Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

The Damages of Caves and Rock Shelters of the Paleolithic Period in the South Zagros

Abdolreza Dashtizadeh

Abstract
By author has been studied the areas of Jam, Riz, Saadat Shahr, Marvdasht, and Kazeron in Fars and Bushehr provinces from years of 2000 to 2007. During these surveys, 19 cave and rock shelter of Paleolithic period from plains of Jam and Riz are identified in southeast of Bushehr province that from this number, 5 sites related to Paleolithic period. The pastoral nomads of inhabitant in Bushehr province are most important groups of user these caves and rock shelters in plains of Jam and Riz. In this research are studied destruction factors of first of communities in south Zagros. The mining operations, non-standard construction, and excavations of illegal are the main factors of destruction in these sites. Furthermore, non-standard gathering the stone tools from Paleolithic period by archaeological students, and also unfamiliarity of the managers of cultural heritage of this region, are other the factors destruction these sites. So, for prevent the destruction of these sites must be done training local people and participation them in tourism this area. Introducing these tourist places in different ways is an important task to introduce these traces. Also, the build of museum site in the Paleolithic caves, and training of local children and tourists children, are from other effective actions. In this research for the first time, is study pathology of Paleolithic sites in Iran. The method of doing this research is descriptive-analytical. The analysis of this study is more reliant on information, founds, and data. So, in this research following questions are raised: Which is factors the main factors of destruction the sites of the Paleolithic period in South Zagros? And, what practical measures are there to protect these ancient sites?
Keywords: Pathology of ancient caves, Paleolithic sites, South Zagros.

Introduction
Due to human activities are destroyed many of ancient traces as stone tools or faunal remains in the sites, caves, and rock shelters. The Mining operations, non-standard construction, and road construction are from main factors of destruction in ancient sites. The recent surveys are showed some of the caves and rock shelters of Paleolithic period in south Zagros affected by livelihood issues of pastoral nomads and indigenous people have been destroyed (Dashtizadeh, 2000, 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, and 2006d). The purpose of this research is survey destruction factors in these ancient sites.
In this research for the first time, is study pathology of Paleolithic sites in Iran. The method of doing this research is descriptive-analytical. The analysis of this study is more reliant on information, founds, and data. So, in this research following questions are raised: Which is factors the main factors of destruction the sites of the Paleolithic period in South Zagros? And, what practical measures are there to protect these ancient sites?
For doing this research has been used from field surveys that by author gathered from areas of Jam, Riz, Saadat Shahr, Marvdasht, and Kazeron in Fars and Bushehr provinces from years of 2000 to 2007.

General description of studied areas and main factors of destruction of Paleolithic sites and protective solutions
By author has been studied the areas of Jam, Riz, Saadat Shahr, Marvdasht, and Kazeron in Fars and Bushehr provinces from years of 2000 to 2007. During these surveys, 19 cave and rock shelter of Paleolithic period from plains of Jam and Riz are identified in southeast of Bushehr province that from this number, 5 sites related to Paleolithic period (Dashtizadeh, 2009). The pastoral nomads of inhabitant in Bushehr province are most important groups of user these caves and rock shelters in plains of Jam and Riz. Furthermore, 17 caves and rock shelters of Paleolithic period have been identified from the plain of Saadat Shahr (Dashtizadeh, 2006c, 2006d, and 2012). Of course before that 17 caves and rock shelters of Paleolithic period have been identified from the Marvdasht plain in the northeast of Shiraz. From the Kazeron plain have been identified numbers of 27 caves and rock shelters of Paleolithic period. For this research is again studied the basin of Maharloo lake (Barfi, 2007). Generally, mining operations, non-standard construction, excavations of illegal, pastoral nomads, unfamiliarity of the managers of cultural heritage of this region, and non-standard gathering the stone tools from Paleolithic period by archaeological students are the main factors of destruction in Paleolithic sites in the area of south Zagros. First these archaeological sites are must be on the national monuments list. One of the main duties of the Cultural Heritage Organization is training the local community and tourists to preserve national monuments. Education and awareness of people this region (As the main guardians of the cultural heritage), is important work in this direction. The build of museum site in the Paleolithic caves, and training of local children and tourists children, are from other effective actions.

Conclusion
Generally, mining operations, non-standard construction, excavations of illegal, pastoral nomads, unfamiliarity of the managers of cultural heritage of this region, and non-standard gathering the stone tools from Paleolithic period by archaeological students are the main factors of destruction in Paleolithic sites in the area of south Zagros. It seams, first these archaeological sites are must be on the national monuments list. One of the main duties of the Cultural Heritage Organization is training the local community and tourists to preserve national monuments. Education and awareness of people this region (As the main guardians of the cultural heritage), is important work in this direction. The build of museum site in the Paleolithic caves, and training of local children and tourists children, are from other effective actions.

