Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

Preliminary Study of the Mousterian Stone Industries of Miankouh; Western Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran

Mohsen Bahraminia

Abstract
Miankouh Area is contractually known as a district of southern part of the Central Zagros in the southwest of Iran. Despite its small area (680 km2), due to its location between highlands there are two distinct micro ecozones with natural resources and an abundance of plant and animal species and has been suitable for the vertical seasonal movements throughout the year in order to access to various resources in the subsistence from the Pleistocene to the present. Our knowledge of its Mousterian cultures is derived from three-season field surveys between 2009 and 2011 years in both Low Altitude (LAZ) and High Altitude Zones (HAZ) with an average altitude of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ? Totally, 1454 stone artifacts were collected from the Middle Paleolithic Open-air sites of both zones. Preliminary results show that the MP hunter-gatherers of Miankouh exploited both zones with relatively a homogeneous tool kit influenced by the permanent rivers in LAZ and pool resources available in HAZ within the daily radius of movement at a distance of 5 to 20 km, which had often been turned into flakes and various tools using several techniques. They also used the type of tools that are commonly recognizable in the stone industries of other MP cultures of Zagros.
Keywords: Zagros, Bakhtiari Highlands, Stone Industries, Mousterian.

Introduction
One of the largest bodies of research on montane adaptation comes from the Zagros Mountains of Iran and Iraq. Most of the Palaeolithic archaeological researches of Zagros have focused on, north, south (Azadi, 2017; Dashtizadeh & Hosseini, 2008; Conard et al., 2006; Rosenberg, 1985) as well as the north parts of Central Zagros (see Abdi, 1999; Adams, 1954; Biglari & Abdi, 1999; Coon, 1951; Dibble, 1984; Jaubert et al., 2009; Trinkaus & Biglari, 2006; Young & Smith, 1966; Roustaei et al., 2002; Roustaei et al., 2004). Broadly, it can be declared that there is no comprehensive evidence about conditions of the Palaeolithic sites in the Bakhtiari region in Southern part of the central Zagros.
This paper presents an analysis of a group of MP lithic assemblages collected from a set of open-air localities during field surveys conducted in both Lower Altitude (LAZ) and Higher Altitude Zones (HAZ) of Miankouh District with an area of approximately 680 km2 and an average elevation of 1510 and 2601 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (ChB) Province, Iran (Khosrowzadeh, 2011, 2010a, 2009).
For the aims, these assemblages provide insights into mobility, landscape-use, and lithic technological decision-making in high-altitude environments by the MP hunter-gatherers in the Zagros Mountains and beyond.
These data presented in the current paper originates from the area of the Miankouh highlands (Bahraminia et al., 2022) from where MP evidence can help further elucidate the issues identified with the Zagros Mousterian as an explanatory framework for MP seasonal mobility and land-use patterns in the Zagros Mountains (Lindly, 1997; Skinner, 1965).
This paper seeks to answer (1) what is the position of Miankouh’s MP cultures among the well-known Mousterian cultures in the Zagros Mountains of Iran? And (2) what is the radius of movement of MP hunter-gatherers of in the landscape of Miankouh through the study of the stone assemblage of both LAZ and HAZ?

Materials and Methods
To record the surface findings, as soon as the first artefact was found, a radius of 200 meters around the point of this find was evaluated in different directions by a group of five people. By focusing on the MP period, 177 MPO locales in the form of points with XY coordinates incorporating 1454 stone artefact were analyzed. In order to assess the techno-typological aspects of the lithic assemblages in the region we used advanced analytical tools (SPSS tool boxes) at the local landscape level.

Results
From the surface of both ecozones a low density of lithic artefacts ranging from 1 to 36 pieces was identified for the MP each identified here as a specific “locale”. The area under study provided a large number of cultural materials including lithic artefacts from MP UP and EP as well as a considerable amount of potteries from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic as well as the Late Islamic period. For the purpose of this paper, we only examined stone assemblage of the MP period.
A total of 1454 lithic artefacts (whole and fragmented) were collected during the Miankouh survey, with 874 pieces from 113 MPO locales coming from LAZ, and 580 pieces from 63 MPO locales from HAZ. We identified four main groups including core, tool, unretouched flake, and debris.
In terms of lithic technology, preferential and recurrent Levallois methods are clearly used in the production of flakes. Recurrent methods of unipolar, bipolar, and centripetal were used to knap the flakes. Moreover, the dorsal scar patterns among the cores, tools and unretouched flakes indicate non-Levallois semi-pyramidal and discoidal methods are other debitage techniques in the MP stone industry of Miankouh.
For 970 artefacts which were categorized as tool, scrapers and blades represent highest frequency of tool types in assemblage which were followed by retouched flakes, points, notch/denticulates, borer/burins, and hand axes. In process of tool-making have generally been used the Plain/flat and faceted platforms more than other types. Points of both LAZ and HAZ are the end products in this group because about 82 % of them do not have any cortex on their dorsal face. Also, 50.88 % of total unretouched whole flakes have cortex on the dorsal face. Geneste has already classified such samples in the early stages of the reduction system in the tool production cycle (Geneste, 1985).

Conclusion
The use of Levallois technique was initially reported not to be present in the Mousterian Zagros assemblages (Skinner, 1965). Its widespread use within Zagros Middle Palaeolithic assemblages was however eventually confirmed by Dibble (1984) (Bahraminia et al., 2022) (and papers in Olszewski and Dibble, 1993). That the utilization of Levallois technique in the region cannot however be expected to be universal has recently been established through excavations at Qaleh Bozi close to the Miankouh field survey area, where a relative absence of Levallois technique was reported (Biglari et al., 2009).
Unfortunately, we do not have reliable metric core data and other lithic artefacts from other MP sites of the Zagros in order to support our results. In order to better understand the effects of elevation on size and weight as well as its effect on the quality and quantity of MP toolkits, we need to measure metric values of lithic assemblages from other sites/locales within the Zagros Mountains at different elevations from a ‘landscape-oriented’ or ‘siteless’ approach.
The overall composition of the Miankouh lithic assemblage from a techno-typological point of view includes relatively short flakes. Retouched pieces on flake are other features of this collection. A glance at all cores from Miankouh reveal that in LAZ usually larger stone cobbles have been used as cores in comparison with HAZ. The mean weight of those from LAZ is 56.66 grams while in HAZ it is 41.98. In the case of core reduction strategies, the high frequency of cortical flakes, unretouched flakes, irregular retouched flakes, and typical tools suggest that the knapping processes were accomplished at some of localities of LAZ. It seems that the production of tools on cortical flakes (for example notch/denticulates) has been a common tool making tradition in the study area. The presence of short flakes in the Miankouh lithic assemblage may reflect the fact that the use of short flakes had been a common tradition at the MP sites in high-altitude environments. It can be raised that some Mousterian debitage strategies for the production of flakes and tools were commonly presented in Miankouh where stone raw material in the form of river pebbles and chert nodules of limestone outcrops were available in this mountainous region.

A Study of the Livestock Community of Susa in Proto-Elamite Period

Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk

Abstract
One of the most important and controversial prehistoric cultural periods is Proto Elamite period, which can be considered as a revolution in the development, growth and development of communication and interaction of the people of that period, in the period of 3300 to 3000 B.C Many changes took place in this golden age, which itself is due to the existence of political and social complexities. During this period, livestock unions were formed, which had an Proto Elamite writting on the inscriptions of this period. The union’s livelihood was based on animal husbandry. The economies of monogamous and farming communities are fully integrated with the livestock nomadic economy, and farmers are therefore the direct economic dependents of nomadic unions. Of course, it goes without saying that nomadic ranchers also need farmers, but this was not always the case. Farmers provided some of the farmers’ grains, but the farmers continued to cultivate. They usually had rainfed agriculture. But in general, the most important livestock economy is herding, and farmers needed to migrate to find forage, and on the other hand, the very hot weather in the area of Susa was not tolerable for livestock, and farmers had to migrate to colder areas. The inscriptions are very important in this cultural period. Inscriptions changed from counting mode to scrolls for managing office and animal documents that were thought-provoking. One of the most significant areas of the fourth millennium BC is the area of Susa, which in this period has a lot of livestock inscriptions. In this article, the authors try to analyze the type and number of livestock inscriptions, the existence of a nomadic union, and subsequently the bipolarity of the Susa community in the early Elamite period.
Keywords: Fourth Millennium BC, Proto Elamite, Susa, Animal Husbandry, Inscription.

Introduction
Proto Elamaite refers to a period in history that chronologically shows 14 carbon samples obtained from millions of times between 3300 and 3000 BC.( Dahl et al, 2013: 358). But the end of this cultural period is not very clear yet (Pats, 1396: 99). Today, there are various sites from this period in Iran, some of which have been excavated, but according to the excavated sites, it covers a large part of the Iranian plateau, and so far 8 of its sites have been identified with an integrated writing standard.some of them like 1. Susa (Vallat, 1971) 2. Sialk (Ghrishman, 1938: XXXI) 3. Tal Geser (Alizadeh, 2014). Proto Elamite writing has an integrated structure in terms of form, writing and in terms of illustrating the ideas of the drawings. For example, in the field of animal texts, all of them have used a series of common or close signs, and in most cases, all of them have shown the difference between male and female goats, male and female sheep, and lambs with a single sign .Also, the same collection counting system is used.
Objective: To study the duality of the population of Susa (monogamous and nomadic) in the fourth millennium BC is based on the inscriptions of Proto Elamaite period, based on which it can be seen that Susa in Proto Elamate period is a bipolar society. Indigenous and probably in the same language, the Mesopotamian family is in the south of the Acropolis hill of Susa and a farming and pastoral community in the north of the Acropolis hill. Each nation provided the economic market for the other.
Research Questions: Has a union of animal husbandry communities been formed in Iran during Proto Elamaite period? Was Susa a community, farmer and cattle breeder in the Proto Elamite period?? What cultural connections have there been between livestock and monogamous communities?
Hypothesis: Considering the similarity of the structure and texts of Proto Elamite in the Iranian plateau, it can be seen that there was a connection between these areas and since the most consistency in the signs as well as the areas found in the herd. Early Elamite writings are related to animal texts, it can be seen that the livestock community may have played a role in this collection. These livestock communities in southwestern Iran were in close contact with Susa to meet their material needs, and probably half of Susa communities were forced to migrate to the highlands due to the large number of livestock in the warmer months of the year.
Research Method: In this research, the aim is to reconstruct the herdsman community living in the Susa area in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, which according to the statistical analysis of the number of livestock tablets compared to other Proto Elamite texts, shows that the most Note that these tablets have livestock provisions. In fact, it is possible to understand the type of livelihood of the Sush community in the Proto Elamite period from reading the tables, which is that the people of Sush were cattle breeders in the north of the hill and farmers in the south of the hill. The tablets obtained, which are mentioned in the research proposal, how to discover and decipher them, are very effective in achieving the goal of this research.

Proto Elamite inscriptions obtained from Susa
Proto Elamite inscriptions were first found in the excavations of Susa in 1900. (De Morgan, 1900: 130) Inscriptions are flattened clay fragments made by hand. They have formed. And are cooked at low heat or not cooked at all. In their study, the authors divided the Elamite inscriptions from Susa into two categories. One is the texts obtained from MDP.17, most of which were found from the north of Susa hill, and the other is the rest of the Susa inscriptions, which are generally obtained from the south of Susa hill. Demorgan’s large trench in MDP.6 had less than 10 percent of the animal texts But MDP.17 has the highest percentage of livestock statistics

Animal Texts of Susa
The content of all Elamite texts is administrative and related to the production, storage and distribution of the product (Dahl, 2015). In Proto Elamite texts, various signs are used for animals and livestock, but among them, only the sign of sheep and goat can be recognized with complete certainty due to the similarity with the example of the beginning of cuneiform can be distinguished from other animal signs. All livestock and domestic animal signs used in the herd are shown with abstract signs. Also, one of the most important factors related to livestock communities is the use of signs of livestock products.

Conclusion
Today, in the southwest of Iran, there are nomadic communities that have land in summer and winter, and apart from animal husbandry, whose main occupation is seasonal and rainfed agriculture, which does not meet the consumption of the whole year. And trade in livestock products and grains with the surrounding farming communities, and since the life of nomads depends on climate and environment, and since the end of the fourth millennium BC, major changes in water conditions and the weather in southwestern Iran has not happened. It is possible that the life of the nomads in Proto Elamite period was the same as now. By examining Proto Elamite tablets of Susa, it can be found that a significant part of them (nearly one third of the texts) are concepts related to wages, payment and in the field of livestock activity or collection and audit of livestock, and Attention is also regular with agricultural activity or payment of wages. By classifying the tablets and also according to the statistical concepts and percentages, it is determined that more than 32% of Proto Elamite texts obtained from Trench I of Domkenam in the north of the Acropolis hill are directly related to the counting and trading of livestock and may be part of the payment inscriptions whose goods Not specified, also related to livestock. According to Domkanem’s explanation, part of the inscriptions of the Great Trench of Damurgan is probably related to the texts of grain, storage and payment of labor wages, and at the time of publication, it was merged with a part of the tablets of the Great Trench in other Sush collections such as the book MDP.17 It has been reported that if they are separated, the number of livestock in the north of Shush Hill will probably reach a much higher number than %32. which in general can be understood the livelihood and life of the people of Susa in Proto Elamite period.

