the fortress are have meandrous alleys, that all of them have led the main passage of the fortress (fortress gateway). In around some of these fortresses is drilled ditch. The mountainous fortresses at the top of the mountains and heights have been made. In construction of mountainous fortresses has usually been used from rubble and mountain stone and river stone with plaster or mortar. Around these types of fortresses have been deep abysses, that impassable these fortresses have been difficult carrying siege devices. At the end of the towers have been congresses. In this research, after full description of this building have been answered to the following questions: What period is this building? What is the use of this building?

Research findings
The Gavart neighborhood is located in 5 km of east of Esfahan city. The height of Gavart is 1710 meters above sea level, and one part of the Ghohab block (from nine blocks of Esfahan). The “Gavart” means nice breeze (this is for stay in the middle of Dasht-e Kavir and Zagros Mountains that is cause interference warm and dry weather with mountainous weather). This area is located in longitude 51° 48ʹ 44ʺ and latitude 32° 38ʹ 01ʺ and in height 1866 m. The architectural traces this collection are 110 m in 40 m. The Gavart fortress has cylindrical towers, long stairs, antemural, wall, cube buildings inside the fortress, and rocky towers. In this fortress has been used highest skill level in build fortress (in terms use of land and natural side effects to increase the strength of the fortress defense). The Gavart fortress is a type of mountainous fortresses that is located in range and the summit of Gavart Mountain. The architectural components of Gavart fortress are includes of the following: stairs of entrance, and architectural sections 1 to 10 (these sections are located in different parts of the fortress). The Gavart fortress has a mountain architecture, and hasn’t regular geometric shape. In this fortress, from the top of each tower is seen roof of the front towers. This site probably has other buildings in the lower of the mountain that troglodytic building in lower of the mountain is from these buildings. On the surface of this fortress are seen ceramic traces to form of scattered. The pottery findings Gavart fortress: fine ware of buff and clinkey, fine ware of red, ware of medium fine and red and clinkey, ware of medium fine and buff, and glazed ware. The ceramic founds in Gavart fortress aren’t decoration, and they have been practical.

Conclusion
The Gavart fortress has been made from rubble and mortar. The location of this fortress in Gavart Mountain has led to invincible this fortress. The elements of main and structural Gavart fortress are including of rocky walls and impassable of mountain. In the one level of this fortress is located architectural part 7. In the second level Gavart fortress is located architectural parts 1, 2, 3, and 8. In the third level of this fortress (that is highest level of Gavart fortress) are located architectural parts 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10. The pottery in this site more is from type of simple.

Analysis and Typology of Fortresses Bafran City (Nain)

Shahriar Nasekhan

Abstract
The security has always been of the main human concerns. So, the human has always been looking for founding ways to reduce the effects of threatening factors himself. Since the country of Iran in the past have been exposed to a variety of military attacks by different nations and neighboring tribes, issue of defense in architecture and urbanization of Iran a lot of effect, that fortress, fence, tower, ditch, and… has been for this work. The fortresses have been military or civilian fortification that with using natural geographic features, and for maintain security, generally built in the mountains. Bafran is one of the historic cities of the Nain that located alongside ancient way Ray to Kerman. The fortresses as the most important representation of the defense system in past, were have a lot of variety. A number of these fortresses have been located outside the residential area and alongside the farms. The fortresses under study in this research is contains of Ghale Rig, Ghale Razi, Ghale Ali Abad, Ghale Sori, Ghale Hoseyn Abad, Ghale Yekeh Derakht, and Ghale Rostam. In this research has been used from the method of descriptive - analytical and interview with informed people in area. Because these fortresses haven’t been mention in historical written sources (history books, travelogues, and …), authors of this article have emphasized on field studies and observations. The results this research, indicates that fortresses of Bafran are includes three species: the fortresses of temporary residence in times of insecurity, fortresses surrounding the village, and fortresses of rulers. Among the fortresses under study in this research, Ghale Rostam, because of location and for physical and architectural features it, in the past defense system of Bafran has been role a more important.
Keywords: Defense Architecture, Typology, Fortresses in Plane, Bafran, Nain.