Analysis of Influence Ancient Roads in the Formation Ancient Settlements in the Plain of Aleshter

Mehdi Heydari

Abstract
Aleshtar plain is central part of Selseleh county and located in North Loristan province. This plain is region lush and with pleasant weather and rich soil. This area has been from prehistoric period so far always settlements folks and different groups human. Location of Aleshtar plain and proximity with Northern areas Zagros, Central Plateau, Southwest Iran, and Mesopotamia, for a long time to this area has particular importance of communication. Authors, after explaining the climate and ancient roads Aleshtar, have analyzed dispersion form of ancient and historical settlements this area. In this regard, using with ArcGIS software (version 10.3) location of each site is specified in Aleshtar. Output of ArcGIS software, is four maps in Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron, Historic, and Islamic periods. After studies is specified approximate route of ancient road in Aleshtar plain (north-south road in central Zagros). Therefore, combining the two points, included, ancient road north-south and also distribution of ancient and historic sites in Aleshtar plain, in before and after Islamic periods, this question was raised: what role has this ancient road in Aleshtar plain in the formation ancient settlements? For this question, authors with preliminary survey in Aleshtar plain they had this hypothesis: basically, this ancient road from Islamic periods has played a pivotal role in the formation of sites. Analysis distance of each site from this ancient road has showed, most archaeological sites has been formation in Aleshtar plain from the Islamic period along this route; In the Pre-Islamic periods, hasn’t been focus center of settlements around this ancient road with distance of about two kilometers. Data of this study is based on archaeological research Ali Sajjadi in 1998 and Davood Davoodi in 2006 and 2007. Also, authors have done again surveyes in this area.
Keywords: Aleshtar plain, Settlement, Ancient roads, and GIS Analysis.

Introduction
Selseleh County is located in north of Lorestan and in South of Hamedan Province. From Aleshtar city is mentioned in various sources. This point has been indicative importance this region in Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. Archaeological survey that so far has been done in Aleshtar plain, confirms importance of this area. In Aleshtar before all, by Oral Stin has been done archaeological survey (Stin, 1940). Colar Goff in during archaeological surveys in North Lorestan; She has also surveyed Aleshtar (Goff, 1968). In 1998, Ali Sajjadi was surveyed Aleshtar from administration of Cultural Heritage of Lorestan province. Now, report her work is in archives administration of Cultural Heritage of Lorestan province (Sajjadi, 1998). Furthermore, in 2006 and 2007, Davood Davoodi was surveyed historic and ancient monuments Aleshtar in during two seasons (Davoodi, 2006 and 2007). Authors, in order to explain process settlement in Aleshtar plain, and measurement influence of climatic conditions area, and importance of ancient and historical roads of this region, have done draw a map ancient settlements of Aleshtar plane in Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron, Historic, and Islamic periods. For this purpose, has been used from report of survey Ali Sajjadi (Sajjadi, 1998), and reports of surveys Davood Davoodi (Davoodi, 2006 and 2007), and also, again surveyes authors in this area. In this research, has been used for register ancient sites on the map from ArcGIS software (version 10.3). So, authors in this research try to analyze the following issues:
What role has this ancient road in Aleshtar plain in the formation ancient settlements? And essentially, role of road north-south in Aleshtar plain at what period is seen? The main hypothesis of this research, it is: Around of ancient road in Aleshtar plain in Islamic period has been settlement. In the Pre-Islamic period, hasn’t been focus center of settlements around this ancient road with distance of about two kilometers.

Settlements of Aleshtar plain from prehistoric to Islamic periods
The Communication route that has been connected West to Southwest of Iran (Hamedan and Kermanshah to Khozestan plain), one of the most important route of communication in Pre-Islamic periods, and this road has been connected West and Northwest to regions of Southwest Iran. Continue this road has been crossed from Aleshtar plain. Study location of sites from prehistory to Islamic periods has points, has been effective in description of problem, settlement patterns and also role of ancient roads in this area in formation of settlement patterns. In study area, were identified in total 96 settlements sites. The sites were divided into four groups, that including Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron, Historic, and Islamic periods. According to, in Aleshtar plain were identified 27 sites related to Chalcolithic period. It seems, in this period entire Aleshtar plain has been inhabited. Most of settlements are seen in around rivers of Kahman and Zaz. However, in the eastern part of Aleshtar, is seen number large sites settlements related whit this period. Also, in this area were identified 28 sites related to Bronze and Iron periods. Checking the distribution map of sites in these periods, interpretations related whit Chalcolithic period is show. In this period entire Aleshtar plain has been inhabited. In Historic periods (especially Parthian period), we see increasing number of sites in Aleshtar. In this area were identified 82 sites related to Historic periods. Furthermore, in Aleshtar were identified 52 sites related to Islamic period. In this period number of sites has dropped relative to previous period. In this period, aggregation of sites is in central area of Aleshtar.

