Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies

New Evidence of a Late Pleistocene Occupation on the Southern Slopes of the Alborz Mountains

Hamid Hariryan

Abstract
Most of our knowledge on the Palaeolithic of the Iranian Plateau derives from a scientific focus on the area of the Zagros Mountains. In recent years, several Palaeolithic research projects have been conducted in different parts of Iran, including southern piedmonts of the Alborz Mountains and the Iranian Central Plateau. The present paper is an introduction to the archaeological pieces of evidence of a Palaeolithic occupation on the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. Sorheh Rockshelter is the first site among a cluster of 8 caves and rock shelters located around 80 km northwest of Tehran. The Palaeolithic artifacts have been recovered from at least three looters’ pits at the center of the rock shelter. Sorheh is significant at least for two aspects: firstly, since the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains have not yet been identified for the Palaeolithic, the site provides unique data on the Iranian Plateau. Secondly, the site’s location and the physiogeographic and lithic analyses of Sorheh are invaluable for the reconstruction of hominin behavior and settlement patterns in this under-researched area.
Keywords: Central Iranian Plateau, Alborz Mountains, West-Central Zagros, Middle Palaeolithic, Levallois.

Introduction
Compared to the wealth of Palaeolithic data from the Zagros region, the piedmonts of the Alborz Mountains have received little scientific attention. The focus has been on the northern slopes, although the intermountain valleys of the southern Alborz Mountains could have been biogeographically suitable for hunter-gatherers. Since the first systematic efforts of the Palaeolithic research in the Alborz Mountains by Carlton Coon in 1949 (1951, 1957), a few Palaeolithic sites have been discovered in the northern and southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. Moving from the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains towards the center of the Iranian Plateau, the number of Palaeolithic sites increases. Especially in recent years, many critical Palaeolithic localities have been identified on the interior plains of the Central Iranian Plateau (Biglari 2003, Masoumi et al. 2010, Eskandari et al. 2010, Vahdati Nasab and Feyz 2014, Vahdati Nasab et al. 2009, 2013, 2014, 2016, Heydari-Guran and Ghasidian 2011, Heydari-Guran et al. 2015, Kaboli 1999).
From the physio-geographical point of view, it seems that the sites located on the southern slopes of Alborz Mountain are related to the inner parts of the Central Iranian Plateau (Heydari-Guran et al., 2015). However, it has always been questioned whether the southern slopes of Alborz, like the northern slopes, were an area of human presence during the Palaeolithic. If so, was there a connection between the inhabitants of the southern and northern Alborz slopes? What about the connections to the inhabitants of the interior plains of the Iranian Plateau? Such questions led the authors to study the valleys located in the Southern Alborz Mountain foothills around 80 km crow flies to Tehran’s northwest. The survey in this region has led to the discovery of a complex of caves and rock shelters. The lithic artifacts from one site, Sorheh Rockshelter, presents new insights into the study of human settlement and behavior during the Late Pleistocene in the Iranian Plateau.

Sorheh in the Palaeolithic Context of the Iranian Plateau
The Sorheh complex consists of 6 caves, and rock shelters were firstly identified in 2018 by one of the authors (H.H.). The complex is formed in a deep drainage system within tuff, shale, and sandstone lithology along the Senj River. It is located around 19 km north of the modern city of Karaj, at a longitude of 50,957,183 and latitude of 35,992,211, and approximately 1900 m above sea level. The first site of this complex on the west side of the valley, Sorheh Rockshelter, revealed rich Palaeolithic depositions. Preliminary examining the exposed strata and accumulated soil confirmed that the site is rich in archaeological remains.
Five other shelters of the Sorheh complex are located between 20 and 70 m east of Sorheh Rockshelter. They mostly consist of a rocky surface with poor deposition; some were destroyed by the looters’ pits. The bedrock dip in two rock-shelters is towards the front slope caused no preservation of archaeological deposits. The last shelter of this complex is attached to the Senj River and is endangered by periodically river flooding, thus empty of archaeological deposits. The newly-constructed road between the villages of Baraghan at the west to Vamkouh at the east destroyed partly two rock shelters; however, it provided easier access to Sorheh Rockshelter.
In general, the lithic techno-typological characteristics of Sorheh presents significant Middle Palaeolithic elements. These lithic artifacts bear little resemblance to their counterparts from Zagros, such as Warwasi, Bisetun, and Kunji (Dibble and Holdaway 1993, Dibble 1984, Baumler and Speth, 1993). However, a comparison with Zagros sites is not plausible because of the considerable distance between these sites and the Alborz. The sites located in the interior regions of the Iranian Plateau, perhaps, provide more relevant information. Most of the Central Plateau open-air sites, including Chah-e Jam, Mirak, Zaviyeh, and Holabad, are flake-oriented, and Levallois technology has widely been used (Heydari-Guran and Ghasidian 2011, Heydari-Guran et al. 2015, Vahdati Nasab et al. 2013, Vahdati Nasab and Hashemi 2016). Levallois technology was observed abundantly among Sorheh collection, though heavily retouched tools, reminiscent of the Zagros Mousterian, are nearly absent.
Sorheh’s collection reveals more similarities to two open-air sites of Moghanak and Otchounak. The lithic artifacts from these sites are mostly based on the production of blades and elongated flakes (Berillon et al. 2007). The Levallois technology was broadly practiced in Moghanak and Otchounak. The points from Moghanak are plain and unretouched, reminiscent of the Sorheh points. Due to the lack of characteristic retouched tools in Moghanak and Otchounak, no typological comparisons were possible.