Introduction
Fortress has been a building that located on top of a mountain or a high place, and people at all times of the day reside in it. About abundant clayey fortress in the Iran plateau hasn’t been done much research; so, dating these fortresses aren’t easy, because each fortress has been used for several periods. The surveys have been shown about these fortresses, most of them are related to Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid periods that have been used in the subsequent periods of Islamic era and even until now. These buildings have made for a variety of purposes; the smallest fortresses have been used for checkpoint or military post and the biggest them used for fortresses of military and defense and caravans (Siroux, 1979: 54). Based on available evidence, building of the fortress was common until the late Qajar period. After that, with the invention of advanced military weapons as: bomber, rocket, and …, the military fortresses were lost their significance. In Bafran city are number of fortresses that each fortress has own characteristics. So far no research has been done on these castles. In this research, Ghale Rostam maps were drawn by authors that these plans for first time are done from this fortress. The main questions of this research include the following: Which are the Bafran fortresses؟ How can categorize them? What are the architectural features of Ghale Rostam? And, why is Ghale Rostam more important than other fortresses in Bafran?

Bafran fortresses
Ghale Rostam
This fortress is located in adjacent to Ghadamgah Imam Reza and on top of a hill and at a height of 25 meters from the earth’s surface. The plane of this fortress is rectangular and has a length of 48 meters and 20 centimeters and a width of 12 meters and 47 centimeters. Ghale Rostam with an interior space of 500 square meters, the fortress has been strong.

Ghale Sori, Ghale Razi, Ghale Rig, and Ghale Ali Abad
At the moment, Ghale Sori and Ghale Rig have been completely destroyed, and doesn’t exist possibility to study and field survey of these fortresses. From the Ghale Razi and Ghale Ali Abad are few remnants them.

Ghale Hoseyn Abad
This fortress is located in Hoseyn Abad field and outside the residential area, and in the northwest of Bafran city. Ghale Hoseyn Abad is to form of square and with four rounded towers in four corners.

Ghale Yeke Derakht
This fortress is located in Yeke Derakht field. Now, from Ghale Yeke Derakht is remain two north and northwest towers, and the rest of this building is demolished due to the passing of time and erosion.

Conclusion
The Baferan fortresses to three types are divisible based on location and their function. Ghale Rostam has been the fortress of insecurity times, because this fortress is located on top of a hill and at a height of 25 meters from the earth’s surface. The Ghale Sori, Ghale Razi, Ghale Rig, and Ghale Ali Abad are located in around the village, and they have been expletory of protection of the village. The Ghale Hosein Abad and Ghale Yeke Derakht have been fortresses of rulers. These fortresses have been a form of square, and with thick and high walls, and with towers in four corners. Various residential and service spaces as rooms, warehouses, stables, and… in around of yard are considered from architectural features of these fortresses.

The Comparative Study of Lusterware Style of Kashan and Raqqa

Nasrin Beyk Mohammadi

Abstract
In the 5th and 7th centuries A.H., was created great transformation in all arts, industry, and sciences (including pottery art). Seljuk potteries, were restored the glaze technique, so can be attributed lusterware style to them. Kashan at the beginning of the seventh century A.H. was one of the major centers of pottery and for several decades produced wares that they had fine technique. Almost contemporary with Iran, Raqqa in Syria under rule of Ayyubid, was became one of the major centers for the production of pottery and artwork. The traces of Raqqa and Kashan are so similar, so that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. The purpose of this article, identify similarities and differences is between two styles of pottery of Kashan and Raqqa, and eventually, identify of interaction is between these two styles. In this regard, in this study, we have tried to answer the following questions: What are the similarities and differences between these two styles of pottery? Which of these two styles of pottery is older? The research method in this article is based on method of descriptive – analytical, and from library resources has been used to explain the subject. By reviewing the traces of lusterware style of Kashan and Raqqa can achieve some kind of fusion style that is influenced by the art of pottery of Iran. So, pottery style of Kashan has been older and potters of Kashan have been able to many of techniques and decorative art themselves transferred to Raqqa.
Keywords: Seljuk, Ayyubid, Lusterware, style of Kashan, style of Raqqa.

Introduction
In Seljuk period (fifth and sixth century A.H.) significant progress in all arts, especially pottery art was happened. In this period, all known pottery techniques were used: engraving, relief-work, latticework, gilding, and enameling. The traces with decoration of luster glaze are one of the innovations of this era. The attractiveness this type of glaze, was creation of golden and metallic polished in potteries without use of the gold. The Ayyubid period in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, not only in the field of conquest and war, but also from the point of culturally was effective. They created new styles in the arts, but their rule was short. The Ayyubid pottery is known more with Raqqa pottery. By studying the traces of pottery this period, we could be identified combination style that has been under the influence of pottery art of Iran and Egypt. Almost contemporary with Iran, Raqqa in Syria under rule of Ayyubid, was became one of the major centers for the production of pottery and artwork. The traces of Raqqa and Kashan are so similar, so that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. In this study, we have tried to answer the following questions: What are the similarities and differences between these two styles of pottery? Which of these two styles of pottery is older? The research method in this article is based on method of descriptive – analytical, and from library resources has been used to explain the subject.