Conclusion
Climatic and environmental conditions also ancient roads, is two major factors in relation to settlement patterns in Aleshtar plain from prehistoric to Islamic periods. In Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron, and Historic periods is settlement of pattern absolutely scattered and dependent on water resources and land. In these periods aren’t interpretable of focus in sites Aleshtar. In Islamic period, aggregation of sites is in central area of Aleshtar. Two to three kilometers in North and West in Modern city of Aleshtar has largest number of sites from Islamic period. In Islamic period settlement of pattern is around ancient road (north-south) in Aleshtar plain.

The Iron Age I Tombs of the Second Season in Gilavan Khalkhal Cemetery

Reza Rezalou

Abstract
This site is located 60 km southwest of Khalkhal, in Shahrood plane, in Khalkhal city and 180 km south of Ardabil city. In May 2006, during the implementation of the road construction project in Khanghah village, the remains of several graves were revealed. From this date onwards, four seasons of Archaeological studies were conducted on this site. The first season was carried out in the same year, and graves 12, 19 and 25 were explored, among them a grave to the Iron Age I and the other graves belonged to the Iron Age II. The trench B was also explored in order to identify of more tombs. Following the excavation, graves 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 24 were discovered in this trench. According to studies on these graves, 2 graves belonged to the middle Bronze Age, 1 grave to the Iron Age I, 9 graves to the Iron Age II, and 4 graves belonged to the Parthian period. The second season was explored in 2007. In this season, the trench C with dimensions 10 x 10 m on the west side of the trench A and trench D with dimensions of 5 × 5 m along the trench B was explored. As a result, in this season, the remains of the 5 ancient graves were obtained; one of them belonged to the Parthian period, 1 grave to the Middle Bronze Age and three other graves to the Iron Age I. Four scientific explorations have been conducted in which the results of the first season are fully published. In this study, the graves of the Iron Age of the second season of this site are discussed. The comparisons, such as the results of the grave studies of the first season of the cemetery, show a cultural connection with the mid and late bronze Age sites and the Iron Age I and II, indicating a cultural sequence from the Middle Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II, which contrasts with the theory of cultural dynamism. So, the main hypothesis of this study, it is: Theory of cultural dynamism in Iron Age I, in this area isn’t correct.
Keywords: Northwest of Iran, Ardabil Province, Gilavan Cemetery, Iron Age Burials.

Introduction
Gilavan cemetery is located northwest of Khanghah village and adjoined to it. In terms of archaeological findings, this cemetery is one of the most prominent sites in the north-west of Iran, because of the burial of the three archaeological periods of the middle Ages, the Iron Age and the Parthian period. Four scientific explorations have been conducted in which the results of the first season are fully published. In this study, the graves of the Iron Age of the second season of this site are discussed. During this season, 5 ancient graves were explored, identified by numbers 26, 27, 28, 29 and 31. Grave No. 29 dated to the middle bronze age, graves 26, 28, and 31 dates to the Iron Age I and 27 to the Parthian period. The graves of this cemetery were in the form of a hole in which burials were carried out in single and double burials. In the present study, gravels of the Iron Age of second season were qualitatively, descriptively-analytic and comparative approach, and compared with the effects of other burial grounds of the north-west and neighboring areas. The comparisons, such as the results of the grave studies of the first season of the cemetery, show a cultural connection with the mid and late bronze Age sites and the Iron Age I and II, indicating a cultural sequence from the Middle Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II, which contrasts with the theory of cultural dynamism. The studies of Gilavan cemetery are important because in this area, in the burial findings of the graves, we witness a cultural sequence from the middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age II. Such results are of particular importance to the studies of the Iron Age, as well as the theory of cultural dynamism in the late period of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, which some researchers believe it to be.

The tombs of Gilavan cemetery in this study
Tomb No. 26: This tomb is located in trench D, and in the northeast it, in a depth of -107 cm from bench mark. This tomb is from type of grave pit that after the burial from the rock has been used to highlighting the grave. This tomb has been belongs to man25 to 30 years old.
Tomb No. 28: This tomb is located in northwest corner of trench C, and highest level this tomb from the ground -149 cm. This tomb is from type of grave pit, and single burial. Tomb No. 28 has been belongs to female 25 to 30 years old.
Tomb No. 31: This tomb is located in the northern part of trench C, and to form of double burial. Tomb No. 31 is from type of grave pit.

Conclusion
The study of the graves of the Iron Age of this site indicates that there are many similarities in the burial findings of the northern-western areas of Iran during the bronze and iron period. In other words, the findings of this cemetery can be compared with the burial objects of many sites of the middle bronze, the late bronze and Iron Age I and II, and this represents a cultural sequence during a period to a period Another is in the north-west of Iran and even neighboring areas. It seems that many of the developments in the Iron Age region of Iran are rooted in the earlier period. Many of the forms and techniques of constructing objects represent a kind of evolved designs, and the subject matter that implies the emergence or sudden appearance of them is not visible.