Structural Study of Lapis Lazuli Stones and Beads of the Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan

Yassin Sedghi

Abstract
One of the most critical found objects from the site of Shahr-i Sokhta are lapis lazuli stones and beads, which were used as stone jewelry and ornaments. One of the site’s most significant archaeological and archaeometry topics is the way of manufacturing and types of stone structures into these objects. The Shahr-i Sokhta’s lapis lazuli beads manufactured with flint borers are in the forms of lens, lozenge, circle, etc., and were used as jewelry and ornaments such as bracelets, anklets, necklaces, etc. The main discussion in this research is recognizing the structure and studying the mineralogy of lapis lazuli beads discovered from Shahr-i Sokhta. Hence, by using laboratory-device methods such as petrography of thin sections, X-ray energy diffraction microanalysis, Raman Spectroscopy analysis, and gemology methods, this research studies the structures of three samples of lapis lazuli beads and stones of Shahr-i Sokhta. The results of laboratory studies show that Shahr-i Sokhta’s structure of lapis lazuli stone consists of lazurite minerals with a high percentage of calcite mineral impurities, which causes a reduction of transparency and purity of the lapis lazuli stones; also, elemental studies represent the presence of lazurite minerals. Raman structural and gemological studies show the structure, the amount of absorption coefficient, and its specific weight in the main structure of lapis lazuli stone. Chemical and structural studies indicate that the stones are similar in terms of composition.
Keywords: Stone Jewelries, Lapis Lazuli, Archeaometry, Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan, South-east of the Iranian Plateau.

Introduction
Shahr-i Sokhta is one of the most important and key sites among Bronz-age sites in southeast Iran’s archaeology (Biscione et al., 1974; Tosi, 1968, 1969, 1973; 1976; Tosi and Piperno, 1975; Savatori & Vidale, 1997; Piperno & Salvatori, 2007). Through excavations during different years up to now, a vast majority of semiprecious Stones and jewelry have been discovered; some of them are healthy beads in the form of necklaces, bracelets, and anklets, while others are half-worked beads as well as raw stone and blocks (Foglini, 1998). The jewelry is lapis lazuli, agate, chlorite, turquoise, limestone, flint, jasper, marble (calcite and aragonite), quartz, green tuff, and chert; that one of the most significant of them is lapis lazuli which was brought to Shahr-i Sokhta as a result of the trade from other regions. lapis lazuli stone in various forms and shapes is the most discovered abundant cultural material in Shahr-i Sokhta (Sajjadi, 2005, 2007). The discovered lapis lazuli are healthy and semi-worked, as well as raw and discarded material. The archaeological studies have demonstrated that the raw lapis lazuli blocks were imported into Shahr-i Sokhta, and then they were changed into various artifacts by artisans (Farzin et al., 2019). Hence, recognizing the structure and method of manufacturing the discovered lapis lazuli beads from Shahr-i Sokhta could be one of the most important topics for archaeologists. The archaeo-gemological study is a field of archaeometry that investigates and recognizes the structure and method of manufacturing and polishing these semiprecious Stone ornaments and jewelry. Archaeo-gemological studies examine minerals, gem materials, and jewelry, which were used as ornaments, decorative objects, jewelry materials, etc., in particular eras and places of the ancient world (Hatipoglu & Guney, 2013; Rapp, 2009; Dominguez-Bella, 2012). Therefore, this research based on Archaeo-gemological studies investigates the preliminary lapis lazuli stone jewelry produced in Shahr-i Sokhta.

Material and Methods (Samples)
The selected samples in this research include three pieces of lapis lazuli discovered from the archaeological survey of Shahr-i Sokhta. One of the samples is a raw material with a small incision that had been discarded as waste (SH-L1). The other one is a rectangular object with grooves in its width, which was broken during use (SH-L2), and the last one is a tiny bead; all three are studied in this research (SH-L3).

Methods
Microscopic thin section petrography (OPM) is administered to examine the samples under a polarizing microscope. The device model used in this research is James Swift, made in England.
The elemental Micro-analysis EDX method is applied to recognize samples chemical combinations. This examination is conducted through EDX devise coupled with a field emission electron microscope (FESEM) manufactured by Tasken company, model MIRA3TESCAN-XMU.
For structural investigation of the samples, this research uses Raman spectroscopy examination through (Takram) P50C0R10 model device, Taskan company in Raman laboratory. This device has a laser wavelength of 532nm (Nd: YAG Laser), and the range of Raman shift RS is 100-4600.
Moreover, this study uses gemological methods such as specific weight and refractive index to identify the samples.

Results
Petrography
According to the petrographic studies of the lapis lazuli samples under a polarizing microscope, blue lazurite minerals are seen with white calcite.

Raman Spectroscopy
The obtained spectra from this chart are compared with the reference spectrum at http://www.rruff.info This comparison indicates the existing lazurite in the stone structure of Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12S. There is a Raman spectrum in the range of 546 cm-1, 1092 cm-1, and 254 cm-1, and the intensified spectrum is high in the range of 546 cm-1, considered the main spectrum.

EDX
Micro-analysis (EDX) Obtained spectra in the formula of these stones represent the amount of silicon (19/61 and 19/11), aluminum (7/14 and 7/21), magnesium (7/98 and 6/73), calcium (4/98 and 4/94), and sodium (3/46 and 3/13) elements with the highest abundance.

Gemological Analysis
This part investigates these lapis lazuli’s mineralogical features through two refractometer methods and the determination of specific weight.

Refractometer
Among Shahr-i Sokhta’s studied samples, this research has selected three lapis lazuli samples to study. For investigating, first, one drop of special liquid (REFRACTOMETER LIQUID-Nd 1.81) is poured into the location of the samples; second, the flat sides of the gems locates on the oil. Then, by turning on the device lamp and closing the deflectometer cap, one could obtain each sample’s refractive coefficient measure by reading the refractive coefficient. The type of the studied sample has been identified by measuring the refractive coefficient of the samples and comparing obtained numbers with the standard table of gems (GIA- GEM PROPERTY CHART). The refractive coefficient of 1.50 is related to lapis lazuli stone.

Determination of Specific Weight
One of the quick identifying ways of the gems is the determination of their specific weight, which causes no damage to the gems. To obtain the particular weight of each mineral or gem, first, they are weighted in the air and then in the water. Next, by using a formula, the amount of specific weight is calculated. The particular weight of the discovered lapis lazuli samples of Shahr-i Sokhta is 2.1-3.3.

Conclusion
Microscopic investigations based on the thin section petrography show that the structure of studied lapis lazuli is lazurite mineral type with calcite minerals. In microscopic images, Lazurite minerals clearly are blue, calcite minerals in the stone texture are white, and pyrite minerals rarely can be seen in the studied stone texture. Identifying the existence of a significant amount of calcite and a poor amount of pyrite in the lapis lazuli structure represents the amount of impurities in these stones. Furthermore, elemental analysis of the three lapis lazuli indicates that there are other elements with the highest frequency; these elements are silicon (20/95 and 20/67), aluminum (7/80 and 7/63), magnesium (7/28 and 8/52), calcium (4/94 and 5/33), sodium (3/34 and 3/74) and sulfur (0/66 and 1/09). In fact, lapis lazurite is a blue stone whose chemical composition is variable, and its basic composition is mineral lazurite consisting of aluminum, calcium, and sodium silicates. Lapis lazuli consists of several different minerals, such as sodalite, hauynolith, calcite, pyrite, and lazurite, which are lapis lazuli’s main components. Fewer white calcite spots and more yellow pyrite in the lapis lazuli indicate the best quality of the lapis lazuli. In table 3, silicon element (29.87%) and calcium element (12.26%) are the most amounts of compounds in the Shahr-i Sokhta lapis lazuli structures. The identified chemical compositions of the lapis lazuli in Shahr-i Sokhta are a high amount of calcium and a low amount of iron, which indicates the lapis lazuli structure of this site has a high calcium impurity and low pyrite impurity; this issue could be confirmed through petrography studies. Finally, this analysis represents the correct recognition of the composition and type of used stones in manufacturing ornament objects of Shahr-i Sokhta.
The element percentage of obtained spectra is clearly determined, indicating the main composition of lapis lazuli. The elements represent the chemical structure of a lapis lazuli, a lazulite mineral type with a high calcite impurity percentage. In addition, this study examines the three pieces of lapis lazuli samples through Raman spectroscopy; two samples represent almost similar peaks in the range of 546 cm-1 and 1092 cm-1, and only one sample shows a peak in the range of 546 cm-1. The investigations represent that based on the lapis lazuli studies using the Raman, the lapis lazuli in the mentioned ranges shows an almost significant peak. The number of elements and obtained spectra in these two spectra are almost similar.

Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the “Investigation and study of Shahr-i Sokhta semi-precious stones” project funded by the Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics (RCCCR). The authors are thankful to Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics. The authors want to National Museum of Iran, Southeast Regional Museum of Zahedan, and Shahr-i Sokhta World Heritage Site for their supporting.

Investigation and Analysis of Pottery Characteristics of Milad Tape in Neyshabur Plain in the Perspective of Khorasan Iron Age

Hassan Basafa

Abstract
The Iron Age in the Middle Asia and an important part of it that called Khorasan is a Transitional period between prehistory and historical period. This period always has many ambiguities and questions; Especially in Khorasan, where the lack of archaeological studies is strongly felt. In this area, the Neyshabur Plain has a special position in terms of archeology and is undoubtedly influential in understanding the cultural components of the Iron Age in the region. In the current study, Milad Tape, which is located almost in the middle of Neyshabur Plain, was sampled as a systematic survey. The purpose of this work is to obtain information that can be used to advance the long-term goals of interpreting the Iron Age in Khorasan, especially Neyshabur. In this regard, the most important question is how Iron Age in the perspective of recent studies of Khorasan cultural field. In Milad Tape, whose surface is flat and smooth, sampling of cultural materials has been carried out in the framework of a systematic survey in order to study the Iron Age in a comparative approach with the typology and classification of pottery. Also, by using the settlement pattern of the area and other settlement components of Milad Tape, it is possible to fully examine and read part of the unknown structures of the Iron Age of the Neyshabur Plain and, accordingly, Khorasan. According to the research results, Milad Tape, which has a settlement sequence in the Iron Age, can be interpreted in the framework of the Early to Late Iron Age of the region. Pottery typology studies, also show similarity with the Central Asia Iron Age, which is known as Yaz I to III based on the material cultural of Yaz Depe area. In general, in the comparative approach, Milad Tape samples are closely related to Yaz pottery tradition.
Keywords: Iron Age Khorasan, Neyshabur Plain, Yaz, Milad Tape.

Introduction
Among the archaeology and cultural periods of Khorasan, there is a lack of studies in the second and first millennia BC. Although the first study of this region that led to the recognition of the Iron Age, dates back to the 1980s (Riccardi, 1980). In recent decades, archaeologists have tried to make the knowledge of this period more complete (Vahdati, 2015, 2018; Basafa, 2021, 2020, 2015, 2016). The most important archaeological investigations consist of Atrak River project in North Khorasan (Dana, 2015 and 2019; Vahdati, 2016), Daregaz Plain (Basafa & Hedayati, 2020), Neyshabur Plain (Basafa, 2017), Roshtkhar Plain (Rezayi, et. al., 2018), Gonabad Plain (Basafa, 2021) and Birjand Plain (Dana, 2014).
From the mentioned researches, it can be understood that neighboring cultures are very important, such as the ancient Dahistan culture in the northeast of the Mazandaran Sea, which can also be seen in the plains of Gorgan and North Khorasan (Lecomte, 2005) and Yaz culture (Kohl, 1984: 193).
In completing the archeological information of Khorasan Iron Age, Neyshabur plain sites are very important because of the location of Neyshabur plain and its environmental potentials (Rezaei & Basafa, 2019). Milad Tape (Fig. 1) is located in this geographical environment, which belongs to the Iron Age. Milad Tape and other sites like Se Tape can show new evidence of local cultures and cultural interactions with Central Asia.
Materials and Methods: This research relies on the material cultures that collected from the systematic survey of site. It’s most important cultural materials are potsherds, were first studied in a statistical approach and then analyzed comparatively in comparison with neighboring cultures.

Data
In the sampling conducted in Milad Tape, were obtained various stone tools such as blades and chips, metal melting slags, furnace welds and a significant number of potsherds. A total of 1586 pieces of potsherd have been sampled from the surface of the site, and among the three general categories of rim, body and floor, the most abundant pieces belong to the body. From the total samples that can be dated in Iron Age I, the rim has a frequency of 1%, the body 93% and the bottom 6%. In the Iron Age II and III, the rim and the bottom with an abundance of 3% and the body with 93% of the total have the most parts. Among the examples that can be dated in this site, where a comparative approach was used, three periods can be distinguished from the Early to the Late Iron Age.

Discussion
Looking at the most important cultural material of Milad Tape, we can say that its pottery components are closely related to Central Asia. In the Early Iron Age, in this site, an important phenomenon is low-quality handmade pottery, which is considered one of the main characteristics of Yaz I. In the middle and Late Iron Age, the previous statements also apply, and its morphology also shows that similarities in terms of construction and form can be seen in Milad Tape pottery in these periods as well. In this context, double-lobe pottery, which is defined as the most important characteristic of Yaz II and III cultures, was produced in a wide range with minor changes in the Neyshabur plain.
In completing the studies, environmental factors are very important, and based on this, Milad Tape is located in the range of 900 to 1200 meters above sea level in terms of height, and in terms of the settlement pattern, it is located in the lowlands of the Neyshabur plain (Fig. 7), which has suitable land for population development. The study of Milad Tape water resources, which undoubtedly played an important role in choosing the location of the sites, shows that there is a direct relationship between the water resources and the location of the site, so that its small distance from the water sources has caused it to grow well in terms of dimensions. Milad is located near Kale-Shure in the center of the plain (Fig. 8) where many waterways and streams flow into it, the most important of which flowed a short distance from the site. This satellite has been able to facilitate access to water resources for agriculture and livelihood. The study of land use (Fig. 9) also shows that Milad is in a good agricultural position and probably suitable water sources have caused agriculture to be carried out by hydroponics in this area. Based on this, the location of the settlement surrounded by suitable pastures has provided the conditions for animal husbandry and livestock breeding for the livelihood of the population of the area. Based on the mentioned materials and in the general view, Milad Tape has created suitable conditions and platform for the use of agriculture in the region. On the other hand, the existence of pastures has provided the grounds for subsistence economy based on animal husbandry.