Research findings
Kashan at the beginning of thirteenth century A.D. was one of the major centers of pottery. This city for several decades has produced crocks of very delicate. In Kashan was produced group of slip-painted ware that including are types of bowls, trays, and decanters. Second group from Kashan pottery is lusterware that including: bowls, trays, decanters, vases, jars, and wall tiles. On the tiles of Iran in Seljuk period has been used different decorations such as human and animal and foliage, and effect of painting art and book designing can be seen in all of them. In lusterware style of Kashan less than blue color has been used in glaze. All portions of pottery are decorated with painting of women’s pictures, girls, arabesque motifs, and Farsi and Arabic inscriptions. Generally, the pottery of Kashan in Seljuk period can be classified in the following types: bowl, dish, drinking bowls such as jar, decanter, ewer, and also types of dishes with human and animal forms, and Star-shaped tiles.
Raqqa in Seljuk period was only center outside of Iran that created significant amount from pottery and art tiles that in terms of technique were distinctive. In Raqqa has been made pottery with relief decoration (Barbotin), unglazed, muddy relief decoration, and with green and blue glazes. relief decoration, with green and blue glazes. Another technique, painting with Azure and Cyan colors on glazed liners. These crockeries were decorated with lusterware technique. The decorations of Raqqa pottery are divided into two main groups: first group, main designs that are usually human or animal; and second group, decorative motifs that have done in the background. Raqqa pottery is classified into the following types: bowl, dish, jar, and decanter.

Conclusion
In the Seljuk period beautiful products of Kashan pottery have been exported to throughout the Islamic world and this has led to the expansion of Kashan pottery. On the other hand, pottery of Raqqa style (that as an inseparable art of the Ayyubid period that was formed in the city of Raqqa and on the Euphrates coast) was similar with pottery style of Seljuk period. The traces of Raqqa and Kashan are so similar, so that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. However, the construction of lusterware before the Iran in Egypt and Iraq has been common and arrived in Iran through Iraq, but peak of the production of this pottery has been in Seljuk period and in Iran. According to this, the possibility of the migration of Kashan artists to the Raqqa or neighboring countries could be true.

Study of Locating Quranic Verses and Other of Inscriptions in The Buildings of Islamic Period, Based on Their content (Research on Tombs of Seljuk Period in The Northwest of Iran)

Esmaeel Maroufi Aghdam

Abstract
The tombs or funerary monuments are one of the most important elements of Iranian-Islamic architecture that in different fields require careful investigation. This group of buildings is important among Iranians; for this reason, in each period of the Islamic era of Iran the most important and most used arts related to that period have been used in their construction. Generally, the decoration in buildings has a more effective role, because, if it is understandable in terms of form and structure for archaeologists and designers, it’s possible this isn’t understandable for the general public. So, decorations in the buildings at first sight are attracts the viewer. In this article epigraphy art as one of the most important decorative elements of Islamic buildings have been reviewed in the four Seljuk tombs of Northwest of Iran: Gonbad Sorkh, Borj Modavar in Maragheh, Seh Gonbad, and Gonbad Kabood. The research method in this study is interpretive – historical. In this study with analytical method have been studied decorations of these four tombs (especially in terms of architecture, motifs, inscriptions and their position on the buildings). Also, in addition to reviewing the articles, books, and evidences, with field survey from these tombs, plan and decorations, and then a comparison table of inscriptions has been provided. In this regard, the following questions are raised:
- How is architecture, motifs and decorations of the Seljuk tombs in northwest Iran? And, their inscriptions are divided into several categories in terms of content?
- What are the effects of concepts of the inscriptions on position them on the buildings?
Reviews show that inscriptions of Seljuk tombs in the Northwest are divided into four groups: The Quranic verses, inscription with the theme of the date of construction, inscription with the topic of prayer, and inscription with the theme of the architect and the builder. On the other hand, position these inscriptions in the buildings have been differed proportional in their content. Inscriptions of the Quranic verses in the highest section of building, inscription with topic of prayer in the lower, inscription with the theme of date of construction and architect and builder are placed on the lower levels and on the body of building.
Keywords: Islamic architecture, Seljuk tombs, Northwest of Iran, decorations, inscription.