Comparative Study of the Golden Coronet of Azerbaijan Museum

Seyed Mehdi Hosseyni Nia

Abstract
The subject of this study is analysis and comparison golden coronet obtained from Khalkhal county in Azerbaijan museum, that from obtained illegal excavation. Because of that hasn’t done research on this object, so, research for specifying function, manufacturing technique, comparison, relative dating, and analysis of symbolic motifs, is seems necessary. This article has done to form of comparative study, and is from type of qualitative research. Also, Information gathering in this research has done to two methods of library and field work (exact observation of trace and providing scheme and photo). This article is to form of analytical – descriptive and comparison of motifs with other artistic findings. In this article has done drawing motifs with computer software. Then, their decoration motifs have been investigated and comparison with other finds. Results of this research indicate that in create this coronet, beliefs and idealogy of artists has had much influence. In fact, these motifs have been to form of rites and sign from the gods, that by artists on the ceramics and sometimes on jewelries have been created; they have been with these works took of gods support. According to studies this coronet in terms of manufacturing technique, decoration technique, and results of analysis comparison of motifs with other similar traces as: golden necklaces and tusks of Zivieh, golden rhyton of Lorestan, golden rhyton of Marlik, and coronet of Hasanlo; golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum has been dating between late second millennium and early first millennium BC. So, two main questions of this research are as follows: How could analyze the decoration technique and comparison this coronet with other simila r traces? And, comparison of typology this coronet with other traces, shows this trace to what is related period?
Keywords: Coronet, Typical Motifs, Tree of the Life, Antelope.

Introduction
Jewelry and especially golden jewelry has always been regarded as the economic capital of human societies, and special place in economic and cultural exchanges. Undoubtedly, besides creativity of Iranian artists, several factors have been contributed to the formation and construction of jewels, and desired objects have been position for appearance of the beliefs of past tribes. Cultural and economic interactions in inter-regional and trans-regional areas, environmental factors, cultural, economic, and industrial and technological advances, have been from the factors of effective the formation of styles different types of jewelry in past periods. It’s obvious that every nation has collection of legends and myths, that they are indicative their opinions, thoughts and beliefs. Golden coronet obtained from Khalkhal area, isn’t excluded from this general rule, and created motifs on this coronet can help to identify and better understand of ideas, and beliefs of people northwest Iran in late second millennium and early first millennium BC. So, authors in this study have been studied the coronet of Azerbaijan museum and analyzed relationship with the beliefs of people in this period. Therefore, main questions of this research are: 1- What does show the analysis and comparison of motifs with similar samples? 2- According to analysis of similar samples from other areas, what is the period this coronet? Assuming coronet motifs have been ritual; so, these motifs have likely been created by artists on pottery and sometimes on jewelry during the second and first millennium BC. They have been by doing this, supported by the gods. Thus, authors in this research have done analysis, semiotics, and aesthetics of golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum.

Golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum and semiotics of motifs it
Golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum is including decorative jewelry. According to appearance this trace, function it can be decorative coronet, or, it has probably used in ritual and religious ceremonies. This coronet is from made gold, and in form of crescent rectangle. Its length 22 CM and width 5 CM, and at the end of both sides it, two hooks to form of crescent (for hold on head) have been placed. The technique of making this decorative coronet is handmade, that on it has been created motifs with engraving technique. It should be mentioned, no type of inscription or text hasn’t been used on this trace. In center of this decorative coronet, has been painted Tree of the Life, that in both sides this Tree of the Life, 8 numbers of antelope to form of symmetry (head and neck of all them are bent towards down, and all of them are painted in one form) can be seen. At the bottom section in this trace and back of the motif of antelope, are embossed two lines of vertical and parallel, that inside them three equilateral triangles have been raising and embossed to form of tiny.

Comparison of coronet motifs with similar samples
Although can’t be seen sample quite similar with this coronet, but motifs this coronet in terms of style of making and decoration with seals, metal traces, and mud traces such as the golden rhytons inside and outside of Iran, is comparable. The objects of Tapeh Marlik related to about 1200 BC, antelope motif and Tree of the Life motif in golden rhyton of Lorestan related to between centuries seven to four, golden necklaces of Zivieh in Iron Age III, bronze coffins of Birmingham museum related to century of seven, and ivory box of tomb of 45 in Assyria, other are traces that golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum is with similar to them.

Conclusion
Findings of this research indicate that in inventing and utilization of antelope motifs, especially in coronet discovered from Khalkhal, beliefs and idealogy of ethnoes that are created them has had much influence. Considering that each of the ancient tribes, they saw the antelope as one of the beneficial elements of nature, horn of this animal has been from signs of the gods in ancient Iran and Mesopotamia. So, between antelope with curved horns and crescent moon has been a relationship. Because, among the ancient tribes have been moon of rain symbol and sun of drought symbol; so it seam, horns of this animal have been symbol of moon and rain. According to the submitted content, it seems, golden coronet of Azerbaijan museum have probably been related to late of second millennium to century of seven BC.