Conclusion
The evidence from Sorheh, Zagros Mountains, and the Iranian Central Plateau indicate various subsistence strategies in different geographical regions. This issue put forward the idea of cultural variability among the Middle Palaeolithic populations (Heydari-Guran et al., 2015) in contrast to the notion of cultural homogeneity (Mousterian) throughout the Iranian Plateau (Rosenberg 1988, Biglari et al. 2009, Piperno 1972).
Considering the high elevation of 1900 m asl., Sorheh Rockshelter, after Ghaleh Kurd with 2100 m asl., is one of the highest-elevated Palaeolithic sites on the Iranian Plateau. Ghaleh Kurd has revealed Middle Palaeolithic artifacts assigned to the Mousterian techno-complex (Soleimani and Alibeigi 2012). The study of the deposits from Sorheh will provide valuable information on the climatic changes during MIS 5 to 3 up to Holocene. It seems that the area, despite high altitude, periodically provided ideal settlement conditions. Climatic amelioration intervals made the region suitable for settlement. Therefore, the detailed physiogeographic study of the Sorheh complex may provide a wealth of information on late Pleistocene climate changes.
Due to the techno-typological similarities of Sorheh lithics to the sites in the Central Iranian Plateau (Vahdati Nasab et al. 2013, Heydari-Guran et al., 2015), we hypothesize the cultural exchange between late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of Alborz and the interior parts of the Central Plateau during climatic deterioration periods.
The discovery of this complex with a particular geographical location in a valley with difficult access and, most importantly, the rich Palaeolithic depositions is an essential step towards answering questions related to the human dispersal at the edge of the Iranian Plateau during Marine Isotope Stages of 5 to 3 stages.
Systematic excavation and acquisition of more data in Sorheh will allow more accurate and detailed comparisons to other Middle Palaeolithic sites of the Iranian Plateau.

Study of Cultural Developments and Changes in the Settlements of the Chalcolithic Periods until the Qajar Era of Kabudrahang Plain, Hamadan Province (Based on Two Seasons of Archaeological Study)

Khalil-Ollah Beik-Mohammadi

Abstract
The settlements of human societies have always undergone cultural changes in their place over time. One of the reasons for this alteration is the change in livelihood strategies as a result of climate change, in the social organization seeks change in production, technology and.... Among these, the most important factor should be considered livelihood and a kind of biogeography-dependent determinism in meeting basic needs, in the structure of the pattern of human settlements, so economic, social and environmental frameworks complement each other to analyze why change. Or lack of it in the biological patterns of humans throughout their historical life. Kabudrahang plain has been one of the northern plains of Hamedan province and one of the most important ways of communication between the cultures of the Central Plateau, the northwest and the Central Zagros during different periods. This plain in the summer of 2007, under the title: “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang” has been studied in a survey by collecting cultural materials from the area, in two seasons. The result of field studies includes 140 sites from different periods of Chalcolithic Period to late Islam, which shows environmental and cultural changes in the settlement patterns from the period of Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era. One of the main topics addressed in archeology is the study of changes in ancient sites and, finally, the attempt to analyze the changes and developments of habitat patterns and their causes over time. In this regard, to examine the trend of changes in settlement patterns, hypotheses based on the influence of factors such as: “space”, “time” and “place” in the process of these changes are presented. However, the main question of this research is that what were the influential factors in the cultural changes of the settlements of Kabudrahang plain from the Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era? The method selected in the present study will be the use of “Kennethe F. Watt” theory strategies based on GIS analysis with a historical-analytical approach. The results of the study of Kabudrahang plain settlements from the Chalcolithic Period to the Qajar era, show a change in the adaptive strategies of human groups present in it, based on livelihood patterns in location with the impact of the geography of the study area on the needs of human communities..
Keywords: Kabudrahang Plain, Archaeological Study, Settlement Pattern, Location, Geography.

Introduction
Human settlements have always undergone various changes in location over time. Among the reasons for that are changes in livelihood strategies as a result of climate change, changes in social organization following cultural changes, technology, and so on. In addition to socio-economic reasons, cultural issues and a kind of determinism related to environmental geography could also affect the structure of human settlement patterns; Thus, economic, cultural, social, and environmental frameworks complement each other to explain why human life patterns have changed, throughout their historical life. Kabudrahang plain with the length of 50 km northwest-southeast and north, including the northern plains of Hamadan province and has been one of the most important communication routes between the inhabitants of the Central Plateau, northwest and central Zagros. Kabudrahang, with its diverse geography including mountainous areas, high slopes, lagoon (Shirinsoo) and mid-mountain plain on the northeastern slopes of Alvand Mountains, has experienced various biological and climatic changes over time. In the summer of 2007, Kaboudrahang plain was intensively surveyed by collecting cultural materials from the region during two seasons, with a field project entitled “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol- Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang”, which resulted in 140 sites being identified. Different types of Chalcolithic Period have been identified from the period to the end of the Islamic period, which includes different types: hills, caves, castles, cemeteries, stone paintings, baths, bridges, etc. In this research, the location changes of settlements, cultural effects and developments of archaeological findings in this cultural field will be studied, which is one of the main objectives of this research.

Settlements and Sites of Kabudrahang Plain
As mentioned in the introduction, Kabudrahang plain was studied for the first time in two stages with the research project “Study and identification of the ancient sites of Gol Tappeh and the central part of Kabudrahang” (NazariArshad, 2007). in the first stage (Summer 2007) 60 works and in the second stage (Autumn 2007) 80 ancient works were identified. Accordingly, in the study of the area in the first Season, for each area, a location code number after the letter “KA”, which is derived from the name “Kabudrahang” was considered; So that after the investigation in the first Season 60 codes and in the second Season, 80 codes (140 codes in total in two Seasons) were allocated for all identified works. The identified ancient sites include: caves, stone carvings, baths, bridges, cemeteries, mountain castles with stone and brick materials for residential and governmental use, and other items in the form of ancient hills from the Chalcolithic period to the Qajar period. In the following, information about the typology of different places and ancient hills of Kaboudrahang based on known archeological periods and cultures will be provided.
Chalcolithic Period: The oldest artifacts and common cultures identified from Kabudrahang plain belong to the Chalcolithic periods, among which, from 13 sites, the artifacts of the period have been identified.
Bronze Age: Bronze Age artifacts of Kabudrahang plain have been identified in 16 settlements.
Iron Age: Iron Age artifacts in Kabudrahang plain are limited and have been identified from only 5 settlements.
Parthian and Sassanid Period: The settlements of the historical period of Kaboudrahang plain have been identified from 106 sites, which can be considered more related to the Parthian and Sassanid eras.
Islamic Period: Remains of the Islamic era of Kaboudrahang plain were identified from 125 sites. These sites belong to different periods of the early, middle and late Islamic centuries and include different types of monuments such as baths, castles, bridges, cemeteries and ancient hills.