Introduction
Generally, one way of cognition more about periods of Islamic architecture besides of decorative elements and motifs, is study of inscriptions and their texts. In the Seljuk period, one of their architectural features, are create inscriptions and decorative lines from shaved bricks, that in most of buildings this period (especially tombs) is seen. Furthermore, due to the difficulty of shaving the bricks and the formation of letters and words with it, during this period, the Naskh script was replaced by the Kofi script and inscription with style of stucco was used (Hatam, 1999: 162).
In this article, in addition to reviewing the historical background and the process of build tombs in the Seljuk period to study and compare four tombs in the Seljuk period in Northwest of Iran, first have been introduce architectural features and decorative motifs them. Then, in comparative tables have been specified types of inscriptions and their position on the tombs. In this regard, following questions are raised: How are architecture, motifs and decorations of the Seljuk tombs in northwest Iran? And, their inscriptions are divided into several categories in terms of content? And, what are the effects of concepts of the inscriptions on position them on the buildings?
This study shows, inscriptions of Seljuk tombs in the Northwest are divided into four groups: The Quranic verses, inscription with the theme of the date of construction, inscription with the topic of prayer, and inscription with the theme of the architect and the builder. On the other hand, position these inscriptions in the buildings have been differed proportional in their content. Inscriptions of the Quranic verses in the highest section of building, inscription with topic of prayer in the lower, inscription with the theme of date of construction and architect and builder are placed on the lower levels and on the body of building.

Buildings under study
Gonbad Sorkh: The Gonbad Sorkh is oldest tomb in the Maragheh that is located in the southern part of the city and west side of Hashtrod road. Generally, in the Gonbad Sorkhon and in different parts and also on all sides this tomb is inscription.
Borj Modavar: The Borj Modavar is second tomb built after the Gonbad Sorkh and inside the city of Maragheh. This tomb now is located in Khaje Nasir Street and behind the building of Bank Melli. The Borj Modavar has two inscriptions that both of them are located in the main direction of the building and facing the North.
Seh Gonbad: The Seh Gonbad is third tomb that was built in the Seljuk period in Azerbaijan. This tomb is located in the southeastern of Urmia city. The three inscriptions with Kofi script and geometric motifs at the facades of this tomb have created beautiful view.
Gonbad Kabood: The Gonbad Kabood after the Gonbad Sorkh and the Borj Modavar is third of building that has been made in the Maragheh city. In this building 5 inscriptions are visible.

Conclusion
It’s certain, in Seljuk period and in the method architects and artists of this period, concepts of inscriptions have played an important role in location of inscriptions. According to this, inscriptions of Quranic verses and inscriptions of mystical concepts and prayers have usually been located at higher levels. Other inscriptions (such as inscriptions with historical or political themes) have usually been located in lower levels. The location of inscriptions in buildings from the down to up in four sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the table below is shown.

Study of Painted and Unglazed Ware (Pseudo Prehistoric) in Sites of Islamic Period of Narmashir Plain in Kerman

Saeed Amirhajloo

Abstract
Narmashir plain at Kerman, has many settlements from Neolithic to Qajar era, But it has not considered by researchers. The pseudo-prehistoric ware is one of the pottery types of Islamic period that is identified in the archaeological surveys in Narmashir. This type, has also reported from South and South-West Iran in previous years, and it has identified recently in other regions of Iran. The Pseudo-Prehistoric wares don’t have the glaze, but they are painted with brown, ochre, red or orange geometric patterns. These types of wares are like prehistoric ones, but their clay, color, and motifs are different from prehistoric painted wares. Furthermore, they distribute along with glazed wares from Islamic sites in the most parts of Iran, and for this reason, they introduced as the Islamic Potteries. The aim of this article is to introduce and study and comparison of this type of pottery with the other samples of Iran. This helps to better understanding the Islamic cultures of South-East Iran and the communities of Lut desert margins. The question is “what are the characteristics of pseudo-prehistoric wares of Narmashir in comparison with the other sites?” In this article, pseudo-prehistoric wares are introduced and studied. Then they have compared with other sites. The data have collected in documentary and field methods. The research method in this study is “descriptive-analytical”. Accordingly, in the old city of Narmashir, Jalal Abad and Rafi Abad, the pseudo-prehistoric wares with brown-red ornaments found from the context that contained the cultural material from Islamic middle ages. These samples have many similarities with the samples of south, south-eastern, northeastern, north and center of Iran. But the pseudo-prehistoric wares from Narmashir do not belong to the nomad communities, but they belong to the urban and sedentary settlements, unlike the samples of south and south-eastern Iran.
Keywords: Narmashir, unglazed painted wares, pseudo-prehistoric pottery, the historical sites of Islamic period.