A review of Three Tomb Towers: Ashghon Baba, Och Gonbad Khan, and Yengi Arakh in Bijar County of Kurdistan Province

Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei

Abstract
In Bijar County and in a relatively near route of Hasanabad Yasokand city are located of three tomb towers, in villages of Yengi Arakh, Och Gonbad Khan, and Alishah. Although, these towers haven’t been made at a time, but two samples of them are remarkably similar. These three buildings of shaped tower Ashghon Baba, Och Gonbad Khan, and Yengi Arakh are located in north of Bijar County. These towers, in terms of geographical location, are located in caravan route of regional. Although these buildings with name of the tower are known, but the main problem is that, how can these towers placed in tomb monument? And, have these buildings been for resting of passengers? In this regard, there are two hypotheses; these buildings have been minaret of guide and sometimes from them used for resting passengers of Bijar, Soltanih, Zanjan, and Maragheh. Also, evidences of little available shows that these buildings in the late sixth century to eighth century A.H. and by local authorities have been made for themselves or elders of their family. The result of this research shows that made these types of buildings have been due to the proximity of Soltanih Zanjan in Ilkhanids age and influenced by events in the region. Local rulers have made these types of buildings in realm of government themselves for themselves or religious and mystical elders of the region. For do this research, has been used from field – library method. In information of field section, author, buildings this study from has nearly been survey and photography them. Furthermore, from library sources for preparing images and review of historical texts for purposes of this study has been used.
Keywords: Ashghon Baba, Och Gonbad Khan, Yengi Arakh, Tomb Tower, Bijar.

Introduction
The tombs in Iranian architecture in Islamic period in terms of form and function have special place. Meanwhile, tomb tower are important in terms of shape and form. Although many these types of buildings in terms of form, architectural decorations, and function have been studied, but there are still monumental architecture of such buildings haven’t been studied because of the distance from the main roads. Unfortunately, due to neglect of these types of buildings, they have been destroyed. Including these traces are three tomb towers in villages of Hasanabad Yasokand city in Kurdistan Province. These buildings in terms of location, form, function, and use of local materials are deserving of separate study. In this regard, there are some questions: First; how can these buildings considered of tomb towers? Second; can be inferred these towers function of buildings of between roads for travelers rest? Third; these towers were related to the period and who were their builders? In relation to questions of above, can be raised these hypotheses: First; these towers are including of tomb towers and from these buildings have likely been used for funeral. Second; these towers have likely been guide minaret for guide and shelter of travelers in route of cities of Bijar in Kurdistan province and Soltanieh, Zanjan, and Maragheh in Azerbaijan. Of course, this theory haven’t been found until other documents, is accepted. The research method this study is historical-analytical that according to field surveys, providing picture, and study of historical texts and library documents has been done. So far, in relation to the topic of this research haven’t been done comprehensive studies. The only information available from these buildings is related to reports of 1970.

Location, introducing, and describing the towers
Ashghon Baba tower: The brick-work tower of Ashghon Baba is located in Siah Mansor district in near to village Alishah in Hasanabad Yasokand city, and in Bijar County. This tower due to lack of protection and restore, and also destruction by smugglers has been destroyed. The plan of this building has been octagon that up to 60 cm from the floor it has been built stonework and then up to dome valet built with bricks of special of Seljuk. The type of the outer dome it (that previously, has been made on it) has most been likely of type from frank dome of poly crack.
Tower of Och Gonbad Khan: This tower of rocky is located in distance of 75 km northwest of Bijar city and in village of Och Gonbad Khan. Tower building has a plane of circular shape. Tower of Och Gonbad Khan has been made of stone and mortar. The current status of the building is show, ceiling has been made with a dome of stone. The internal dimensions of the tower are 4/30 meters and entrance 1/30 meters high. The width of stone walls of tower is 90 centimeters and the height is 6 meters. It seams, this tower with tomb towers of Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods as Round Tower and Tower Joy (Brand, 1997: 620) is comparable in terms of appearance and plane.
Yengi Arakh tower: This tower is located in vicinity of village with this name and 63 kilometers north of Bijar city and in route of Qom Choghay river. Yengi Arakh tower has circular plane. The internal diameter of the building is 5/20 meters, and width of the wall is 1/55 meters, and outer diameter is 8/30 meters. In this tower most of the materials are made of stone and plaster. This building is comparable in terms of type of plane, materials, and form with tower of Och Gonbad Khan.

Conclusion
The Idea building of tomb buildings, in form of tomb towers with the function of minaret or tomb in distant places, during past periods has spread. It seams, tomb towers that in this research were study, have been built with this thought. These tomb towers alongside of cities in periods of Seljuk and Ilkhanid, have been cause of increased traffic. Furthermore, these buildings have also been effective in terms of promotion traditional architecture. In alongside this communication creation of buildings in the form of tomb towers with various functions as Emamzadeh Aghil in Hasanabad Yasokand city, and three tomb towers in this study, have been created.