Conclusion
The ideas and analysis of the settlement patterns of Kabudrahang plain can be discussed from two perspectives; First: livelihood economy, which has caused spatial changes in order to benefit and adapt its different communities to the environment, which sometimes includes livestock with a semi-integrated approach and sometimes agriculture and permanent settlement in different areas of the plain. These environmental compromises have been manifested in all prehistoric periods (Chalcolithic Period) to the late Islamic period (Qajar) in Kaboudar plain. Second: Roads and communication spaces and the location of the region have been political, cultural and commercial borders. In different historical periods, roads, trade and economic prosperity have always been considered as a component of the durability and stability of governments. Road surveillance, awareness and prevention of possible movements of military attacks, required important infrastructure such as: military bases along the way, proper access roads and most importantly security. Therefore, the construction of castles has always been considered important and serious by the rulers and the city government, which in the Kabudrahang plain has shown the most in the Parthian and Qajar periods based on the type of settlements (Fortifications Castle). Existence of surface waters such as seasonal and permanent wetlands and rivers and being located in communication roads and borders of different cultures in the northwest, central plateau and central Zagros has made Kaboudrahang plain more important in different periods (from prehistoric to Islamic period). Finally, it can be said that the main areas of this plain are occupied by settlements of less than half a hectare and a limited area of one to three hectares, which indicates the existence of small and large villages to supply their core in prehistoric times and central governments in the emerging historical period. Feudalism (especially in the Parthian and Qajar periods) has been with the approach of master and servant using geography, ecology and environmental capabilities of the region.

Determine the Age and Gender of the Human Remains During the Late Bronze Age in the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh Site, Neyshabur

Mohammad Hossein Rezaei

Abstract
The study of human remains derived from burial and non-burial contexts is one of the subcategories of Archaeometry. According to these studies, archaeological researchers, with the help of physiologists, have quantitative and quantitative aspects of the remnants of past humans, including age, Sex and the use of medical tests, especially pathology, diseases and causes of death. The topic of interdisciplinary studies in the Khorasan area, due to the lack of material evidence until the present decade, lacked any research, although the importance of Khorasan has always been mentioned in this cycle. In the last decade, according to the approach of researchers in this field, the subject of quantitative studies has flourished. In this regard, the human remains of three burials belonging to the late bronze age from the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site were used to determine the age and gender of the samples, as well as to identify the ethnic race in the study of physical anthropology. In this research, human skeletons of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site were first cleaned up. Finally, with the participation of the Medical Society of Isfahan, the determination of age, gender and race was performed on the basis of morphology and anthropology. Then extracted DNA was isolated and dental samples were taken. The results of physical anthropology studies on the samples indicated that, the samples studied belong to the population of Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site, which is of age in both adolescents and adults (2 adolescents and 1 adult) and sexually belonging to two male and female groups. Men and women). In relation to the mortality rate and demographic average of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, due to the low volume of samples, it cannot be clearly summoned, but according to the current samples and the number of burials, it shows the high rate of low-mortality in the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh Site.
Keywords: Shahrak-e-Firouzeh, Age, Gender, Bronze Age, Environmental Damage.

Introduction
The study of human remains from burial and non-burial contexts can be considered in the following subcategories of Archaeometry. For these studies, archaeological researchers, with the help of the physiologists, have quantitative and quantitative aspects of the remnants of past humans, including Age, gender, and using medical tests, diseases and causes of death. The present study is one of the interdisciplinary studies in the field of physical and genetic anthropology in the cultural field of Khorasan. After the accidental discovery of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site during construction, in 2009, the first excavation season on this site was run by Hassan Basafa, and so far, four archaeological excavations have been conducted on this site. The ancient site of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh in the northwest of Neyshabur with 36 ° 12 ‘longitude and 58 ° 47’ longitude, is located in the Firoozeh construction site on the eastern side of the river Farub Ruman. Among the cultural materials discovered on this ancient site (third and fourth seasons) are human burial remains buried in the Late Bronze Age. What this research seeks to answer is determining the age and gender, as well as the impact of the environment on the mortality rate of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community on the small scale, as well as the impact of post-sediment processes on samples.
The present study was conducted in two ways: library studies and laboratory studies in a descriptive and analytical manner and using the approaches of physical anthropology. In the style of library studies, information on the history of research on human remains has been gathered, and in analyzes and adoption of study methods. Also, in the section on human anthropometric studies, based on the evidence on the teeth, the suture on the skull, the size and texture of the femur bones, pelvic size and other evidence, it has been attempted that the age group, gender group, Skeleton height, samples of the campus Shahrak-e-Firouzeh site are evaluated. It should be noted that tests on the determination of age and gender on skeletal specimens have been carried out under the supervision of specialists in Isfahan Medical Sciences. Based on physical anthropology studies, the results are divided into two groups of adolescents and adults in terms of age and gender in both males and females, and also indicates the high mortality rate at the young age of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, which can be The most important factors are the unsuitable environment conditions due to the impact of the hydrological effects of the river along the settlement.