Conclusion
Due to the strategic location of access to water resources and the use of fertile soil, Milad Tape is one of the important sites and settlements in this area, along with other sites, especially Set Tape. By analyzing the cultural materials, a settlement sequence from the Yaz I period and its continuation to Yaz II and III was observed, which shows that it was of special importance in the Neyshabur plain and was efficient in drawing chronological horizons and presenting cultural components along with other sites. The few analyzes of the settlement pattern of Milad Tape also show that suitable water sources were available and the agricultural land was ready. This location selection pattern is also observed in Central Asia. Based on biological patterns, fertile soil, and agricultural use in the effective use of land in the Milad Tape area, it shows that there was a permanent settlement with a livelihood based on agriculture in its settlement area, which may have been three hills. The influence of the cultural characteristics of Central Asia and Yaz culture in Milad Tape, according to the typology of pottery, shows the influence and cultural interactions.

Acknowledgments
We would like to gratitude and appreciation to the respected of the cultural heritage department chief of Neyshabur city, Mr. M. E., Etemadi, for his support in the field activity.

An Archaeological Attitude on the Burial Structures of Khānqah-E Gilvan Cemetery, Khalkhal

Reza Rezaloo

Abstract
Khānqah-E Gilvan cemetery is located on the western skirt of the MT. Talesh approximately 60 km southeast Khalkhal. The cemetery lies between the villages of Gilvan and Khānqah, and is part of the administrative district of Khalkhal in Ardabil province.The cemetery was discovered in 2006 during the road construction project in village of Khānqah. It has been in use from Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age I, II and Parthian Period after a centuries of gap; it is not still clear whether the cemetery was used during the Late Bronze Age or not, but the funerary practices in the Iron Age I, II were continued. Pottery similarities with ceramics from the Middle Bronze Age allows us to suggest that the initial using phase of the cemetery can be attributed back to the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC(Zabanband et al., 2021: forthcoming) In this research, our focus is mainly on the graves related to initial phase of cemetery. During the Middle Bronze Age of Khānqah-e Gilvan, a variety of funerary practices along with types of tombs such as kurgan, pit grave, etc. unknown in other Iranian northwestern sites such as Geoy Tepe, Dinkhah Tepe, can be seen. The funerary practices of the tombs discovered in the cemetery are more or less homogeneous. It is probable to reconstruct funerary behavior of these populations.The diameter of the 7 kurgans excavated at the Gilavan burial site varies roughly 2 to 5 m. circle stone alignment is a common feature these burials, that is carefully laid out, heaps of stone (pebble/slab…)covered the pit burials. In addition to a detailed description of the graves, we will also try to point out some of the hierarchical features of the cemetery according to structure and grave association of the tombs,
Keywords: Khānqah-E Gilvan Cemetery, Kurgan, Structure, Social Position, Grave Association.

Introduction
By the Middle Bronze Age, there were two different painted pottery traditions in Urmia lake basin. The first tradition was black painted red ware with (monochrome) and black& red painted on white or polychrome pottery, as been described as “Urmia Ware” (Pl. 1). The chronology of this pottery tradition has primarily been based on the evidence from level VIB at Haftavan Tepe. This type of pottery was firstly found levels C&D at Geoy Tepe. Four stone-built/cist graves associated with Geoy Tepe settlement of this period have recognized (Brown 1951: 100-107) It suggests that perhaps it might be more accurate to assign these tombs to late VIB. Tomb B which has assigned to period D by Dyson, contains only late VIB pottery which indicates that all tombs are contemporary, and belong to Geoy C. This conclusion is supported by the structure of the tombs; tombs A, B are very similar (Edwards 1986: 60-61, Dyson 1968: 16-17). three stone-built tombs, together with a child burial and three simple inhumations, are the only excavated burial remains of the Dinkha IVC and D levels yet On the basis of C 14 dates (building level) and typological parallels, the tomb B10a B27 can be placed in the 17th to 16th century B.C. Both the Habur Ware assemblage and the metal objects in tomb described here demonstrate Dinkha’s ties to the west in the Old Assyrian and Babylonian periods (Robinson 1991; 1994)
In the last decade, archaeological excavations in Khānqah cemetery provide more knowledge on region’s MBA and identify a variety of funerary practices and grave types during the Middle Bronze Age and Iron Age I, II of northwestern Iran. According to artefacts related to graves, and the structure of graves, these two-mortuary treatment to what extent can reflect status distinctions among people buried in this cemetery?

The Khānqah-e Gilvan Cemetery
Khānqah cemetery (48̊ 49ʹ 46ʺ E and 37 17ʹ 39ʺN; pl. 2) is located on the west of the Khānqah village and 60 km south east of the Khalkhal town. From a geographical perspective, Khalkhal is a mountainous region which is surrounded by the Talesh, Bozquş and Qarāvol dagh from the east, west, and south respectively. Steep terrain of these mountaines region, especially in summer, supply livestock forage production.
The graves in this cemetery are categorized in two groups; a) Kurgans with a Funerary Pit: The burial in these kurgans was funerary pit in shape as the dead person had buried after digging a pit. The dimension of funerary pit was depended on how the corpse is located in the grave as well as the space needed to put the burial goods. After the top of the graves were sealed, then, it filled with a 77-431cm layer of stony soil prior to the surrounding circular stone alignment precinct were built. The height of these kurgans were approximately 61-212 cm. Over time, the mound of kurgans has lost its height and the scatter of stone mounds has formed locus No.4.; surrounding circular stone alignment precinct of graves were identified inside this location and its size is varying from 2 to 4 m in diameter. The existence of sherds, complete containers and animal bones whitin the soil on the graves showes that it mighte be some sacrifices had been distributed among the participants who attended in the burying. 29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 39 and 41 are placed in this group.
b) Pit graves: On these grave types, there is a pit grave covered with mass of rubble. It seems that this embankment was a signal clarifying the location of grave during the past. 14, 24 and 40 are classified in this group.

Discussion
According to formal parallels with ceramic assemblages of the Early kurgans and Middle Bronze Age cultures, the burial site of Khānqah can be dated from the 3rd quarter of the 3rd millennium B.C.
A Hiatus in the Late Bronze Age- to the 1st half of the 1st millennium B.C. Among excavated burials the wealth displayed by 30 and 32 kurgans reveal high social achieved status of their owners. This hierarchy also emphasized by extra efforts in the tomb construction.

Conclusion
According to artefacts related to graves, the tradition of placing pottery vessels along with deceased was a common practice of cemetery, even if there was no skeleton. A greater quantity and higher quality of burial goods found in 14, 30 and 32 tombs show high status individuals were buried with vast amounts of funerary objects. The wealth displayed by these graves reveals high social achieved status of their owners. This hierarchy also emphasized by extra efforts in the tomb construction (30,32) and wealth (14) (Brown 1971: 29). ). Moreover, there were some forms of funerary behaviors in 30 grave; including animal and secondary burials, presumably both of them are related to status or wealth; another explanation may be this, due to the lack of settlement site adjacent to cemetery, it is possible to propose that the mobile groups buried their dead somewhere else in the vicinity of site and in return carried them which could indicate the significance of cemetery in this relatively long period. Brown (1981) points out that the buried people with a higher social status, more likely to be manipulated after death, and those with lower status receive the least manipulate. It is worth mentioning that in 30 multiple grave, the primary burial is in its anatomical position and is not displaced to contain secondary burial which could indicates individual social prestige. There are few differences in wealth and effort in other graves which represent little positional stratification among them. The presence of copper pins in the graves buried people more likely to be the standard of the period. There is no peculiar pattern in distribution of other metal artefacts depending on the location of the pins, it seems that they were a means of keeping clothes (Massa et al. 2017) found around the skull and shoulder

Historical and Archaeological Study of Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman; The Process of Construction and Reconstruction, Dating and Architectural Function

Maryam Mohammadi

Abstract
Qal’eh Dokhtar, as one of the important historical sites on the eastern outskirts of Kerman, has been described in historical texts with different names such as Qal’eh Kooh and Qal’eh Kohan, as a place of political and social events. One of the important features of this castle is its special location in Kerman plain, as well as the extent of its architectural structures and type of materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature, function, and chronology of Qal’eh Dokhtar. This study was done based on the results of an archaeological survey, sounding, and archaeological excavation in 2019 in this site. This study can explain the role and position of Qal’eh Dokhtar in the social and political developments of Kerman during the Islamic era. Data collection was done by documentary and field methods and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The questions are: When were the foundations and renovations of Qal’eh Dokhtar made and what were the functions of this complex? For this purpose, the data of previous archaeological research and recent field activities of the authors were studied and reviewed, and while studying the historical geography of the region, a correct idea of the nature, formation, and function of this building in relation to cultural developments, Political and social of this area in the different period were presented. The study of cultural materials along with the study of historical sources shows that this site is probably almost continuously inhabited from the pre-Islamic period and certainly from the first centuries of Islam to the tenth century AH. The results show that this structure has played a decisive role in the political and social developments in the region. It seems that Qal’eh Dokhtar was probably constructed and reconstructed from the pre-Islamic period and certainly from the first centuries of Islam to the Safavid era for establishing a military and defense base, as a place to hold political prisoners, a treasury, a safe haven for sit-ins and the rulers and their families.
Keywords: Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman, Qal’eh Kooh, Qal’eh Kohan, Historical Castles, Islamic Architecture.

Introduction
Based on historical evidence, Kerman city was founded due to an economic-military necessity. The necessity that required the important branch of the Khorasan arterial road, that is, the spice route of India and the coasts of the Oman Sea, passes through the deserts of Kerman and Baluchistan and connects to the Khorasan arterial road. The Kerman region was located in the center of the intersection of the mentioned roads (Zarei and Heydari, 2013: 202). Because of this special situation, Kerman was also subject to internal and external attacks since historical times (Bastani Parizi, 2016: 40). Therefore, large castles were built for military and defensive purposes to prevent damage and protect lives and property from enemy attacks. Qal’eh Dokhtar is one of the important castles that was founded in response to such needs. In its ups and downs history, this castle has been one of the most famous and eventful castles, especially during the Islamic era, compared to other historical castles in the southeast. Based on the historical sources, political events in the history of Kerman in different periods are connected with this castle (see: Afzal al-Din Kermani, 2016: 124; Vaziri, 2016: 102; Monshi Kermani, 2018: 62; Sykes, 2016: 80).
Despite this, none of the above studies gives a detailed understanding of the nature, function, and chronology of this monument in connection with the social and political developments of Kerman. Historical sources also show a number of contradictions about the date of construction and function of Qal’eh Dokhtar. Most of these contradictions have been caused by the lack of detailed and comprehensive investigation or the ignorance of historians. Considering that the previous researches related to Qal’eh Dokhtar were only descriptive, the importance of the research is that it studied the nature and use of this castle with an analytical approach.
Materials and Method: In this research, by studying historical texts and architectural structures and cultural data (including the remains of pottery from the archaeological excavation and survey in Qal’eh Dokhtar), an attempt was made to create a clear understanding of the history of construction, the process, and stages of renovations, its functions based on the developments. Data collection in this research has been done by field and documentary methods. Based on this, the study and analysis of the findings of the authors’ excavation and survey in Qal’eh Dokhtar has been done to explain the construction chronology, the process and stages of renovations, and the functions of the castle. Also, the historical texts related to this work have been analyzed in the “content analysis” method, and by matching the data from these documents with the archaeological findings, new analyzes have been tried to be presented about this work.

Data
Qal’eh Dokhtar is built on a high rock overlooking the landscape of Kerman plain. This high rock is stretched lengthwise from east to west and its length is more than 720 meters. The architecture of Qal’eh Dokhtar follows the topography of this rock. Some of the architectural spaces of Qal’eh Dokhtar were formed on large stone slabs, and in some others, space was provided for construction by carving the mountain rocks, and buildings were formed with mud-brick, crushed stone, Sarooj, plaster, and lime. In the eastern part of the complex, architectural evidence of two and three stories has been left. In the northernmost part of the middle section, the architectural structures of this section were probably the ruling buildings. In the northwest of the middle part of Qal’eh Dokhtar, there is a wide and half-ruined gate, a small pedestrian gate, and a high and solid tower. In the south of the middle part of Qal’eh Dokhtar, there are remains of a brick water basin.