Introduction
Narmashir plain at Kerman, has many settlements from Neolithic to Qajar era, But it has not considered by researchers. The old city of Narmashir (Choghook Abad site) has been introduced as one of the five main cities of Kerman, the center for agricultural and industrial products, the mediation center of Goods, and the serving location for the caravans, in the Islamic sources. This city was located along the road of India, Oman, and Sistan to the center of Iran. For this reason, it played an important role in the development of southeast Iran in early and middle Islamic era. The pieces of wares from early Islamic period to the 12th AH has identified on the surface of the Islamic sites of Narmashir, in the authors archaeological surveys. One of these wares is the unglazed painted ware (pseudo-prehistoric ware), which was reported by Sumner and Whitcomb for the first time in south and southwest Iran (Sumner & Whitcomb, 1999). But, several sites in Iran were introduced as the sites containing pseudo-prehistoric wares, after recent studies. The Pseudo-Prehistoric wares don’t have the glaze, but they are painted with brown, ochre, red or orange geometric patterns. These types of wares are like prehistoric ones, but their clay, color, and motifs are different from prehistoric painted wares. Furthermore, they distribute along with glazed wares from Islamic sites in the most parts of Iran, and for this reason, they introduced as the Islamic Potteries. The question is “what are the characteristics of pseudo-prehistoric wares of Narmashir in comparison with the other sites?” The aim of this article is to introduce and study and comparison of this type of pottery with the other samples of Iran. This helps to better understanding the Islamic cultures of South-East Iran and the communities of Lut desert margins.

Data and analysis
The unglazed painted wares of south and southwest of Iran are very simple. They are painted in dark red or dark brown. The ornaments have appeared on the outer surface, upper part and around of their rims and handle. This motifs include simple, primitive, and careless lines, such as horizontal or vertical bands, curved and wavy lines, and zigzag designs. (Sedighian & Gholami, 2012: 135). They belong to the middle and late Islamic period (Ibid: 134). These wares have found in the old city of Narmashir, Jalal Abad and Rafi Abad. The pseudo-prehistoric wares of Narmashir, are similar to those one from southwest, center, north, and northeast of Iran. They have red or orange clay, buff slip, and mineral temper. Most of them have produced with the wheel. Their ornaments have painted in brown, red or orange. The samples of the old city of Narmashir are similar to the “Mad Abad” wares (see. Sumner & Whitcomb, 1999:320-321). The pieces of Jalal Abad and Rafi Abad are similar to those one from Atigh square of Isfahan and Samiran of Manjil (see. Sedighian & Gholami, 2012: 138). The technique of production of them is similar to the samples have reported from Bishapoor, which have painted by simple and curvy designs in red or black (see. Amiri et all. 2012: 13). Also, the samples of Kompos Bonari in Kohgiluiyeh (see. Qezelbash & Parviz, 2013: 123-124) and Qal’eh Dokhtar and Shahdezh in south Khorasan from 5th -7th AH (see. Sedighian & Gholami, 2012: 137) are similar to Narmashir wares. But, the samples of Narmashir are different from those one of Sistan and Bluchestan. The wares of Sistan and Baluchestan have the orange or red background and dark-brown motifs (see. Mousavi Haji et all. 2013: 127). The pseudo-prehistoric wares of Narmashir belong to the 5th – 8th century AH, based on similar samples found in the south of Khorasan, and center and southwest of Iran. The samples of Narmashir do not belong to the nomad communities, but they belong to the urban and sedentary settlements, unlike the samples of south and south-eastern Iran.

Conclusion
In the old city of Narmashir, Jalal Abad and Rafi Abad, the pseudo-prehistoric wares with brown-red ornaments found from the context that contained the material from Islamic middle ages. These samples have many similarities with the samples of south, south-eastern, northeastern, north and center of Iran. But the pseudo-prehistoric wares from Narmashir do not belong to the nomad communities, and they belong to the urban and sedentary settlements, unlike the samples of south and south-eastern Iran. Furthermore, the samples of Narmashir are different from pseudo-prehistoric wares in Sistan and Baluchestan, because the Sistan and Bluchestan samples have the red background and dark-brown ornaments.