Identified Traces
The study samples of this study include two skulls and a complete skeleton in this section to examine how to determine the age and gender of these remnants. The first one, a skull is roughly average. The thickness of the existing bones, the shape of the lower jaw, the posterior bumps, the rigid bone tissue, the maximum length, width and height of the skull, as well as the shape of the forehead of the sample is steep, which according to these characteristics is the first example of a man’s skull. Considering the formation of the teeth type, especially the third molar, considering the low erosion of the crown of the teeth and the presence of enamel of the teeth, as well as the qualitative aspects of the skull joints, in particular the closure of the crown part of the seam which is characteristic of individuals 25 years and the closure of the section of the seam At the age of 35, the age of this sample can be determined between the ages of 25 and 34.
The second specimen is a relatively small, medium-sized cranium found in a gravel gorge. The fineness of the skull bones, the shape of the lower jaw, the nasal blade, Peshafi’s flatness, the smooth tissue of the bones, the maximum length, the delicacy of the cavity bumps, the width and height of the skull, as well as the form of the forehead of the sample, directly and without the prominence of the cavity above, Paying attention to these features is the second example of a woman’s skull. Finally, by examining bone tissue, skull volume, elegance, flattening of the skull structure, non-prominence in the post-serous bone, ear hole, root canal examination, and the time of their formation, the last tooth formed in the jaws of the sample, which is the second lower molar, as well Maximum length, width, face width, forehead bone, can be attributed to a teenage girl between the ages of 11 and 16. The third example is the complete human skeleton that is obtained from burial with a hole structure. Examining the height index of the sample, as well as the fineness of the ribs, the destruction of the toes and the hand of the skeleton, as well as the failure to weld the joints of the hip, the age-specific sample belongs to a teenager of 11 to 16, but due to the lack of sufficient evidence for gender identification In this sample, the sex group has not been identified.

Conclusion
As mentioned in the text, the establishment of the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh Site is one-period site belonging to the final phase of the Bronze Age (2100 to 1500 BC), located next to one of the important rivers of Neyshabur Plain, called Farub Ruman, which originates from the Binalud Mountains. The gradual continuation of the accumulation of flood and alluvial layers over several years or decades on the surface of this establishment caused excessive moisture to penetrate the ancient bedding of the studied samples, as well as washing the surface of the surrounding area by flooding, also solving the harmful mineral elements, including salt It is found in Neyshabur Plains and other harmful mineral salts with alluvial layers, which caused the greatest damage after the sedimentation process on the studied specimens. In addition to high humidity, which causes the decay and degradation of most parts of the bone samples studied, the heavy flood layers on the substrate also cause compression of the anterior substrate and fracture of different bone sections. According to physiological anthropological studies, the samples belong to people from the Shahrak-e-Firouzeh community, which are of age in both adolescents and adults (2 adolescents and 1 adult) and sexually belonging to two male and female groups (men and women).

Investigating the Similarities and Discrepancies in Composition of Seleucid/ Early Parthian Period Painted Wares in Western Iran Through XRF and XRD Methods

Roya Tajbakhsh

Abstract
Using laboratory of XRD & XRF, this research project was performed to identify the component of the pottery related to Seleucid/ early Parthian period. In excavations performed in western Iran, a number of Seleucid & Parthian site were identified, regarding shape and technical formatting roughly homogenous pottery pieces were found. It could not exactly be determined how many of the discovered pottery pieces of the Seleucid/ Parthian period’s -whether found from surface or stratigraphy excavations- had a regional origin. Determining their homogeneity which was solely based on external similarities and typology has given rise to possibilities of widespread trading of pottery or major centers of production. The main problems in research include How was the selection of consumables for the production of stained glassware in western Iran in two periods of Seleucid and Parthian? How can one know about the similarity and difference between the soil elements and the percentage of pottery and logic soil, whether they are indigenous or imported? Despite the apparent similarities, is the conditions and technique of pottery baking types in the western region in two periods, or has it changed with the evolution of governance in the fabric of pottery? This research is qualitative and has a descriptive-analytical nature. The research method in this paper is a combination of archaeological field activities, laboratory studies, and librarian compilation. Awareness of the explorations carried out in the Seleucid-Parthian sites of the western part of Iran, as well as mineralogical studies based on library information. However, as no archaeological evidence has been found to indicate the existence of such centers, such hypotheses could not be considered. The XRD & XRF methods were used to study the building elements in the excavated pottery samples. Using these methods, the similarities and differences between the clay used in making Seleucid & Parthian period’s pottery and the clay found in the region were studied. Ten sample pieces collected from Delfan, Alashtar, and Nahavand regions, were studies. The samples were selected from archaeological site of Chogha Taghi, Pat-Koole, Zarin Deh Sefid tepe, Hassanabad Sanjabi, Cheshme-Kaboud tepe, Aliabad, Molaghala Adlabad, Shaelie (Shahian), and Laodicea. The 10-pottery sherd often have a bright red peppermint, a dense bubbled glaze, a soft mineral mixture, and geometric paintings and images of birds and animals that are painted in brown and black. The shape of the dishes often shows small bowls and small cups that are well polished and polished and cooked at a proper temperature. However, as these methods usually because a great damage and in most cases destroy the samples, smaller and less important pieces which had these componential characteristics were used. The results of this study indicates that, matching the raw materials of the pottery with the geological structure of the region, it can be noted that the pottery was produced in the studied area. Also, the type, technique, and their baking technique from pottery are similar to each other and confirm that its local production and it dismisses the change in the production process or the non-localization of the production of clay crowns during the Seleucid period..
Keywords: Seleucid Period’s, Parthian Period’s, Pottery, XRD, XRF, Western Iran.