Investigation and Analysis New Findings Stuccoes of Illkhanids Aveh

Arash Lashkari

Abstract
Stucco art in Islamic period, in terms of technique and decorative motifs, pattern is taken from decorative art of Sassanids period. Motifs of stuccoes Sassanids period with inspiration from nature, does communicate (communication doesn’t exactly, but close to it), and can be easily identified similar samples it. This shows that unrealistic patterns less used in these motifs, and artist has shown less tendency to this direction. But these elements under the influence Islamic wisdom, have changed their form and meaning. One of the important findings and indicator in Aveh site were decorations stucc, that during the excavation in Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman, obtained in the third chapter excavations this historic site in 2009. According to the date mentioned on one of the luster tiles found from this building (684 A.H.), this decoration is belongs to Ilkhanids period. The authors seeking to prove such dating, have done shape and technique used in this motifs and compare them to other historic sites stucco decorations from Ilkhanids period. This research has done to study this question related with Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman building that, basically, this building based on stucco decorations, related with which period? And, stuccoes related to which style? In this regard, the present study seeks to prove these assumptions in execution of decoration motifs of stuccoes this building, has been used two styles stucco decorations with high bulge and decoration motifs caved. The decoration motifs are contains foliate, geometric, and inscribed. These motifs and their styles have been modeled from Ilkhanids styles. The method of doing this research is descriptive – analytical – comparative. Data in this study are taken from Library resources and field work. Field works in this study are contains extensive excavations in Aveh plain and in Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman. Furthermore, cultural material obtained from excavation, have been drawn.
Keywords: Ilkhanids, Stucco decorations, Decorative motifs, Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman of Aveh.

Introduction
The decoration of buildings Islamic period of Iran, usually have been used from brick, plaster, and tile. From of stucco, from early Islamic period to Timurids period as there has been template element in the decoration, and it has been most used in prayer niches and inscriptions of buildings (Pope, 1987: 166). Stucco at first has been more used for cover the rugged surfaces and decorate them; but, in the fifth century A.H., stucco has been transformed from a simple decorative mode to unique coating of decorative. Traditionally, stucco art has been among of decorative art dependent on architectural of Iran, that after from flourishing in the Sassanid period in middle centuries of Islamic and in Ilkhanids period has reached the peak of flourishing. In fact, Ilkhanid period is golden age of stucco in Islamic period Iran. This art in Ilkhanid period in vast areas as a decorative element in architecture of this period has used. From this period are remained traces very beautiful and unique. 24 km from Saveh County to Salafchegan is separate road to Qom; this is road of Jafarabad – Qom. The village of Aveh is located about a 6 km from this road. (Hashemi, 2007: 125). Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman in Aveh plain, based on obtained indications from field works of authors (discover the luster tile in this building with date 684 A.H.), is one of the architecture monuments in Ilkhanid period with decorations of tile-making and stucco. Stucco decorations this building, although a small number is obtained, but they are represents the pinnacle of stucco art Ilkhanid in middle centuries of Islamic. The main purpose of authors in this study, in first place, have been presented available sample from stucco art Ilkhanids from Aveh area; In second place, have been analysis of their decorative motifs (technique), and type of motifs used (foliate, geometric, and inscription), and comparison them with other similar samples in other historical places.

Stuccoes of Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman Aveh
After reviews on these stuccoes, their technique was studied in two groups: stucco decorations with high bulge, and decoration motifs caved. Techniques of shaping stucco decorations are with high bulge to form of in situ, mold, or combined from both techniques. In technique decoration motifs caved, has used from both techniques in situ, and mold. Furthermore, decoration motifs of stuccoes this building has been studied in tree group foliate, geometric, and inscribed. The foliate motifs of stuccoes is to form of arabesque and cinquefoil motifs (high and stretched), and Rosette flower. The most of foliate samples obtained in decorations of stuccoes Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman Aveh, are from of type of foliate motifs six and eight of fimbria, flowers and leaves (several of fimbria) with buds, and arabesque motifs.The geometric motifs used in stuccoes of Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman building are most to form of the honeycomb motifs.
In stuccoes of Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman building has been seen inscribed. Unfortunately, inscriptions used in decorations this building, aren’t in good position for recognize the type of script and decorative style. Authors have been results based on speculation and also based on lines used in decoration of tiles luster painted this building (that from of types of Sols and Naskh script).

Conclusion
As was mentioned, decorative motifs of stuccoes in Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman building are divided to foliate, geometric, and inscribed, and they have been created to two styles: stucco decorations with high bulge, and decoration motifs caved. With comparison decorative motifs this building with decorations other traces in Ilkhanids period Iran, could be seen significantly specifications of decorative style of Ilkhanids in this building. So, decoration motifs Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman building are related to Ilkhanids period. Therefore, date mentioned on the tiles this building and decoration motifs of stuccoes have been contemporaneous. On the other hand, comparison of shaping stuccoes Imamzadeh Fazl Ibn Soleyman with contemporaneous buildings, power of architects Islamic in Ilkhanids period is show.