Discussion
Analyzing the content of historical sources provides information about the functions of Qal’eh Dokhtar during the Islamic era. For example, the first function of Qal’eh Dokhtar as a “place for opponents of the government” can be mentioned (Monshi Kermani, 1328: 23; Hafez Abro, 1375: 53-52). The second function of Qal’eh Dokhtar was based on the analysis of the content of historical texts, “a place to store government treasures” (Katabi, 1985: 100; Hafez Abro, 1996: 157). The third function of Qal’eh Dokhtar can also be considered as “the residence of rulers and their families” in some periods (Afzal al-Din Kermani, 1977: 124). The last function of Qal’eh Dokhtar can be seen as a shelter for besiegers (Khabisi, 1994: 187). In addition to these, we can also mention the role of Qal’eh Dokhtar in keeping political prisoners, which is hidden in historical sources (Monshi Kermani, 1949: 15; Hafez Abro, 1996: 20). Based on this, Qal’eh Dokhtar has had different functions in different eras and as a part of the spatial organization of Kerman city, it has played a special role in the political and social developments of this city in the Islamic era.

Conclusion
Qal’eh Dokhtar in the east of Kerman city was one of the important castles that was founded in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period due to the need to deal with the threat of invading tribes on the south and southeast highway of the country, and it became the throne of the rulers of Kerman in different periods. For two reasons, Qal’eh Dokhtar played a role as a military and defense structure along with other castles in Kerman in providing security to the east of Kerman and the highways of the region. The First reason is “its location on top of the natural elevation and dominates the Kerman plain”, and the Second is “the important position of the city of Kerman from a military point of view during the Sassanid era”. However, the analysis of the content of Islamic written sources and the study of archaeological evidence, including pottery and architectural structures, show a basic reconstruction phase in the 4th century AH, a deliberate destruction phase in the late 6th century AH, two phases of reconstruction in the early and at the end of the 7th century A.H. and a stage of reconstruction took place in the second half of the 8th century A.H. in Qal’eh Dokhtar. Along with these developments and renovations, other functions were added to the security and defense functions of Qal’eh Dokhtar. As it has functioned as a place to keep political prisoners, in other times as a place to keep government treasures, sometimes as a safe haven for the opposition and in other periods as a residence of rulers and their families.

Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. Asadullah Jodaki Azizi for his advice.

Investigation the Collection of Pottery from the Historical and Islamic Eras Architectural Troglodytic Excavations, Arzanfod, Hamedan

Esmail Hemati Azandaryani

Abstract
The troglodytic architecture complex in Arzanfoud (Arzanpoul) is located 30 km southeast of Hamadan, 2 km south of Arzanfoud village. The complex accidentally recovered following mining activities at 2010. There have been four seasons of archaeological activities including excavations, documentation, earthworks, and identifications. According archaeological activities, more than 70 troglodytic spaces revealed that dated to historic and Islamic periods relying on pottery findings. There are questions on variations, forms, techniques, and decorations including 1) what dates are pottery types of troglodytic spaces? 2) What are common techniques and decorations of potteries? Considering descriptive-analytic method, findings, collected of fieldworks and bibliographic studies, qualitatively analyzed. Conclusions indicate that pottery findings date to historic period, Parthian and Sassanid, and middle and late Islamic periods (Seljuq, Ilkhanid, Timurid, and Safavid). Among the most important historic potteries are Clinky wares, grooved rims, and hump-like rims; while the most significant Islamic potteries are stamped wares, painting underglaze, lusterwares, Sgraphiato, enamled wares, and blue and white. Regional soils studies, and nearby Mica and Quartz mines indicate that potteries with Mica and Quartz in temper are, probably, local productions, while the others are probably exotic.
Keywords: Hamadan, Arzanfoud (Arzanpoul), Handmade Troglodytic Architecture, pottery, Historical, Islamic.

Introduction
One of the goals of archaeological research is the study of cultural changes, and in this regard, examining and analyzing the material culture of the past is of particular importance. In the term of archaeologists, these remains are called data. In order to achieve the general goal of archeology - the reconstruction of the past life of mankind, these data must be examined in a specific and logical framework and turned into evidence. In general, pottery is one of the most abundant archaeological data, which is of particular importance in any archaeological analysis. Due to its abundant and continuous production, pottery has always adopted various transformations and innovations in its shape and role, some of which have arisen due to the development and internal growth of cultures over time. Another part of these changes emerges due to cultural and economic links with far and near societies. In fact, pottery is considered the best cultural indicator in order to know societies and it is very important for communication between different units of a regional culture on the one hand and trans-regional cultures on the other hand. Now, according to the above-mentioned materials and referring to the importance of pottery in the process of examining and studying the pottery of different periods in various areas, it is necessary to carefully analyze the typology of pottery and the decorations used in the pottery according to the methods of pottery making and analysis to provide a logical answer to the following questions: 1) what dates are pottery types of troglodytic spaces? 2) What are common techniques and decorations of potteries? Considering descriptive-analytic method, findings, collected of fieldworks and bibliographic studies, qualitatively analyzed.

Discussion
The unique types of this architecture can be set handmade troglodytic underground architectural complex at Arzanfoud in Hamadan noted that was discovered by accident in 2010 as a result of mineral exploration activity. This area is located 30 km South East of Hamadan city (provincial capital) and is situated 2 kilometers south of a village with the same name. The area of the Alvand Mountains, located in the heart of pristine nature and intact. As you explore the collection of handmade troglodytic of Iran was faced with numerous questions, The most important questions were raised about whether this complex of Arzanfoud when created, What time period was used in this series as well as a vast range of different spaces for what purpose and the user was created. According to the first season of archaeological research questions in this category sponsored Ali Khaksar was started in 2010 and the second and third chapters of this research will follow in subsequent years 2011 and 2015. This research programs (identification, documentation, clearing and archeological excavations) in this area were conducted. These results identify more than 70 hand-made underground spaces including rooms and halls with variable depth from 3 to 7 meters. Several hypotheses have been raised in line with spaces this set of user talk ritual, habitat, refuge and exile has been the case so far as the draw of any archaeological activity has been approved. Also according to studies cannot accurately determine the time to create this collection, but this complex be used to set time periods during the middle and late Parthian and Islamic centuries been used on. The underground spaces are connected to the surface via stairs-like entries in the schistose bedrock. This set covers all the spaces are arched, it works well in most areas, this collection strikes a sharp object (possibly pick) clearly observed. It also sets the foundation lamp oil lighting spaces that were in the wall spaces. In some places the walls of adjacent platforms (made from stone-ground or wall stile), water channels and sources are visible. It should be noted that the surface area of architecture can be seen as evidence that more archaeological research is needed to provide comments.
The pottery found in the Arzanfoud area can be divided into two groups of historical periods, including the Parthian and Sasanian periods, as well as the Islamic period. Parthian period pottery includes types: Clinky, Pottery jar with one vertical handle and jar with two vertical handle; Sassanid period pottery includes types; the plate with a simple flat edge turned outwards, the bowl with a Pigeon head rim, Bowls with convex and prominent edges and Pottery with grooved edges (three edges).
potteries of the Islamic period can be divided into two main types, including unglazed (Decorations removed and added on pottery, bottom image, silver colored mica particles on pottery, Pottery with carvings, . potteries with a pattern of birds in a circle, Stamped pottery from Arzanfoud and comparable samples and Pottery with inlaid decoration) and glazed (Pottery with single-color of lapis lazuli glaze, Potteries with a prominent pattern under monocolor glaze, Sgraffiato pottery, Zarinfam pottery, Pottery with animal motifs, underglaze painting type, Pottery with underglaze painting (Ghalam Meshki), Pottery with underglaze painting and Pottery with blue and white glaze).

Conclusion
The pottery found in the Arzanfoud area can be divided into two groups of historical periods, including the Parthian and Sasanian periods, as well as the Islamic period. Parthian period pottery includes types: Clinky, Pottery jar with one vertical handle and jar with two vertical handle; Sassanid period pottery includes types; the plate with a simple flat edge turned outwards, the bowl with a Pigeon head rim, Bowls with convex and prominent edges and Pottery with grooved edges (three edges).
The pottery of the Islamic period of this site belongs to the middle and late Islamic centuries (Seljuq, Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid), among which the pottery of the Ilkhanid period in Arzanfoud is of considerable importance. According to the archaeological research conducted in Arzanfoud, no evidence of a pottery kiln has been found so far, but surface evidence and findings related to pottery production have been observed in the area. On the other hand, silver and gold mica and quartz particles can be seen in much earthenware, which, due to the location of mica and quartz mines in the area and the vicinity of the area, can probably be the production of some earthenware in the area. One of the interesting points of interest in the historical and Islamic pottery of Arzanfod is the great similarity with the pottery types of other historical and Islamic sites of Hamadan province, including: Hegmataneh Tape, Zainoabad Tape of Bahar, Laodiceh of Nahavand and especially the architecture of the Samen underground handmade troglodytic in Malayer, which has the most similarity with Arzanfod’s pottery findings, which shows extensive cultural connections.

A New Approach on the Coins of the Albuyeh Period

Moharrem Bastani

Abstract
Coin minting is basically a symbol of the formation and confirmation of a political sovereignty. The Shiite rulers of al-Boyeh were among the local and regional governments of the geographical area of Iran, that after the establishment of a political government in the year 322 AH and in imitation of the previous governments, according to the usual practice, coins were minted after the formation and stability of the political government. It seems that in the early days of the rule, the Al-Buyeh family used some of the symbols of the Abbasid dynasty and before it in their coins to validate and legitimize their political rule. that with the passage of time and the entry of this Shia political rule into the middle and final period; All the symbols of other local and regional governments have been removed from the front and back of the coins and replaced by symbols that show Shiite vision and thinking, and gradually with the passage of time, these symbols have reached a stage of maturity and complete guidance . It is one of the very important topics that the current research has aimed at, in addition to searching and analysing historical sources and new researches, to explain the reasons, motivations, and existing platforms for this change and transformation in the coins of Al Boyeh. to do and the nature of using these symbols and why not using another symbol as well as their growth and excellence from 322 to 454 Hijri, a period of 123 years with this question; What are the indicators of the minting of the coins of the Shiite Albuyeh rulers in Iran? How to challenge its adaptations, innovations and differences to other coins? Preliminary studies show that the Albuyeh ruling family, like other ruling families of their time, had to first legitimize the newly established system. They use the symbols of Bani-Abbas and before that in their coins and with the passage of time and the establishment of political rule, they tried to include Shia and Iranian symbols on their coins and their rule by minting dinar coins. (gold) and dirhams (silver) to everyone.
Keywords: Coin, Al-Buyeh Coins, Symbols of Shiite Coins, Symbols of Al-Buyeh Coins, Abbasid Coins.

Introduction
Al Boyeh rulers are the first Shiite rulers who were able to make a name for themselves in the history of Iran for 132 years from 322 to 454 AH and devote some pages of historical texts to their history. Investigating the historical developments of this period of Iran’s history requires knowing and knowing the sources that explain the historical developments of this period of Iran’s history (Faqihi, 1378: 16-17- Boseh, 1363: 220-221- Bahmanyar Kermani, Beta: 18- Ibn Athir 1373/11: 4825). Coins are one of the many important sources that can provide valuable information in all political-military-economic-social-cultural-artistic-literary-religious fields. Coins are actually the most truthful narrators of history, who have left valuable information in their hearts, which cannot be found in any of the historical texts or other surviving works of the past ages with complete accuracy and certainty. From the study of numismatic data of a historical period such as gender, metal, weight, carat, lines and motifs and slogans contained in the coins as well as the place of their minting from the intellectual, religious, cultural, political and social approach of each of the dynasties. Historically obtained useful information. From the study of the numismatic works of the Al-Buyeh period from the beginning to the year 322 (A.H.) until the fall of this government in the year 454 (A.H.) it can be seen that the coins of this period underwent many changes and many ups and downs, has gone through. So that these changes can be clearly seen in all political, social, administrative, economic, religious and cultural fields and even in architecture and coins. Research shows that the rulers and founders of the first new Al-Buyeh rule at the beginning of their work to formalize and legitimize their power structure in their efforts to benefit and adapt the civilizational, administrative, political, military and economic stages from others such as the Umayyads. They are the Abbasids, After adapting this index, they maintained it until the middle period of their 132-year rule, and after the changes and developments in the civilized, administrative, political, military, and economic fields, they replaced it with new indices, so this process continued until the fall of the rule. Albuyeh’s politics is quite tangible. In works such as Sarafraz: Avrzamani (2010); Pakzadian: 1380, Rezaee Baghabidi, (1393), Quchani, (1374); Eshraq, (1389), Quchani, (1383), Tridville (2001), George Miles (1938) The ups and downs of Al Boyeh coins developments from 322 AH to 454 AH, the end of the political rule of Al Boyeh Iran in metal, Weight, carat, lines, motifs, slogans... can be seen. Al Boyeh Shiite rulers in the very beginning of their work from the symbols of the Umayyad and Abbasid governments such as; The image of the Sassanid king (Khosro II or Yazdgerd III) was inserted on the coin (Ishraq, 1385: 3) The appearance of the name of the caliph or ruler in Pahlavi script - The appearance of inscriptions with Pahlavi script on the coin - The face of the Sassanid kings, half-faced and full-faced, appeared Appearance in the coins (Ishraq, 2015: 2) - the entry of the Islamic slogan into the Kufic script in the margin - the presence of Zoroastrian fire pits on the back of the coins - the presence of two fire guardians on the back of the coins - the appearance of inscriptions on the sides of the coins - Entering the date and place of production in Pahlavi or Kufi script- The appearance of inscriptions on the back of the coins usually used Pahlavi or Kufic script (Miles, 1363: 318-319- Sasanian Arab coins before Bani Umayyad 1-2). From the evidence and historical documents, it appears that the rulers of Buya, like the Umayyads and the Abbasids, minted gold (dinar), silver (dirham), scales or copper coins. It seems like this, when the rulers were in a good political, economic, and military situation, they minted gold or silver coins, and basically, gold and silver coins were minted in the main center of government. Later, with the gradual disappearance of the political, economic, and military influence, as well as the political rule of Al-Buyeh approaching the end of their rule, gold (dinar) and silver (dirham) coins were gradually replaced by gold coins Due to the distance from the centre of government - the reduction of central power - the lack of concentration and supervision over other states - the coins became popular in the political sphere of Al-Buyeh. From the historical and archaeological evidence and documents, it appears that the Shia rulers of Buyeh used to mint coins in many canters, and many titles and titles were used in their coins - from different styles, such as the Iraqi-Jabal-North-Shirazi style They used- Unlike the coins of the contemporary periods (Abbasians, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs), they use the inscription script - the names of local emirs appear on the coins - they imitated the Sassanid coins and put the name of the emperor on the coin - from poems Shiites have not used it in the minting of coins - at first the grade and purity of the coins was at a high level (98%) - with the passage of time, the grade and purity of the coins gradually decreased and decreased to 50% - the name of Caliph Abbasi is on the back of the coin It was minted continuously - words such as Muhammad Rasulullah, La ilaha ila Allah, Wahadh Lashrik Leh, etc. are seen in most of the coins. So that these indicators and characteristics can be seen from the coins obtained in fifty mint centers of Al-Buye such as Qoms, Bastam, Damghan, Semnan, Gorgan, Estrabad, Amol, Sari, Frame, Hossam, Isfahan, Helwan, Dinur, Shapurkhashat, Saveh, Sinjabad, Qarmisin, Qazvin, Mah Al Kufa, Mohammadiyeh, Nayin, Hamadan, Armenia, Bardsir, Bam, Jiraft, Sijan, Arjan, Ardashir, Khoh, Janaba, Darabgerd, Shapur, Siraf , Shiraz, Fasa, Kazeroon, Kordfana Khosrow, Ibadan, Ahvaz, Izhaj, Shushtar, Jundishapur, Ramhormoz, Souq Al Ahvaz, Askar Makram, Baghdad (an overview of the distribution of minting centers in the political territory of Al Boyeh (cf. Miles, 1363: 326- Mitchiner, 1977: 121-126).