Introduction
Our recognition of the western Iran Seleucid/ early Parthian painted pottery is so little in limited due to so many various reasons. The potteries as such are painted and fragile and belong to Seleucid era and early Parthian period party in the period in question is an outstanding type which sounds unobtainable or minimally scarce in considerations. The pieces as such mostly attain light red and beige natural disposition, light rose-colored mantle painted like similar to the metal, fine mineral allegation, geometrical paintings, and animals in birds’ pictures being drawn ocher brown and black. The Potteries shape almost always indicates soft, ting bowls and cups the surface of which is well polished well-furnished and baked in a convenient temperature. The external similitude between late Seleucid and early Parthian potteries nourishes the persisting thought of such a tradition from Seleucid to Parthian. This research is to examining the recognition of the absence/presence of the production and business tradition of the Western Iran area in Seleucid/ early Parthian era. Therefore, using XRF and XRD methods, attempts have been made to deal with the identification of the compounds and elements used in grain utilized conforming western Iran painted pottery.
The propounded hypothesis in this regard is that they did discovered pottery type/species in the west area is possibly none native and imported. The native inference or pottery’s being imported deeply depends upon its natural disposition minerals compound similitude percentage with the minerals present in the area’s soil. In line whit this debate, three questions are replied:
1- How much similar to and different from one another are the soil elements used in Seleucid/ early Parthian painted potteries, compounds, being discovered excavated from some of the Iran Zones? 2- How homogeneous are the elements, present in texture and composition of Seleucid/ early Parthian painted potteries -being discovered in the west of Iran-, whit the structure elements and area geology zone? 3- Are these potteries similar to/different from one another in terms of composition, elements type, and baking conditions?
The selected samples of this research are prominent pieces which are picked up from three areas of Delfan, Alashtar, and Nahavand on ten of which laboratory experiments have been implemented. Among these prominent samples the option of each environment has been done. The XRF experiment on powdered samples has been done in Tarbiat Modarres university and XRD experiment has been implemented in Hamedan Bu-Ali Sina University physics lab, Tehran. These potteries are named as follows: Samples number 1(L.CH.T) from Chogha Taghi in Noor Abad City; sample number 2 (L.P.K) from Pat-koole; sample number 3 (L.Z.D) from Zarrin Deh Sefid tepe; sample number 4 (L.H.A.S) from Hassanabad Sanjabi; sample number 5 (L.CH.K) from Cheshme-Kaboud tepe; sample number 6 (L.A.A) from northern district of Noor Abad city; sample 7 (L.M.GH) from Adl-Abad village; sample number 8 (L.SH) from village Shaeile in Qalaei City; sample numbers 9 & 10 (H.N.L.1) & (H.N.L.2) from Loudich of Nahavand.

Discussion
The results show that the silicon (oxide) rate is high in the samples obtaining low calcite (like sample number 9, and in the samples with high calcite, the silica (oxide) rate is low. Regarding the composition’s present in potteries body, making use of XRD and XRF methods, it can be inferred that the samples productions are associated with the area itself. Moreover, it can be stated that there are compounds such as Quartz in all soils, which is one of components of soil. There is calcite in all samples because of the presence of the calcareous sediments’ presence. The presence of the calcium carbonate and diopside in the potteries body indicates that the temperature of these potteries is less than 750 degrees centigrade. Three compounds of Aluminum oxide, Silica in Calcium carbonate (SiO2, Al2O3, Cao). Additionally, the percentage of the scarce elements in sample number 3 is different from the other ones. Except for these two, it seems that all of the samples are more or less similar to one another. The pottery’s body color is due to this element (Iron) and its oxidation, and red patterns upon potteries contain Iron as well. Pondering upon most of the painted potteries samples of early Parthian / Seleucid era from Western Iran, it seems that their color is not that beige in comparison with the Clinker pottery type from Parthian era, which are mostly related to the middle and late of this era, and less homogeneity is observed in their color in comparison white Clinker pottery. These results assert that the production of Seleucid/ early Parthian period painted pottery in comparison with Parthian period Clinker pottery should be considered from a different or perspective. There is Manganese in some of the samples number (7 & 9 and little rate in sample 3) the black color of which possibly contain such an element. The presence of Calcium can be because of the calcareous sediments (probably) or some gypsum in the sample. The presence of sediment on all of the samples stems from burial area, moisture, and its omission then, and formation of calcareous sediments as well. The other elements such as Sodium, Potassium Phosphorus, and Titanium are among the ones present in the soil, the rate of which is from some percentage to a few hundred percent.

Conclusion
The results of XRF & XRD analysis show that the major part of the examined potteries samples including three compounds of Aluminum oxide, Silica in Calcium carbonate (CaO, Al2O3, SiO2). This compound indicates that there is a share of the soils of the transformations stones (SiO2) in the soil used in building mentioned potteries in addition to calcareous soils (Al2O3, CaO). There is Manganese in some of samples (number7, 9, and a little rate in number 3 simple) which possibly has been because of the pigments usage for decorating the potteries patterns. Moreover, the existence of calcium can be possibly due to calcareous sediments or some plaster in the sample which implies the presence of sediment on all of the samples because of the burial area moisture, and then it’s elimination and calcareous sediments formation. The results demonstrate that the Seleucid/ early Parthian period painted potteries obtain more silica (oxide) rate in comparison with Parthian period Clinker pottery (the late and middle of this period), bring analyzed in western Iran, and also it attains a lower Calcite rate in comparison with Clinker potteries type. According to the potteries external features in terms of color and patterns, the similarity between- the ingredients of raw material (soil) is obvious in making pottery, indicating the production of the Portway in research area of although these painted potteries of Seleucid often there is less homogeneity in their color in western Iran; and also, their baking technique and mode from pottery are similar with one another, and improve their native and domestic production (it is worth mentioning that there has no analysis regarding Seleucid/ Parthian period painted pottery in the other areas been done) and it eliminates the issue of importing production of Seleucid/ early Parthian period painted potteries.