Lur, Consolidation of Ilkhanids

Homayoon Hatamian

Abstract
So far, have much been researches about confrontation IlKhanids of Mongol and putting end to Abbasids Caliphate and Ismailis, but still there are many untold of facts unknown to historians and researchers. Based on evidence that we have, local governments of 5 and 6 century were strongly afraid of murders of Ismaili mountaineer. One of the areas that was the perfect opportunity for Ismailis, was the mountains of north of Lur which through an important this passage could connect to Baghdad. The Ilkhanids that according to the Mongolian documents this time their goal was not only to destroy regions and looting, but had come to get a brilliant victory in west Asia because for ten years their territory was not developed in this direction. The situation was so unstable for Mongols that they continuously asked help from the court of Qaan and requested the dismantling of the government of the caliphs of Baghdad and Ismaili. Accordingly, this time they entered Iran with a pre-designed plan. Hülegü army was equipped with Chinese gunpowder and latest engineering equipment of siege. Cavalry archers of Hülegü were under the command of commanders that are involved with military operations with Subutai and Genghis Khan. So, in this study are two questions: What is due to be reviewed in this paper, is a different aspect, derived from this question; whether part of military confrontation with the Abbasids and the Ismailis occurred in places far from the range of historians and left behind in the dark? The first hypothesis this is: the policy of conquest or purchasing numerous castles and penetration in various mountains by the Ismailis and as well as finding ways to penetrate to Baghdad by Ilkhanids, has been gone the struggle between Ilkhanids with Ismailis and Abbasids Caliphate to southwest Zagros Mountains.
Keywords: Lur City, Ilkhanids, Abbasids Caliphate, Ismailis, Baghdad.

Introduction
According to documents presented in this study, Lur City has been strategic center played an effective role for Ilkhanids in defeating their two arch-enemies. Lur city on one hand could play the role of logistics base in mountain base to combat Mongereh castle (Mongereh), that was located on Mount dez (dez) the mountains north of Lur, and also with use of the passage in southwest of city, and Ilkhanids army could easily pass the passage and access the center of the caliphate i.e. Baghdad. According to the documents, this passage also existed in past and according to ancient documents at one time it was crossing between Paul Assyria’s army to fight the Ilam / ancient Ilam, and at the Sassanid period, it was passage used by Sassanid Shapur to deal with Rome in the battle of Edessa. In the Islamic period, its importance was known to Ilkhanids and Hülegü in good way and using military terminal of Lur managed to use part of his military operations against the Ismailis in northern mountains and another part through the southwest passage of city against the Abbasid. Lur base helped Ilkhanids to overcome enemies of Ismaili and Abbasid Caliphate and also they established their rule. From this base, they used their military force against the Damascus and Aleppo, because their next stop after Baghdad was raid on Syria. Hülegü by strengthening its forces in the same passage managed the development, support and guidance of the military operations in other parts. The present article, after survey Lur city, is deals with political and military importance of city in facing Abbasids Caliphate, Ismailis, and Ilkhanids. The work method is based on collecting evidence of valid documents, archaeological and historical books, and analysis from them.

Importance of Lur crossing
Through the passage of southwest of Lur city, Hülegü in 655 AH / December 1257 AD started the battle against the caliphs of Baghdad and in February of 1258 I CE / 656 AH arrived in Baghdad. He plundered Baghdad and after that the caliph surrendered. Abbasids Caliphate treasures were looted and were shipped to the headquarters of the Mongolian Khan. By Hülegü’s command caliph was thrown under horses hooves and killed and after 5 centuries Abbasid caliphate was overthrown by the Mongols. They continued operations to other cities around Syria, through that passage until receiving news of death Mngoqaan the Mongol army was halted progress and Hülegü Khan returned to Azerbaijan. As a result Egypt used the provisional interruption that had emerged in the Mongol onslaught, and provided stability against them. But on the whole Ilkhanids using thus strategic passage by entering Baghdad from the west could bring under the control of different areas. In base of Lur city the Mongereh castle was conquered and this event started Ilkhanids serious presence in the Mongereh castle. Pottery glazed turquoise blue in 7 and 8 AH centuries, is indicate the capture of this important and historic castle by Ilkhanids and their establishment within this period.

Conclusion
According to discussions provided in this study, Lur City as a strategic center played an effective role for Ilkhans in defeating their two arch-enemies. Lur city on one hand could play the role of logistics base in mountain base to combat Mongereh castle (Mongereh), that was located on Mount dez (dez) the mountains north of Lur, and also with use of the passage in southwest of city, and Ilkhanids army could easily pass the passage and access the center of the caliphate i.e. Baghdad. So, it seams, fall of the Lur city has been led to overthrow of Abbasid Caliphate. The pottery glazed turquoise blue in 7 and 8 AH centuries, is indicate the capture of this important and historic castle by Ilkhanids and their establishment within this period.