Conclusion
Al-Buye’s numismatic studies show that the coins of the political rulers of this Shiite family have experienced many ups and downs over time based on their geographical location, distance and proximity to the canters of power, followed by political, economic, cultural and social issues. In order to formalize their political rule, the Shiite rulers of al-Buyeh first followed the plan of their predecessors and after the political, economic and military changes and developments; they separated their administrative structure from the previous rule and announced the coinage of their independence to others. The minting of dinar (gold) and dirham (silver) coins is a sign of this approach, following the emergence of signs of weakness and weakness as well as the reduction of political and economic power; Coins were gradually reduced from gold to silver and with the passage of time to copper coins, and numerous changes in color, shape, inscriptions and distinguishing signs were evident in them. According to the practice of their predecessors, the first rulers of the Boyeh ruling dynasty have taken models from the coins of others, and like other contemporary ruling families, by imitating the Abbasid coins, they gradually removed their symbols and replaced them with Islamic and Shia symbols, and by adapting some of the initial coins of the regime. With the coins of the middle and final period of this dynasty, it can be seen that there are fundamental differences in the coins of this period (Baha al-Dawlah Deilmi coin - cf. http: // malekmuseum.org). This symbol has fundamental differences compared to other coins of the previous era due to the approach of the Al-Boyeh family in assigning it to the family of innocence and purity and on the other hand to Iranian’s. Although the essence of the work of the coins of this period is exactly imitation and adaptation of the Abbasid coins; But in some aspects such as color, shape, inscriptions and recognition marks, it is associated with a new approach that separates it from other coins, which can be seen in the use of many titles and titles; and also the use of styles such as Iraqi, Jabal and North, and Shirazi; It made them more distinct compared to their contemporary coins. The coins of the first period of Al-Buyeh are used with the names of local rulers and the names of Sassanid kings appear on the early coins of the rulers of Buyeh. They had a mind. In addition to this issue, to confirm their political sovereignty, the Buya emirs had to include the name of their contemporary Abbasid caliph in their coins. This symbol is less visible in the early coins of Al-Buyeh and more in the middle and final period of their rule, and later this symbol was added to it along with the symbol of nationalism and Shia rituals, so that the emirs of Al-Buyeh appointed themselves to the Zaidi and Shiite family show. In addition to this issue, except for the initial period, the Shiite ruler . in their coins. Al-Buyeh rulers dominated parts of Iran and Iraq from 322 to 454 (AH) for 132 years and made great efforts to expand their political rule over other cities in the region; But like other governments, after a period of ups and downs and the decline of their political, military, economic-social power, as well as the emergence of new powers and the court of Al-Buye being caught up in internal conflicts and family rivalries - political-economic similarities - caused it to decline in front of other powerful and coherent powers of the region such as the Seljuqs, and with the decrease of their power, the material, metal, weight, carat, lines, motifs, slogans, etc., of the final coins of this period changed A lot appeared.

Al-Tariaq Book is an Iranian Manuscript or...?

Khalilollah Beik Mohammadi

Abstract
Since there are few works of painting from the Seljuk period, and on the other hand, most of them were written without data and place, so there are no common opinion about most of the painting works of this period. On the other hand, because most researchers, do not use the correct scientific method in their research, it adds to the existing problems in this field. One of the painting works of this period, which is the subject of this research and has a writing data, is the Al-Tariaq book attributed to Galen, which has written in 595 AH/1199 AD, written and kept in the National Library of Paris. Due to the fact that the place of its writing is not included in this manuscript, there is a difference of opinion about where the said version was written and illustrated. This version has been attributed by different people to different places such as Iran, Jazireh, Dyarbakr, Mousel and Baghdad. Therefore, the basis of the main problem of the current research is the location of the place of writing and illustration of this manuscript, which is analyzed and criticized by descriptive-analytical and comparative methods based on library studies, and the views of researchers will be examined with comparison, it will be shown that the version of Al-Tariaq cannot be attributed to any other country than Iran. By examining and comparing the illustrations of this book and other Iranian works of arts, especially pottery and metalwork, it can be said that the view of most researchers of the illustrations of Al-Tariaq book is more similar to the way of recording Iranian art than to Iraq, so, it can be said that the origin of this manuscript is Iran and other views are incorrect.
Keywords: Al-Tariaq, , Iran, Jazireh, Baghdad Method, Mosul.

Introduction
Since there are few works left about book painting and illustration in Seljuk period Iran, and on the other hand, most of them are without date and place of writing, so most of the works of painting of this period are discussed and disputed. Apart from these problems, the failure to apply the correct scientific method and also the involvement of some prejudices, which of course are not worthy of a scientific research, have caused the existing problems in the field of painting in this period to be added, one of the works of this periods, which fortunately has a writing date, is a copy of the Al-Tariaq book attributed to Galen, which was written in 595 AH and is kept in the National library of Paris. Due to the fact that the place of writing is not mentioned in this manuscript, most of the researchers, if it is found in the text in its entirety, argued with very weak reasons and without scientific basis that this version was written in the Jazireh or Mosul and has nothing to do with Iranian art, so the purpose of this the research is a complete review of the writing and illustration of the Al-Tariaq book.
Research question and hypothesis: The main proposition of the research is to locate the place where the manuscript of Al-Tariaq was written and illustrated in Paris, and by examining the artistic style and the role of the materials used in the illustrations of the Al-Tariaq book, the question is raised, which one of the most similar styles and materials of this book are there art school? By assuming the connection and compatibility of the motifs illustrated in the mentioned book with various works of art, including the paintings of Iran’s enameled and gold-colored pottery, as well as the motifs used on the metal works of the Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi periods, it is possible to determine the place of its writing and illustration, attributed to Iran.
Research Method: The research method in this research is a descriptive-analytical and comparative method based on library studies in criticizing the views of the researchers about the Al-Tariaq manuscript, which is related to the enameled and golden pottery and also the role of the materials used on the metal works of this period in Iran. The research problem has been discussed.

Inroduction of the Manuscript of Al-Tariaq
The book of Al-Tariaq is a translation from the book of Galen, a Greek physician and pharmacist who lived in the second century AD. This book was translated from Greek to Arabic by Ibn-Ishaq in the 9th century AD. The subject of the book is written about toxicology and antidotes, which the author narrates with legendary stories. There are two illustrated versions of this book. The first version was written in 595 AH and is kept in the National library of Paris. The second version is undated and it is attributed to the middle of the 13th century. This manuscript is kept in the Vienna National Library. In this research, the dated version of the National library of Paris will be examined. This version has 12 images, the first of which begins with an image that is repeated twice. In the middle of the painting, a woman is sitting holding a moon crescent and two people are standing on either side of her. This page is surrounded by a frame made of intertwined dragons. 4-winged people can be seen on the four sides of this frame (Fig 1). After that, nine doctors of the period, including Galen himself, have been settled along with their names and biographies (Fig 2).

Conclusion
Based on the investigations and the comparison made between the pictures of Al-Tariaq book with the paintings of Zarinfam enamel pottery and Iranian metal vessels, it was found that there is a complete similarity in terms of stylistics, the way the pictures are drawn and the composition between the Al-Tariaq book and these works. Therefore, attributing this manuscript to the Jazireh is incorrect. The only reasons mentioned by some researchers are human monographs and other interwined dragons, however, if it is mentioned in full, similar to it has been seen in other regions, the image of two interwined dragons, a completely similar example of which is depicted in Mianrodan, but on the golden bowl from Kashan, so based on what has been described, this manuscript is Iranian and has the characteristics of Iranian art of Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi periods. The titles of the book are also written in Kufic script, which all researchers agree that it is Iranian. It is appropriate to attribute ir to Iran rather than to the Jazireh. It is necessary to remember that based on the available evidence, it has sometimes been seen that a copy has the artistic characteristics of one region but was illustrated for ruler another land. In such examples, the issue is not out of two situations, or that the copy in question was made outside the territory of the said ruler and was given to him or written on his order. There are many examples of this type. Like Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, which was written in Tus and sent to Sultan Masoud’s court in Qazneh. Or, an artist migrated from one place to another and painted there, in which case he followed the style of his origin and his art shoud be attributed to his origin, to the place where the art is performed. Apart from all of these, the examples of paintings that are attributed to the Mousel or the Jazireh, were mostly influenced by the style of Baghdad, although the influence of Seljuk painting can also be seen in some of them, like the ways of drawing clothes, there are two ways of working in the paintings of this area, one is Baghdad style and the other is a combination of Baghdad style and Iranian painting. This method is mostly seen after the Mongol attack on Iran. In this method, some clothes are made in the style of Baghdad, which are pleated and shaded and others are drawn in the Iranian way. In Iranian paintings, the clothes are mostly simple or geometric and plant designs can be seen on them, however, in some examples the influence of Baghdad style pleated clothes can be seen. The faces are also influenced by Iranian art, but they are drawn a little more formally and seriously. As mentioned earlier, among the examples of mixed works illustrated in Mosul, we can mention the copy of Al-Aghani’s book, in which the clothes of the clothes of the courtiers are painted in the style of Iran. The expression of the faces is also influenced by Seljuk art, but it has differences from it, which can be clearly seen by comparing them with the Al-Tariaq version. Therefore, if this version was painted in Mosul or on the Jazireh, these clothes or a part of them should be pleated in the style of Baghdad, if such a thing is not visible in them. (Fig 28). But where was this version written and painted, finally, it can be said that it was during the Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi periods, according to the illustrations in the Al-Tariaq book and the examples compared with Iranian pottery and metal vessels. It is believed that this version was mostly likely painted by an artist in the Isfahan region, especially Kashan, less likely elsewhere in Iran.

An Analysis of the Structural Pattern of Mosques Matching the Climate in Hamadan City

Zahra Pourshabanian

Abstract
The native and traditional architecture of each region has been derived from the climate and geography of that region, and mosques as the most important permanent building of Islam in different cities and climates have developed and survived over time by maintaining their unique characteristics in accordance with the climate of each region. The survival of the structure of the historical mosques of Hamedan has also been influenced by the climatic indicators of the region and the climate has guaranteed the structure of the mosques for many years and has provided the possibility of peaceful coexistence of architecture with the environment and its integration. On this basis, this question can be asked that to what extent did climatic characteristics influence the process of forming mosques? In other words, to what extent have climatic factors been effective in creating similar shapes and forms in the building of Hamedan mosques? Its purpose is to recognize Hamedan’s climatic indicators in the structure of mosques by relying on study sources and field surveys to provide a basis for answering the mentioned questions .Considering that the quality of the structural model and the materials used in the mosques of Hamadan city have many similarities with each other due to the high foothill climate of the region ,and the design matching the climate in most of the mosques of this region is similar to other cities of the high foothill climate and mountainous has been observed, as a result, by studying and comparing architecture and climate, the degree of adherence to climate in the architecture of these valuable structures can be obtained. In order to understand the architecture of the historical mosques of Hamadan city, all the documentary, library and field data have been reviewed in a comprehensive way to reveal the effects of climate on the architectural structure of the mosques.
Keywords: Mountainous Region, Hamedan, Architecture, Mosques.