The Study of Islamic Potteries Discovered from the Historical City of Natel

Seyed Rasool Mousavi Haji

Abstract
The ancient site of Natel is located in the village of Natel Kenar-e Olia, a district of the city of Nour, which is 6 kilometers southwest of this city in the west of Mazandaran province. According to historical written sources, this city was considered as one of the important cities in Tabaristan during the Abbasid period and had a military garrison. Due to the importance of this historical site, in addition to archaeological surveys, three excavations have been carried out in this site so far in 2008, 2010, and 2016 under the supervision of Abdolreza Mohajerinejad. The present study focuses on some pottery findings of the first and second seasons of these excavations, during which 2166 pieces of glazed and non-glazed pottery were obtained among other findings. Chronology of the aforementioned samples and consequently more detailed and precise knowledge of the settlement periods, better and greater recognition of the pottery of this site, in particular, and pottery of the Islamic period in the southern margin of the Mazandaran Sea, in general, awareness of the similarity and differences of the pottery obtained from this site with the major pottery centers of the Islamic era required a thorough and in-depth study of these samples in the form of classification, typology, and a typological comparison that was carried out in this research. The results of this study show that most of the studied samples belong to the early (3 and 4 AH) and mid-Islamic (5 and 9 AH) centuries, while the samples of the Ilkhanid and Timurid period in this collection are much lower in number than those of the previous centuries. Also, the results of statistical studies on pottery of the historical town of Natel indicate that these pottery wares have relatively good production quality and strength, but they have a lower level in terms of manufacturing technique and diversity of motifs.
Keywords: Natel, Islamic Pottery, Classification, Typology, Typological Comparison.

Introduction
The ancient site of Natel is located in the village of Natel Kenar-e Olia, a district of the city of Nour, which is 6 kilometers southwest of this city in the west of Mazandaran province. Given the importance of this site in the Islamic period of Iran, especially the southern margin of the Mazandaran Sea, the first scientific studies to identify and determine the location of this town were carried out by Abdolreza Mohajerinejad in 2006 during a season of a survey (Mohajerinejad et al., 2017: 247) and then these studies were continued under his supervision during three seasons of excavation in 2008, 2010, 2016 (Mohajerinejad, 2008; ibid, 2010; ibid, 2016). During the first and second seasons of the excavation, along with other findings, 2166 pieces of pottery were discovered which were provided to the authors for further investigations. Therefore, during the classification and typology stages, 235 indicative pottery types were selected and excluded from the collection. To advance the research, the authors selected and studied 50 pieces from among the indicative samples selected from among the collection based on the non-repetitive variable. Due to the diversity and multiplicity of the pottery types and for better identification of the pottery of this site in particular and the pottery of the southern coastal areas of the Mazandaran Sea in general, the similarity and differences of pottery obtained from this site with those of the major pottery centers of the Islamic era, and also to gain more accurate knowledge of the settlement periods of the site, it was necessary to study the pottery samples very carefully. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the research questions through recording, registering, classifying, typology, and typological comparison of these pottery collections (2149 fragments belonged to the first season and 67 fragments belonged to the second season). The most important questions this research seeks to answer through scientific and systematic studies are: 1: to which period or periods do the pottery samples discovered in the historic town of Natel belong? 2: how is the status of the pottery samples discovered from the historic town of Natel, in terms of production quality and decorations compared to the major pottery centers of Iran during the Islamic era? In answer to the first question, it should be noted that the pottery discovered from the first and second seasons of excavation in the Natel historical site belongs to a time period extending from the early Islamic centuries to the Timurid era. And the answer to the second question is as follows: the production quality of the Natel pottery as well as the decorative quality of Sgraffito pottery are similar to those of the major Iranian pottery centers, but other pottery samples obtained from Natel are in a lower level in terms of their decorative quality, especially in color painting.

A Summary of the Paper
Initially, the samples were classified according to two variables, i.e. their coating type and being simple or painted, which are divided into four groups: non-glazed simple pottery, non-glazed painted pottery, glazed simple pottery, and glazed painted pottery. Then, at the typology stage within the classification framework, each group of pottery was classified into several types and sub-types according to one or more variables. The investigations were carried out with great sensitivity and accuracy and finally, this resulted in the typology of the pottery in the form of 45 types and sub-types. Statistical studies on the ceramics of this collection indicated that the glazed simple pottery was the most frequent type among all the groups with a frequency of 46.53%. Overall, these ceramics have relatively good production quality and strength, but the glazed painted ceramics are at a lower level in terms of production technique and variety of motifs. The non-glazed painted pottery pieces in this collection have geometric motifs and the dominant motif type in this group is ripple motif in terms of motif design variable. At the typological comparison stage of classification which has been carried out according to the classification and typology of pottery collection, it was attempted to compare a large number of fragments with pottery found in Islamic sites. Therefore, in addition to reviewing various reports of excavations carried out in Islamic sites (generally, the northern sites of the country are considered), we have carefully studied the authentic sources of Islamic pottery prepared and organized by the efforts of foreign and domestic scholars and accordingly the pottery types, which were compared with similar example or examples, were dated and the comparisons are presented in the form of tables in the main text of the paper. From among the regions or sites whose ceramics are comparable to those of the Islamic period of Natel, Bamiyan, Nishabur, Jorjan, Poinak castle of Varamin, Imam Zadeh Ali Lafourak in Savadkouh, Sarqala of Lavasan, Sheikh Safieddin Ardebil’s tomb, Sistan, Golkhandan fortress, Kaseh al-Mout, Gaskar site of Gilan, Haft Daghnan of Gilan, northwest of Iran, Osbou Kola Lofer, and Jahan Nama site can be mentioned.

Conclusion
According to the contents of the present study as well as the classification, typology, and typological comparison of the pottery discovered from the historic town of Natel, it can be stated that there are a total of 45 different ceramic types and subtypes in this collection. The results of typological comparisons of the pottery of the Islamic period of Natel showed this collection had the highest rate of similarity and relationship with the pottery obtained from the sites of the Islamic period in the north of the country; this cultural and artistic similarity supports the existence of a wide cultural and connection network between Natel and its neighboring regions and indicates the production and expansion of formal and standard pottery types during different Islamic times that were produced in specific centers and exported to other regions. Their production techniques were imitated in local workshops with a lower quality. In general, the results of this study suggest that most of the studied samples belong to the early (3 and 4 AH) and mid-Islamic (5 and 9 AH) centuries. The results of the statistical studies on the pottery of Natel also indicate that these pottery findings have a relatively good production quality, but they are at a lower level in terms of production technique and diversity of motifs.