Analytical Review on Architecture Decorations of the Wooden Pillars in the Maragheh Mosques

Reza Ghaffari Haris

Abstract
The purpose of this research is analysis and survey architecture decorations of wooden pillars in the mosques of Maragheh. The research method in this study is based on surveying and descriptive analysis. The data of this research are contains 14 mosques in Maragheh, that from these numbers 8 mosques haven’t been studied because of that general reconstruction or without being pillars. So, in this study 6 mosques of Maragheh have been surveyed and analyzed. Today, because of the lack of use this kind of decorations in the construction of mosques and their uniqueness, this study is essential. The wooden capitals in this research are decorated with motifs of stalactite work and woodturning with shapes of geometric dangling, stair, and crenate. On these capitals are abundantly seen decorations of arabesque motifs. The colors are used in this motifs contains black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, light brown and dark, turquoise, and ranges of these colors. The alongside these decorations has been used calligraphy of verses and holy names. The results of this study indicate that decorations architecture of wooden pillars in the mosques of Maragheh despite having art style of unit, they have variety of colors, designs and form of pillars. The method of doing this research is field-library. The field data have been collected with direct observation from wooden pillars, and then designed them with using software Corldraw. Thus, two main questions in this research that the authors try to analyze them is as follows: Can with compare and analyze the decorations of pillars common tips between them found? And, what have decorations of pillars pattern?
Keywords: Decorations, wooden pillars, mosques of Maragheh, Islamic architecture.

Introduction
In monuments and mosques have been used from the wood as the main components and also as a decorative element. The slender and long wooden trunks with decorations as carrier pillars of roof have been used in buildings. These wooden pillars have played a key role in holding pillars and prayers hall of mosques. The decorating the inner surface of wooden roofs has been of evolved over time and arrived in the late centuries of Islamic to ultimately development. During the Safavid period, that construction of wooden ceilings, known as Chehelsotun, has become spread (Soleymani et.al, 2011: 27).
In Maragheh city is remained wooden mosques of beautiful from Safavid period. These mosques have been contains 14 mosques, but in this research have been studied decorations of pillars mosques Molla Rostam, Molla Moez Aldin, Zarir, Sefid, Ghazi, and Najarlar. These mosques have wooden decorations and the capitals of wooden stalactite in these mosques have been decorated with motifs of arabesque and calligraphy. The artists tried in decoration of these pillars have been used the most beautiful and diverse designs. The authors in this research, after survey all of the pillars, have been presented the fixed pattern from them. So, due to the registration of Maragheh wooden mosques in the national monuments list and wooden decorations of unique them, do this research is essential.
The field data have been collected with direct observation from wooden pillars, and then designed them with using software Corldraw. The study of library resources is contains of study the articles and books published in this field and also use the archive of cultural heritage administration of Maragheh County.

Introducing samples of mosques
Mosque of Molla Rostam: This mosque is located in the south side of the Molla Rostam square and among the Chay Osto Bazaar. Most of the pillars of this mosque are made of wood and stalactite motifs. The wooden pillars in this mosque have been prepared from Sepidar tree and woodturning to form of octagonal.
Mosque of Molla Moez Aldin: This mosque is located on the west side of the Khoshkbar square (Salar neighborhood and Hatam alley) in Maragheh city. The mosque of Molla Moez Aldin has two prayers halls of eastern and western. These two prayers halls have roof with flat cover and beamed ceiling, and with the capitals of stalactite.
Mosque of Zarir: This mosque is located in the northeastern part of Maragheh City and in street of Mir Habib Agha. The roof with flat cover of prayers hall in mosque of Zarir has six wooden pillars in two rows. Each of these pillars are consists of a stone pedestal, stem of wooden pillar, and capitals of stalactite.
Mosque of Sefid: This building is located in the southeastern part of the historical context of Maragheh city, and along one of the historical and main gates of this city in the name of “Darvazeh Biron Ghaleh”. The prayers hall of this mosque has the pillar, and the pillars of them are numbers three.
Mosque of Ghazi: This mosque is located in the Ghazi neighborhood of Maragheh city and corner of Ghods street. The date of construction this mosque is Safavid period. The prayers hall mosque of Ghazi has roof with flat cover, and six of pillars with capitals of stalactite.
Mosque of Najarlar: This mosque is located in the Qom neighborhood of northern in Maragheh city. The plane of this mosque is to form of rectangle, and has a prayers hall with three numbers of pillars with stalactite.

Conclusion
The motifs and schemes in architecture decorations of wooden pillars in the mosques of Maragheh, in addition to the have artistic style of unit, they have color variation, scheme, and form in pillars. According to the construction period these mosques, we can see differences in them. The main decorations in these mosques are contains of the rich motifs and arabesque motifs. The colors are used in this motifs contains black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, light brown and dark, turquoise, and ranges of these colors. The alongside these decorations has been used calligraphy of verses and holy names.