Introduction
In most of the historical and geographical sources of the Islamic era, the life and position of the city and its landmark works such as mosques, especially the Grand Mosque, have been talked about, and it has always had many study attractions for archeology, history and art researchers. In terms of urban identity, Jame Mosque of Hamadan has an old structure from the early Islamic era. However, the majority of neighborhood mosques were built in the neighborhoods of the city after the Safavid period, and a number of mosques, which are related to the Islamic Middle Ages, were revived during this era and the Qajar era. The plan of these mosques is square-rectangular and they follow the pillared nave pattern, without minarets and garlands. The majority of these mosques are built along the bazaar or on the side of the main roads of the city and play an important role in the formation of the design systems and public image of the city. Despite such a key position in the context of the city, investigation and research on the structure of mosques has often been scattered and focused only on the expression of architectural features. Therefore, the role of some influential factors such as climatic indicators in the structure of mosques, which are adapted to the climate of each region as much as possible, has been less noticed. Based on the main objectives of the article, the author aims to examine the architectural structure of the mosques of Hamedan city based on the climate of the region in the time frame of the Islamic era .Based on the mentioned approach, the review of historical and contemporary written sources, archeological data, excavation documents, and field surveys can provide researchers with a comprehensive and complete analysis of the exact location of mosques in the urban context and their architectural analysis based on the region’s climate.

Introduction
The mosques of Hamedan city, as one of the prestigious cities of many centuries of Islam, are very important in the civilization of the Islamic era from various aspects of study and research. In most of the historical and geographical sources of the Islamic era, the life and position of the city and its landmark works such as mosques, especially the Grand Mosque, have been talked about, and it has always had many study attractions for archeology, history and art researchers. In terms of urban identity, Jame Mosque of Hamadan has an old structure from the early Islamic era, which has been repaired and restored in different periods and additions have been added to it. Investigations and evidence show that the majority of neighborhood mosques were built in the neighborhoods of the city after the Safavid period, and a number of mosques, which are related to the Islamic Middle Ages, were revived during this period and the Qajar era. There is a mosque in each neighborhood of Hamadan city, among these mosques, we can mention Nazarbeg, Shalbafan, Chaman-Chopanha, Prophet, Imamzadeh Yahya, Gazran, Mirzataqi, Kalpa, Kebabian, Haji, Haj Kalbali and Alavian mosques. The plan of these mosques is square-rectangular and they follow the columned nave pattern, without minarets and garlands. Considering the importance of a significant number of mosques that are scattered in the city of Hamadan, each one is located on the path of one of the main neighborhoods of the city in the old context. The majority of these mosques are built along the bazaar or on the side of the main roads of the city and play an important role in the formation of the design systems and public image of the city. Despite such a key position in the context of the city, the investigation and research about the structure of mosques has often been scattered and focused only on the expression of architectural features. Therefore, the role of some influential factors such as climatic indicators in the structure of mosques, which are adapted to the climate of each region as much as possible, has been less noticed. Based on the main objectives of the article, the author aims to examine the architectural structure of the mosques of Hamedan city based on the climate of the region in the time frame of the Islamic era. Undoubtedly, this method of investigation and analysis can solve the study gaps regarding the architectural structures of mosques and climatic effects in them to a great extent. Based on the mentioned approach, the review of historical and contemporary written sources, archeological data, excavation documents, and field investigations can provide a comprehensive and complete analysis of the exact location of mosques in the urban context and the architectural analysis of mosques in Hamadan city. To provide researchers with the climate of the region.

Discussion
Although the historical mosques of Hamedan follow the general principles of mosque building, they have used methods to adapt to the cold climate of the region. The presence of courtyards in Hamedan mosques is often shown in three ways. Due to the unevenness of the city fabric in all areas, in sloping lands, part of the body of mosques is sunk into the ground. In addition to the external structure of mosques, often the internal parts are also designed under the influence of climatic conditions. Often, the roof of the mosques in this area is not dome or flat due to weather conditions and the amount of snow and rain. Comprehensive mosques are excluded from the general rule due to their centrality in the urban context of each region and often have a dome cover. Except for comprehensive mosques, keeping the balance in the ambient temperature as one of the design priorities has led the majority of mosques in this region to have flat or smooth roofs.
In some mosques of this region, there is only one nave with the characteristics of winter naves, and in other mosques, due to the more appropriate use of the nave space in different seasons, dual spaces have been considered for winter naves and summer naves. The axis of placement of the winter and summer Shabestan in the design of the mosque depends on the climatic pattern of the region. The number and dimensions of the openings in the mosque building imply maintaining the internal temperature, for this reason, in most mosques, the number and size of the openings and skylights of the external walls of the mosque are reduced to the minimum possible to control the heat exchange. The cold weather in the cold seasons of the year in the mountainous climate requires materials such as stone, brick and clay in the structure of buildings, especially mosques.

Conclusion
In the four regions of Iran, the body of mosques has been adapted as much as possible to the climate of each region so that in addition to meeting religious or political needs, human comfort needs are also provided in the space inside the mosque. Climatic factors are visible as influential factors in the structure of mosques in Hamadan city. The quality of the structural model and the materials used in Hamadan mosques have many similarities with each other due to the climate of Hamadan. In the review of 16 prominent mosques in the urban context of Hamadan, it can be clearly stated that the overall structure of the mosques does not have significant differences from each other. The plan of most mosques is often compact and square or rectangular. Most of the mosques, except Jame Mosque, Haj Kalbali Mosque and Sheverin Mosque, have a central tabernacle, and the materials used in all mosques are generally the same. Heavy materials such as brick and stone are prioritized due to their high thermal mass. All mosques have flat roofs, which causes snow to accumulate on the roof, and the only dome-shaped mosque in the city is Jame Mosque as the main mosque. The height of most of the mosques in this area is relatively short, except for the Grand Mosque. The dimensions of the openings and windows in the mosques of this area are few. The importance of the courtyard in other regions is not seen in such mosques. The layout of mosques is mostly integrated with the surrounding context such as alleys, streets, residential houses and markets, and the mosques are connected to the adjacent buildings, which is effective in maintaining the heat inside the mosques as well as the adjacent buildings.

Study of an Endangered Ship on the Caspian Sea Coast Located in the Talesh Submarine of Gilan Province: Study and Organization with a Conservation and Restoration Approach

Faramarz Rostami Charati

Abstract
The purpose of this research is preliminary studies and speculation on a shipwrecked ship off the coast of Talesh city in Gilan province related to the Qajar period. In this regard, field studies and sampling of various parts of the hull (wood, metals, water and soil inside and outside the hull) as well as microorganisms such as fungi and moss on the hull have been done. It is noteworthy that the samples were taken from both the open parts and the buried parts of the hull and the surrounding area. After that, the necessary analyzes were performed. The purpose of collecting and interpreting the data resulting from the analysis in this study is to provide a suitable solution for the protection, restoration and maintenance of this valuable historical monument to be considered at the national level and its location as a special tourist museum site. A region should be given priority and the heritage and cultural value of this work should be heard by foreign and domestic tourists. Therefore, the first step of this research has been field studies, speculations and necessary analyzes in the field of protection and restoration, which in the next stages should be considered by considering the appropriate conditions of maintenance and application of reconstruction processes with special protection instructions. And restoration, this ship should be formed in its original form and the lost parts should be restored. In this study, water samples inside and outside the ship were measured with a pH meter. After performing relevant analyzes, including spectroscopy of samples of wood textures of the hull, the presence of hydrocarbon compounds and petroleum derivatives (bitumen) has been determined from FTIR analysis. Other essential analyzes in this study are microbial tests taken from samples. Analyzing the results obtained from the cross section of the samples, this ship was Russian, which was used to transport petroleum products with a wooden structure made of Russian pine (coniferous leaf). In terms of antiquity and time, during the Qajar period and before that, for unknown reasons, it has blossomed on the shore of Ghorogh in the Talesh section of Gilan province.
Keywords: Russian Shipwreck, Qoroq Coastal, Talesh Region of Guilan Provence, Oil Derivatives, Russian Pine, FT-IR Analysis.

Introduction
The pinnacle of underwater archaeological advances is more related to the time when the Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was invented. Figure 1 This discipline has revolutionized underwater, seas, and oceans and has yielded valuable achievements and discoveries (Dekker, David, 1889; Davis, 1955; Quick, 1970). Underwater archeology, especially the study of sunken and wrecked ships, is a field of archeology that has the most expertise in the study and exploration of sunken ships. Its techniques are a combination of archeological and diving techniques to become underwater archeology. Therefore, shipwrecks have sunk on some shores and can be discovered and studied as a valuable historical document (Mireskandari, 1379). Study and research with acquired information from historical shipwrecks with objects sunk on the shores or sunk in the seas and oceans themselves is the expressive language and image of the valuable history and civilizations of many centuries and in the processes and patterns of ancient trade, Transportation and migration bring rich information and also transfer culture, knowledge and civilization to future generations. In the past, human beings have been able to conquer the sea and oceans with the least facilities, and this has been a sign of the genius and continuous efforts of people in ancient times and times (Glisan, 1366; Mireskandari, 1379). Therefore, the study of the history of maritime trade and the structure of the historic ships of the Caspian Sea is a necessity that has not been seriously considered by researchers. In this study, the wood structure as well as the necessary analyzes for wood science and extraction materials as well as microbial tests and environmental factors on this ship were studied and with different technologies such as FT-IR and also with extraction processes with solvents. Organic on the internal samples of this shipwreck, useful results have been obtained, including the presence of petroleum derivatives in the internal parts of the hull. The processes of this research are used as basic studies in order to use the best scientific methods and principles in the next stages for its protection, restoration and implementation of technical maintenance operations.

Material and Method
For initial investigations, ambient humidity and ambient temperature were measured at several points with a data logger to analyze the effect of ambient humidity on damage to the ship’s structure and hull for additional studies. At first, with the necessary inspection and visit to the site, the damages that were visible in the structure and appearance of the work were identified, which include the following: 1- Change in the appearance and texture of the wood used; 2- Corrosion of the surface of the metal (mainly nails) iron ones) used for connections and fastenings; 3- Change in color, shape and texture of the covering and strengthening material of the used wood; 4- Burning of wooden surfaces on the southwest side due to lighting a fire on the side of the ship; 5- Fracture and the lack of parts of the ship’s skeleton in some parts of it; 6- Growth of microorganisms and moss cover on a part of the wooden surfaces that were exposed to stagnant moisture; 7- Accumulation of cement tissue around metal joints and fasteners and its homogenization with joints; 8- The inadequacy of the environmental conditions of the ship’s structure, including humidity and temperature in the parts buried in the sand and the outer parts of the ship; 9- The wear of the wooden surfaces of the outer body of the ship due to the movement of sand particles through the wind can be mentioned. For preliminary investigations, ambient humidity and ambient temperature were measured at several points with a data logger device in order to analyze the impact of ambient humidity on the damage caused to the structure and hull of the ship for further studies. By drying the wood specimen of the ship’s hull to prepare the microtome, the work steps were performed according to the working method and cross sections were prepared from the samples. Russia. Also, Microbial tests with moss and mold on wood and microorganisms have been performed in the microbial environment. The results obtained from the microbial tests of the Bio-microbiology Laboratory are as follows. Necessary analyzes have been performed on wooden samples of ship hull with FTIR to check the structure of wooden structures and effective materials.

Results and Discussion
The identified fungi are Aspergillus niger (Aspergillus niger), Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus (Aspergillus fumigatus) that is worth mentioning that due to the coverage of the entire surface of the plate by Aspergillus fungus, it is possible that some fungi in the environment that have a lower growth rate were not grown and isolated on the subrodextrose agar culture medium. The results of the identification of bacteria grown on nutrient agar medium are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Staphylococcus and Arthrobacter.
Bacteria and fungi lead to the deterioration of wooden works through the production of cellulose and lignin decomposing enzymes in the structure of wood. In this study, all the fungal species identified belonged to the genus Aspergillus. This genus of fungi, which includes more than 300 different species, can be found on a large scale all over the world in different environments, including soil, and they multiply quickly in the right conditions, including access to humidity and the right temperature. The production of different enzymes, including cellulase, by different types of Aspergillus species has been proven, hence the isolation of this group of fungi on wooden works indicates their high potential in destroying organic compounds in wood. On the other hand, it should be noted that due to the high growth power of Aspergillus fungus that quickly covers the entire surface of the culture medium, it was not possible to identify and isolate other possible fungi in the environment.
All the bacterial genera isolated in this study are among the bacteria that are abundantly found in various surveys of environmental samples, including soil, therefore, the isolation of these bacterial genera in this study is not far from the mind. The production of extracellular cellulase enzyme has been proven by some of this group of bacteria, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. It is worth mentioning that the isolation of the relevant bacteria from wood is the reason for the production of 100% cellulose or lignin decomposing enzymes by them, but in an environment with a high microbial population, microbes can use the organic substances released in the environment by the enzymes extracellular produced by other microorganisms to use for growth and reproduction. In total, the culture results of the relevant samples indicate high bacterial and fungal contamination, which often have a high potential to produce enzymes and substances that damage the structure of wood.

Conclusion
According to the results obtained from various analyzes, including FT-IR results from samples extracted from the hull of a historic ship in the Ghoroq area of Talesh city in Guilan province, due to its high antiquity and its historical and cultural value in the region in different dimensions Including tourism can be very important, so scientific studies for its protection and reconstruction are among the topics that are currently left on the beach without any protection operations and have been exposed to a variety of natural and unnatural damage. These studies are the source of a suitable solution for following the necessary protection and repair instructions. Therefore, in the beginning of these activities, recognizing the injuries and providing a solution is essential. Through field research and analysis of samples, the wooden structure of the hull was made of coniferous wood from Russia and its use has been active in the transportation of goods, including petroleum derivatives. With the analyzed samples of the in-ship jute texture in FT-IR spectroscopy, most of the parts show the wood texture, but some samples show the presence of hydrocarbon compounds that mainly constitute the structure of kerosene. Therefore, considering that the structure of the main timber of the ship’s hull, in addition to being saturated with water, is full of oil compounds, so it needs special protection and restoration operations to perform the best reconstruction and restoration on these valuable historical monuments. The commercial, economic and cultural history will chart a new path for future economic activities and also serve as a professional tourism center for domestic visitors and foreign tourists.

Acknowledgments
The cooperation of Mr. Abdulmajid Naderi from the oceanographic research institute in the area of the Qoruq ship in Talash city of Gilan province in field studies and sampling is greatly appreciated. Appreciation is given to the respected Research Assistant of the Cultural Heritage Research Institute who always provide the necessary assistance in the direction of research. We would like to thank the dear experts of the Cultural Heritage Research Institute for the necessary assistance for the analyses. We sincerely thank Mrs. Sahar Nouhi for her help in FT-IR spectroscopy, Dr. Nasreen Nouhi Babajan for the microbial analysis of the samples, and Mrs. Irfan Menesh for her cooperation in the extraction process.
The Authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Tehran, Iran. It should also be noted that this program is with license 98102964 on 9/24/2018 with the financial support of the Ports and Maritime Organization and with the participation of the Research Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, by the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism of the country

Restoring the Spatial Structure of the City of Hamedan in the Qajar Period by Relying on Written Sources, Architectural Works and Archaeological Evidence

Reza Nazari Arshad

Abstract
Despite the importance, position and high role of the city of Hamadan in the political, economic, social and cultural developments of Iran during the Qajar era, targeted studies that determine the spatial organization and social structure of this city during that period have not been carried out, and there are many questions regarding the nature of the changes in the context. Its history remains unanswered. The current research seeks to answer questions about the transformation and development of the spatial structure of Hamedan city during the Qajar era by relying on written sources, architectural works and archaeological evidence. In order to achieve this goal, while using all the written sources related to this city in the mentioned period, the changes of the urban context and the structural characteristics of its spaces were determined and the factors affecting the growth and development of the city were determined during this period. The result of the research made it clear that due to its ancient background, special geographical location, benefiting from suitable environmental capabilities such as abundant water resources, and also due to its location on the path of important trade-pilgrimage routes in the Qajar period, Hamedan was one of the cities with social and economic importance and status. It has gained merit and accommodates a relatively large population and has attracted the attention of various social groups, especially merchants. Thus, suitable conditions have been created for the construction and discovery of numerous architectural works and monuments with different functions (defense facilities, residential neighborhoods, squares and plazas, markets and caravanserais, mosques, schools, baths, churches, etc.) and the urban space, especially in aspects The south and southeast have developed and expanded significantly.
Keywords: Iranian Cities, Qajar Era Cities, Historical Context of Hamadan, Spatial Structure, Written Sources.

Introduction
Cities are one of the main centers of the emergence of civilization and valuable cultural treasures, without knowing them, it is not possible to study the history of various developments in human life. For this purpose, the study of the cities left from the past plays a significant role in understanding the political, administrative, social, economic and cultural structure of the societies that created them (Krimian, 2014: 121-111) and can provide clear horizons in recognizing the physical, social and cultural structures And reopen the past civilizations to researchers (Krimian and Seyedin, 2009: 69). The study of the ancient living spaces of Iran and the historical contexts of the cities is a necessity that has allocated a part of the scientific activities of archaeologists. Although the historical fabric of Hamedan has suffered a lot of damage due to various reasons, including indiscriminate and irregular constructions, but a number of its historical and valuable buildings have survived the ravages of various times and manipulations. Recovered and recognized to a great extent. Hamadan is one of the few historical and ancient cities in the country that has survived historical developments with strength and has preserved its historical context to some extent. Undoubtedly, Hamedan’s location on the path of communication routes in different eras, as well as its special geographical location and the benefit of environmental capabilities are the main reasons for the continuity of this city throughout history. Fortunately, valuable elements of the architecture of the Qajar era have survived in this city, and by studying them, it is possible to analyze and restore the spatial structure of Hamadan city to a great extent.
The purpose of the Research: The main purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, is to find out how the physical structure and spatial organization of Hamadan was created, developed and transformed by relying on architectural works, archaeological evidence, written sources and visual documents left from the Qajar period.
Research Questions: In this study, we have attempted to answer questions about space structure, different types of architectural works, scope and physical realm, as well as the extent to which different social groups have been influenced by the space organization and architectural works of Hamadan in the Qajar era.
Research Method: The study presented in this article is historical -analytical in nature and content, and has been conducted in both field and library methods.
The original text of the previous article consists of several different sections. In the discussion of the research background, the most important studies on the historical context of Hamadan have been emphasized with the emphasis on the Qajar era. In the context of the structural characteristics of the Iranian cities in the Qajar era, the main characteristics and components of the identity of Iranian cities in the Qajar period as well as how the structural characteristics of Iranian cities from the Safavid era to Qajar has been discussed. The next section of the article is analyzed and explained by the Qajar Space Organization in the Qajar era based on written sources. Travelogues and historical texts from the Qajar era have formed the most important study sources in this section. In the other section, the urban spaces of Hamadan during the Qajar period are discussed. In this section, relying on written sources and existing architectural evidence, some of the most important physical and historical spaces recovered by the Qajar era of Hamadan, including defense facilities, residential neighborhoods, inter -and -outskirts, squares and squares, commercial spaces and markets And the disposal of sewage, mosques, baths, churches, and so on. It was also known that marketers and traders were more involved in the phenomenon of the city’s architectural works in the Qajar era than other social groups.

Conclusion
In the present article, it was attempted to find out what the space structure of Hamadan had in the Qajar period by relying on the written sources and existing architectural works. With what was done, it turned out that the city was forming from three internal (city center), middle (urban areas and neighborhoods) and exterior (fence and suburbs). Hamadan Space Agency is also influenced by the pattern of Islamic cities of Iran, has a citadel (government, bureaucratic and administrative headquarters), Jame Mosque (Religious Center) and Market (Economic Heart) and other urban elements (schools, blessed shrines, intra city caravans, baths And ...) Somehow they were related to these three. Relying on written documents, it can be said that areas outside the city’s defense walls were exploited for agriculture and horticulture. During the Qajar period of Hamedan, with the center of the mosque and the bazaar in the south and southeast direction, it expanded and some new neighborhoods, along with urban elements such as mosques, baths, etc., are being constructed in this area. Most of the reasons for the expansion of the city’s texture in this area can be considered as the proper slope of the land and the lack of natural effects that could have been a barrier to construction. Due to the flow of the four rivers inside and outside the city during the Qajar period and their annual floods that occur as a result of heavy and long -term rainfall, as well as the slope of the city in the south -north, as a result of the flooding of the northern parts, as well as the natural complication. The so -called Mosalla hill in the eastern part, which prevented the development of the city’s physical structure, was the best way to develop it, southern and southeast side, along the rivers in the inner -city rivers of al -Wawsger and Davin. According to written and illustrated documents as well as existing architectural works and archaeological evidence, it can be said that the city of Hamedan in the Qajar period from the north to the Goulan Heights, Nazarbaig and Shalabafan, from the east to the neighborhoods of Imamzadeh Yahya and Zandis, from the West to the Bonehbazar and Sabadbafan neighborhoods were confined to the Kolapa, Doroudabad and Doguran neighborhoods from the south. Also, the result of studies on the role and influence of different social groups and classes in the formation of Qajar architectural works of Hamadan indicated that the traders and marketers of the marketers top the list of builders and sponsors of various buildings (religious, commercial, residential and public).

The Causes of Incorrect Restoration in the Written Inscription of Buildings of the Islamic Period of Iran based on the Theory of Foundation Data

Hossein Ahmadi

Abstract
Inscriptions in the decorations of building of the Islamic period have been noticed by artists since the early Islamic centuries. Overtime, inscriptions are damaged by various factors and need to be restored. Considering that every year in the country, a large amount of restoration operations are carried out on damaged historical monuments, including inscriptions. It was seen through the investigation that in most cases the restorations are tasteful and sometimes incorrect. In order to find the most important causes of incorrect restoration in written inscriptions, the qualitative method was used, and the grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. This research is practical in terms of purpose. The data was collected through field observations and interviews with 12 people related to the restoration of inscriptions and by purposeful sampling, and the data continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The results of the research showed that in addition to the lack of criteria that agree with the theoretical foundations of restorations, due to the prominence of the calligraphy and category, factors such as self-centered empiricism, the variety of viewpoints, knowledge and awareness of the traditional master craftsman and the rules of restoration and the lack of the artistic perspective of the traditional master craftsman. For various reasons, inscriptions have led to incorrect restorations, and of course, the lack of training courses by the institutions in charge of restoration has also been involved. Also, the variety of approaches in the restoration of inscriptions and lack of attention to the rules governing the art of inscriptions are considered as the most important consequences of the restoration of inscriptions.
Keywords: Written Inscription, Incorrect Restoration, Foundation Data Theory, Architecture of The Islamic Period of Iran.

Introduction
With the beginning of the Islamic era and the restoration of human and animal depictions, the use of inscriptions with religious, literary and historical themes reached its peak with various calligraphy methods and styles. This enduring art that is inscription is still performed by artists to this day. Inscription like other historical works, suffer from various physical, chemical, biological and human damages, and from various perspectives of value, aesthetics, originality, legibility, unity and integrity they suffer serious damage. Therefore, despite the important characteristics mentioned about this category of written works, the need to pay attention to this category of work is revealed in restoration operations. The importance of paying attention to the issue among other valuable historical and cultural work is important in the sense that there is a lake of criteria in accordance with the theoretical foundations of restoration, for the restoration of areas lacking in this category of valuable written works. Although in most cases, the restoration of this category of works is often done under the supervision of restoration experts, the approach and methods of doing the work in different examples are not subject to scientific principles and are mostly tasteful and sometimes incorrect and without regard to the ruling principles, they are restored on the art of calligraphy and inscriptions and it has caused distortion and sometimes loss of the of the inscription, its values and message.
According to examples of the restoration of written inscriptions ,when the restoration of a written inscription is done incorrectly , in fact, readability , integrity and beauty ( Beauty is in harmony , balance, proportion , even beauty in observing the rules and recognizing the values and materials have been used (Qutbi, 1352, 31) the inscription is distorted and the audience , when viewing an inscription that has been incorrectly restored , gets the visual pleasure of seeing the harmony and connection between the words in an inscription will bs deprived. In fact, carrying out the restoration operation should reduce the inconsistency caused by the lack of space and help to read the work better.

Method Research
The upcoming research is applied research in terms of its purpose, because the researcher seek to obtain information that can be used in practical situations or solve a problems by means of them and obtain a solution to a problem. This research is a qualitative research in terms of method and in terms of data collection, it is based on field studies, interviews, observation and collection of documents and texts within the framework of the grounded theory method. The interview was conducted with the purposeful sampling method and until the theoretical saturation was reached 12 people were interviewed among the restoration experts, inscription artists and master traditional craftsmen. Grounded theory and systematic coding were used to analyze the interviews.

Research Background
Although restoration of inscriptions has always been one of the concerns of restorers, it seems that a comprehensive, coherent and effective study has not been done in this field. For example, the following can be mentioned: the Scientifics specialized and professional restoration community has not restoration of inscriptions of mosaic tiles in Iran (Soleimani et al., 2014), researchers have criticized the methods of restoration of mosaic tiles but there is no mention of the causes of its correct restoration. Also, sources such as Quchani (1365: 51), Bler (1394: 30) and Qader (1391: 86 &103) mention the non-original restorations of the reason for that has not been discussed. By checking the databases related to non-Persian theses, unfortunately, no example similar to the subject of this research was found. In line with above investigations, Persian sources were also carefully checked.

Conclusion
Inscriptions are one of the most important and valuable works of the Islamic period and they are a living document from different perspectives such as historical, artistic etc. Restoration of inscription has always been one of the concerns of restorers. But the results of the interview and data showed that the main factor in the variety of approaches in the restoration of inscriptions and the lack of attention to the rules and regulations of inscriptions in the process of restoration operations is self-centered empiricism. Among the traditional craftsmen and even the scribes who are somehow related to the restoration process of the inscriptions, ignorance of the restoration rules or even ignorance of the different aspects of the inscriptions can be seen. Also, looking at the conducted interviews, it can be pointed out that the role of the custodian institutions in relation to the restoration of inscription is weak, unfortunately, in this field , training courses are not held for the inscription writers and traditional masters, and it seems that by holding training courses and obliging inscription writers and traditional masters to participate in these classes, recognizing the values of the works and observing various aspects in the matter of restoration are institutionalized. Even though in most cases, restoration operations are carried out under the supervision of restoration experts unfortunately, due to the lake of standards in the restoration of inscriptions shortage areas, diversity of approaches in the restoration of inscriptions and even incorrect restorations can be seen, also, it seems that one of the challenges in the field of protection and restoration of written inscriptions is the theoretical issues related.
To the restoration of this category of valuable written works: because the theoretical reliance of the theoretical discussions of conservation and restoration is often focused on Western theorists and their studies and theories, which have been explained from the viewpoint of a group of researchers and following the statements of summits, charters and such. Especially, when these theoretical rules are put forward in a general way and without considering the spatial, temporal and cultural background, they usually face constructions. In order to correct and solve these problems, attention should be paid to the local knowledge, which can be a way forward in view of the existing knowledge in the field of Iranian architecture and the rules governing the art of inscriptions, and in order to add new concepts and foundations to the field of conservation knowledge and restoration can be considered.

Analytical Archeometry: Facilities and Research Opportunities

Omidreza Kakuee

Abstract
Archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of the remained material culture. The prerequisite for the development of archeological knowledge in the country is access to equipped laboratories, hiring experienced specialists, and expanding national, and international cooperation. Due to rapid advances in instrumental analysis, relevant people in the fields of art and archeometry should be aware of the advantages and limitations of different types of instrumental analysis. In this paper, facilities and research opportunities in analytical archeometry using natural science in Iran are presented and discussed. To introduce the technical capacities of the country in this field, the available equipment and facilities for performing nuclear analysis techniques and their related data analysis are investigated. Moreover, to identify the materials used in the cultural heritage samples and to determine their origin, characterization of some of these samples has been done using nuclear analysis methods. The activities performed in this research include X-ray and neutron imaging of the structure of an ancient jar belonging to the early Qajar period, elemental analysis of miniature in an ancient manuscript using elemental analysis method, investigation of the golden threads in the precious carpet belonging to the Safavid period using elemental and structural, and elemental analysis of luster tiles belonging to the Kashan using elemental analysis. The results of this research show that the existing technical capacities in the country can provide new opportunities for archeologists to understand the nature of the cultural heritage samples in more depth and to provide more accurate analysis of the investigated samples.
Keywords: Analytical Archeometry, Cultural Heritage, Elemental Analysis, Structural Analysis.

Introduction
Archeology is an interdisciplinary science that studies ancient artifacts using analytical methods of various sciences and provides a deep insight into biological, social, cultural, and economic processes, and technologies used by humans throughout history. From the 20th century, cultural heritage researchers used the experts of all sciences and their new methods for the comprehensive reconstruction, biological and cultural transformation of humans, and knowledge of ancient artifacts and previous civilizations. As a result of this synergy, the recognition of cultural findings from archaeological excavations went beyond their mere description and classification, and more detailed analyzes of them were presented. Today’s archeology can be seen as the result of chemical studies in archeology since 1795 in Europe (Pollard, 2007: 5). These studies included preliminary investigations regarding metals, minerals, glass, and some organic remains. In 1853 A.D, in the archaeological reports, the first appendices related to chemical analysis were presented by the archaeologist Austen Henry Layard, which was the beginning of the scientific and systematic cooperation in the two fields of chemistry and archaeology (Layard, 2018: 9).

Materials and Methods
Neutron and X-ray radiography: A jar sample from the Qajar period has been used for radiographic images. Figure .1 shows the results of the experiment.
PIXE analysis of the miniature: The PIXE analysis of the miniatures from the 15th century is measured in this work. Figure 2. Shows the setup of the experiment.
Micro-PIXE and RBS of the gold fibers in the Safavid carpet: Figure 3 shows an exquisite carpet from the Safavid period from the Iran carpet museum. The elemental analysis of the fibers used in this carpet is performed by micro-PIXE and RBS. The detail of this experiment is presented in (Torkiha, 2010: 17).
PIXE-PIGE analysis of the Zarrinfam tiles: Figure 4 shows the ancient Zarrinfam tile related to the Tapehsilk shrine in Kashan. To check the presence of the Azure pigments in the blue color, the PIXE-PIGE analysis of the carpet is performed. The detail of this experiment is presented in (Ghadiri, 2015: 9).

Data
The elemental map of the fiber of the carpet obtained by micro-RBS and PIXE is shown in Figure 5. The PIXE and PIGE of the Zarrinfam tiles are presented in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.

Discussion
The structural investigation of a jar from the Qajar period by the X-ray and neutron radiography showed that neutron radiography can show the detail of the sample. The PIXE analysis of the blue pigment in the miniature shows that the origin of this pigment is Lazorite stone (Kakuee, 2014: 124). The presence of the characteristic element of the mercury in the pink pigment shows that the origin of this color is the mineral Shangerf, which was also used to make red color in the Iranian ancient times. The bright pink color is also due to the green malachite pigment added to the main pigment of Shangerf (Kakuee, 2012: 178). The composition of the elements in the yellow pigment also indicates the use of gold in this pigment in order to increase its brightness. The use of gold to decorate the paintings in this form is still used. Regarding the black color, due to the presence of the characteristic element Mn in this pigment, its origin can be attributed to the mineral Pyrolusite (Clark, 2002: 7).
The micro-PIXE and RBS of the gold fibers in the Safavid carpet shows that there are large amounts of the sulfur element in the composition of all 3 fibers which is related to the silk thread used in making the fibers. The elemental distribution map of all 3 samples shows that gold, silver, and copper were used to make and decorate these fibers. In other parts of the fibers, no other characteristic element indicating the presence of pigment in the fibers was observed. Therefore, the silk used in making these fibers is raw and without dyeing. Micro-PIXE elemental analysis also shows that in the old samples of Golabatoon fibers, a thin layer of gold is covered on silver wires.
The PIXE analysis of the ancient Zarrinfam tile related to the Tapehsilk is performed by WinQxas (WinQxas, 2009) and the PIGE analysis is done by Fitzpeak software (FitzPeaks, 2011). Elements with an atomic number greater than aluminum have been detected using the PIXE analysis and elements F, Na, and Mg have been detected by PIGE analysis. The characteristic element for identifying lapis lazuli is Na, which is detected in large quantities in the samples 2 and 3. The amount of Na element in the sample 1 is very small and sample 4 also lacks this element. To confirm the results, all the 4 samples were exposed to the proton beam. In this case, induced light emission was detected only from the samples 1 to 3. Therefore, we can safely say that sample 4 is not lapis lazuli. Moreover, as shown in Table 2, the high amount of Co element in Zarrinfam tile distinguishes it from lapis lazuli stone. In fact, the combination of Co element with a glaze of Na alkaline elements in the sample is the origin of the azure color in Zarrinfam tile. The results of this research provide a suitable solution for determining the origin of lapis lazuli in the ancient samples and can be a suitable solution for monitoring of the economic and cultural relations of the past.

Conclusion
In this article, the scientific and technical capacities of the country and the active centers in the field of archeology, the state of analysis and software related to the data analysis are presented. To identify the active laboratories in the field of analysis of ancient artifacts, several active laboratories in the field of the analysis of archaeological samples and cultural heritage were introduced in this paper. Moreover, the results of the analytical archeology using several techniques were presented and discussed.

Symbolic Hegemony and Conflict of Cultural Heritage Assets

Behrouz Afkhami

Abstract
Cultural Heritage is the historical existence of a nation. Cultural heritage has internal, national and international functions and has intrinsic value. Among the most important values is “symbolic hegemony”. The symbolic value of cultural heritage and its transformation into cultural assets in the destination countries has made the superpowers think of acquiring the cultural assets of the countries, especially in the countries with rich cultural heritage, and has formed the “cultural assets conflict”. Cultural heritage is the symbol and manifestation of collective efforts of a nation in the context of time and storage of knowledge and ability of past generations. Therefore, cultural property and its diverse forms are like living beings that can always be restored/reconstructed and protected and have diverse and numerous uses for countries on a continuous basis; Superpowers by taking the cultural property and emptying these countries of cultural heritage; In fact, they drain the symbolic power of countries. Superpowers by taking the cultural property and emptying these countries of cultural heritage; in fact, they drain the symbolic power of countries. . The purpose of this article is to explain the values, especially the value of “symbolic hegemony” of cultural heritage. The theory of “symbolic hegemony and conflict of cultural assets” is a reflection of the story and cultural narrative of imperialism that has taken place around the country of Iran and countries with geo-cultural value. Considering cultural heritage as cultural assets and its geo-cultural values for a land; it is a special narrative type of cultural heritage that does not have much place in Iran’s cultural heritage literature.
Keywords: Cultural Asset, Hegemony, Symbol, Objectivity, Conflict.

Introduction
Today, the history of countries and nations is written based on cultural heritage. Cultural heritage includes a wide collection of tangible and intangible/movable and immovable property that include many places, events, oral and written history, and the lifestyle of people from the past to the present day. Cultural heritage and its diverse forms are the objective manifestation of the geo culture of a land that must always be restored and protected, and due to the possibility of communicating with the masses of people, they have the ability to be displayed and exposed in various places, such as museums or exhibitions, etc. The competition to gain the sphere of influence in the countries with cultural value is realized in different ways and with different means. Geopolitical competitions and the display of power are not achieved only through war and the destruction of modern facilities of a land; Rather, the destruction of the tangible manifestations of the cultural heritage of a land is one of the things that hegemonic countries always do to destroy the geographical values of lands with geopolitical and geo cultural value. Discrediting the cultural background of the target countries and destroying or downplaying the value of geo culture is done at a lower cost, which can be considered as one of the examples of “soft war”. This type of war provides the ground for the expansion of the hegemonic countries in the regions with geo-economic values by destroying the geo-cultural values. This type of approach and paradigm of colonial countries to destroy the geo cultural values that are manifested in cultural heritage can be put forward in the framework of the theory of “Symbolic hegemony and conflict of cultural heritage assets”.

Methodology
In fact, the present research presents a theory “symbolic hegemony and conflict of cultural assets” that, based on this; cultural heritage has been considered as cultural property, which can play a significant role in economic and geopolitical decisions of the country. Initially, it is compiled through library studies of the required information and then adapted to the cases that have been considered in the theory, first with information about the cultural heritage and values, and then in The case of countries that have been destroyed or extinct by American imperialism and the terrorist group of ISIL are cited, and then the theory of is explained.

Discussion
Globalization, emerging phenomena and social developments have increased the importance of cultural assets and day by day the protected of the cultural heritage of the countries in order to sustainable preservation for useable and different goals. The Theory” Symbolic hegemony and conflict of cultural heritage assets” which includes the basis of this article, Based on the conflict, some views have been presented; Destruction of cultural heritage in the Middle East and its protection and diversification in developed countries. The number and abundance of objects and elements of cultural heritage is a sign of the continuity of civilization in a geographic area and territory, which the abundance of cultural assets is also a proof and objectivity of the spiritual heritage of a nation or country, including; Intelligence, genius and language are rich and... It has been proven today that nations with a strong language have been more civilized throughout history; because the multiplicity of cultural objects also expresses the richness of art and techniques. “Language” is also more complex in places where the number and frequency of cultural heritage elements are greater. For example, where they have lived a pastoral life, they have a simpler language. Every skill is an action. In places with a richer cultural heritage, the verb “to build” is used. Continuity in professions, especially economic professions, has led to skills, and skills have created treasures and knowledge. The location of the museum is the most significant example that can explain the above sentences. What do we see in museums? We actually see various goods of past times in museums. These diverse goods have a geographical origin and production; By the way, you have to think about their places of production. In the next step, the process of their production and the thoughts that designed and made them should be studied. Greece seems to have followed such a path. In Greece, when archaeological evidence, property of art and architecture were discovered, in addition to thinking about several objects and how to keep them; rather, a higher step was also taken, and that thought was about the thought of ancient Greece. A fundamental thought was done about the ancient Greek thought so that the postmodern philosophy was founded on the ancient Greek philosophy. Do archaeologists and cultural heritage custodians think about the places they discover? Is such an approach basically relevant in Iranian archeology literature? Unfortunately, Iranian archeology has not entered into these discussions based on the available written evidence; while basically the benefits of archeology lie in these kinds of discussions. Cultural heritage elements can produce method, technique and philosophy. The importance of the conflict over the acquisition of cultural assets lies in this point, this conflict started with the cover of some wars such as the war of “ISIS” in the region, and in the future, the “acquisition of the cultural assets of nations” will be a source of conflict between the powers.

Conclusion
The cultural heritage of each country is one of the most fundamental pillars of identity consolidation, creativity and national self-confidence. National identity is one of the dimensions of national power. National identity has many social, historical, geographical, cultural and political indicators. The cultural heritage as a symbolic hegemony, which if damaged or destroyed for any reason, That country or nation will lose its real power and there will be no concrete examples and objections to rebuild. Cultural heritage values are not due to their physical existence, but because of the thinking of their creators. The hidden and invisible values of the cultural heritage have pushed the superpowers into wars in the Middle East and probably brought the cultural property of the war-torn countries to the some museums. The cultural heritage is the objective crystallization of human thought that is of today’s contemporary use to society. Western superpowers have good learned to use the cultural heritage as assets. Consequently, wars were launched in the Middle East and sought to plunder the cultural heritage of war-torn countries According to the evidence and documentation, this paper presents the theory of “hegemony and the conflict of cultural property”. It is recommended “Cultural self-awareness” based on cultural heritage should be strengthened at the national and international levels. The powers to acquire the cultural heritage of nations, in addition to having economic and ideological goals in mind; Rather, they empty the nations that own cultural assets from symbolic rhetoric; Just like what ISIS did in Iraq and Syria, they destroyed the cultural heritage of these countries. Superpowers have targeted the existence of cultural heritage. If the “objectivity” of cultural heritage does not exist; Nations will not be able to have an authentic and ontological interpretation of life. Cultural assets, as the cultural wealth of nations and countries, reveal the inner and essential interpretation of nations in the context of time. If the elements of cultural heritage are not available, in addition to the fact that the people of the countries will not be able to interpret the technology and the rational and ontological interpretation and find the path of life in interaction with nature, they will also lose the knowledge and ability of the past.