Analysis of Archaeological Findings of the Fourth Excavation Season in Kahnek Site, Sarbisheh City - South Khorasan

Ali-Asqar Mahmoodi-Nasab

Abstract
Despite the importance of the eastern regions of Iran, especially South Khorasan in the process of historical developments in Iran, archaeological research has not been done in this region. Kahnak archaeological site is an important Islamic site in South Khorasan province in the east of Iran where the weakness of environmental conditions and climatic constraints, especially the lack of water resources, has led to the formation of large and densely populated areas and settlements in this region. As this site provides economic, social, and cultural connections between the northern (Khorasan) and the southern regions (Sistan), which is also on another main route, it is very important for archaeological studies in the east of the country. Main routes have been a decisive factor in the location of human groups throughout history, and this has been more influential in areas where their habitats have been adjacent to major trade routes and communication roads. Kahnek site is considered as a place for educational activities of the Department of Archeology of Birjand University. From 2014 to 2019 excavation activities in this area have continued for six consecutive seasons. In this research, the fourth season of these excavations and their findings are introduced. The study aims to identify and analyze the architectural space called Kahnek Castle on the east side of the area in the winter of 2016. According to the surface data and excavations, the Kahnek site belongs to the third and fourth centuries until the Timurid period, and most of the gathered data include potteries and architectural structures are related to the Islamic Middle Ages. The architectural structures found in this season of excavation are mainly related to the architectural spaces of the castle. The present work is carried out in descriptive-analytical method and historical-cultural approach based on field data and library resources.
Keywords: Establishment of the Islamic Period, Archaeological Excavation, Sarbisheh City, Kahnek Site.

Introduction
Regarding the archeology of the east of the country, especially South Khorasan, no studies have been conducted in this region, and the knowledge of researchers from the mentioned areas is more limited to the information contained in historical sources and texts and so far few articles and books about Archeology of this area has been published. One of the important sites of the Islamic Middle Ages in this region is the Kahnek site in Sarbisheh city. This site was selected in 2014 by the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of South Khorasan and in collaboration with Birjand University as an internship site for archeology students of the Faculty of Arts - Birjand University and archaeological activities continuously until 2019, In this, it has continued. In the past, the Kahnek area was located as a settlement on an important communication route, which according to the cultural data obtained, it was determined that the establishment of Kahanek continued its life from the third and fourth centuries AH to the late Islamic (Safavid) centuries. In this study, the findings of the fourth chapter of the site are introduced. The cultural data obtained from the excavation of this site, in addition to architecture and pottery, have been other materials such as animal bone remains, decorative and functional metals, glassware pieces, metal and pottery ornaments, etc. This research tries to address these questions: 1- What is the plan of the explored architectural spaces of the ancient castle? 2- Can the influence of neighboring cultures be seen in the pottery of the Kahnek area? The research hypotheses are as follows: 1- According to the excavations, the old castle has a relatively circular plan and limited architectural spaces with square rooms. 2- Kahnek site is affected by neighboring areas due to its location in an important communication route that extends from north to south so that Neishabour-style pottery is one of the leading pottery styles of this area in the first centuries.

Geographical Location and Description of Excavation in Kahnek Site
Kahnek area is located in South Khorasan province, Sarbisheh city, in Mo’menabad rural district of the central part of this city and 50 meters east of Kahanek village and is located at 764602 longitudes and 3603433 latitudes. Architectural spaces in the fourth season of excavating the old area in 2015 are related to rooms with dimensions of 2×3 meters, which are related to the space of the castle tower. The potteries obtained in this excavation season are divided into two glazed and unglazed groups belonging to the early to late Islamic centuries. In addition to the potteries, an oil lamp, a metal scrap (possibly a coin), parts of quern-stones, a saw, pieces of glass, a chunk of glazed brick, a sharpening knife, and remnants of animals bones were found. According to the excavations and cultural materials and architectural evidence, three stages can be considered for this site. In the first and new stage of the site, it has been used as a temporary settlement in connection with livestock and agriculture. The second stage is related to the Islamic Middle Ages and at the same time with the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, and Timurid eras in which the site is at the greatest prosperity and development. The third stage of the area and the oldest one is related to the early Islamic centuries and the formation of the area, which shows the extensive connections of this area with northern Khorasan. At this stage, the architectural structures are built of clay with a wide foundation and thinner upperparts.

Conclusion
Archaeological excavation of the Kahnek site was carried out in 2016 with the cooperation of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of South Khorasan and Birjand University. The findings in this season of the excavation are the architectural works of several interconnected rooms with different dimensions. The walls of these architectural spaces are mostly made of clay; adobe and stone are rarely used in their foundations. Since most of the architectural spaces are detrital and in some spaces the adobes are placed diagonally next to each other, the roof of the residential spaces was probably made of rough-arch adobe. The pottery samples of the Kahnak area, which are the most important documents for the chronology of this area, can be compared with the samples and potteries of different regions in South Khorasan, particularly in North Khorasan and Kerman. The results of studies of samples and their comparisons show that the pottery in this area is related to the early Islamic centuries to the late Timurid and early Safavid periods. It can be said that trade routes played a key role in the process of communication and cultural similarities between different regions. Moreover, the Greater Khorasan Road is not only important for east-west connections but also it has been important for connecting the north and south of the Iranian plateau. Main routes have been an important factor in the location of human groups throughout history, which is more effective in areas where their ecosystems are adjacent to major trade routes and communication roads. However, it can be said that the climate has the most important impact on the process of leaving the inhabitants of this area, and agriculture, which is the main economic pillar of the region, has caused it to be abandoned due to climate change.

The Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Structure and Architectural Components of Native/Traditional Houses in Hot and Dry Areas of Khosf County, South Khorasan

Hossein Sedighian

Abstract
Khosf county with a hot-dry climate is located in South Khorasan province in eastern Iran and on the eastern edge of the Lut desert. Despite the existence of historical monuments in this region of Iran, little is known about them to archaeologists, urban planners, architects, and art historians. Special attention was paid to the historical urban fabric and residential houses which are mainly related to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras, in the archeological survey conducted by the authors in the Khosf region in 2014. Three relatively intact and well-established historical urban fabric in the city of Khosf and the villages of Khor and Noghab were studied during this study and 45 historical houses in these areas and other historical villages of Khosf were examined. The studied historical/traditional fabrics are mostly active and today with some changes in the body of the building, they are still used by the local people of the region. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the way of collecting data is also based on archaeological studies in the region to document and collect information about traditional houses of Khosf, and Then based on library studies. This research seeks to answer three main questions: 1- How much has the climate affected the type of structures and architectural components of traditional Khosf houses? 2- Do these conditions prevent the influence of the changes and developments of the common architecture of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods or not? 3- And what have been the common decorative techniques in the architecture of Khosf houses? Based on the research questions, the main objectives of the present study are to investigate the impact of the climatic conditions of the region on traditional houses Khosf and developments in Iranian architecture, as well as the study of different structures and architectural components of these buildings and their related decorations. Despite the general resemblance to traditional architectural patterns in hot and dry regions of Iran, the results show that it is strongly influenced by the climate of the region and in terms of architectural structure and related decorations is slightly affected by Qajar to Pahlavi period architectural developments..
Keywords: Khosf, Residential House, Qajar, Pahlavi.

Introduction
Man has always had many buildings from distance past, many of which have been destroyed over time. Among these, residential houses are the most important and abundant architectural structures that have always been built or reconstructed by humans. But these buildings are generally destroyed over time and turned into a pile of soil. Therefore, it is necessary to study and document the remaining traditional and historical buildings of the country and study their construction and decoration methods and topics such as the impact of climate on them. In Iran, due to the richness of the country’s historical antiquity, many relics of traditional houses and urban fabrics have been left. At present, most of the ancient houses in Iran mainly belong to the Qajar to the first Pahlavi period. Many studies have been done on the architecture of traditional houses in different parts of Iran, which are mainly based on the historic and magnificent houses of Yazd and Kashan, but less attention has been paid to the study of simpler houses in small towns and suburbs. One of such areas where a large number of traditional/historical houses and to some extent some of its traditional fabrics have survived is the city of Khosf in South Khorasan Province, where no independent research has been done on the urban fabric and historical houses. Accordingly, the present study is the first step in studying and analyzing these architectural spaces. in this study, 45 historical houses located in three historical contexts of Khosf city and Noghab and Khor villages and surveyed by the authors in 2014 are considered as the statistical community. Considering that traditional houses, in addition to using the knowledge of their predecessors, have also been affected by climatic conditions and changes in Iranian architecture, it is necessary to know the extent of these effects in different regions. The main objectives of the present study, based on research questions, include the study of the decorations, structure, and various architectural components of traditional Khosf houses and recognizing their impact on climatic conditions and architectural developments in Iran.
Research Questions: The present study seeks to answer three main questions: 1- How much has the weather condition affected the type of structures and architectural components of urban fabrics and traditional houses of Khosf? 2- Do these conditions prevent being affected by the changes and developments of the common architecture of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods or not? And 3- What are the common decorative methods in the architecture of Khosf houses and how have they been?
Research Method: The method of this article is a descriptive-analytical one and the method of collecting data is also based on archaeological studies in the region to document and collect information about traditional houses in Khosf and then Based on library studies.

Article Text
With a hot and dry climate, Khosf is one of the southwestern counties of South Khorasan province, which is located in the eastern margin of the Lut desert. In most parts of the year, most of this area sees wind that has direct and indirect effects on the type of architectural structure of the region. Archaeological study of Khosf county has resulted in the identification of 45 residential buildings that date back to the Qajar to the early Pahlavi period. These buildings were identified in different parts of the county, from mountainous and foothill areas such as Ark and Bein Abad to desert areas such as Khosf, Khor, and Noghab. According to the objectives of the present study, Khosf traditional houses are studied based on the principles of traditional Iranian architecture such as urban form, introversion, direction, scale, spatial hierarchy, and architectural components of houses such as the entrance, courtyard, building materials, plan, colors and decorations and the effect of climatic conditions of the region and Iranian architectural developments on these works were investigated. For example, in terms of direction, most of the traditional houses of Khosf have been built in the northeast-southwest direction, and climatic issues such as the direction of the sunshine and the direction of the wind have had a direct impact on this choice. On the other hand, the studied buildings have a compact plan as much as possible and try to keep the external surface of the building smaller than its volume. This density and compactness of the house plan minimize the amount of heat exchange through the outer walls of the building in both summer and winter, thus preventing the penetration of heat into the building in summer and its loss in winter. Also, many of the studied buildings had one-way wind deflectors that brought cool air into the house in summer. Other features of the traditional Khosf houses include: having a central courtyard and rooms around it, having two porches on either side of the courtyard, having one or more windbreak rooms, having a room fireplace for winter, use of local and traditional materials, have very little decoration such as plastering or brickwork.

Conclusion
Khosf is one of the hot and dry cities on the eastern edge of the Lut Desert that is directly affected by this climate. From the past until now, this county has largely preserved its traditional identity in the construction of various architectural works, due to its distance from very large cities. One of these works is the traditional houses of this county, which currently have a large number of them in areas such as Khosf, Khor, etc. Given that these houses have not yet been studied and surveyed, and at the same time have largely retained their traditional texture, it was necessary to address them in an independent study. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the general purpose of studying traditional and old houses in Khosf city and with other purposes such as investigating the role of climatic and traditional factors in the formation of various spaces of these buildings. According to these studies, it can be concluded that the traditional houses of Khosf show their great influence on the climate and geographical conditions of the region. This issue can be observed in various factors such as the direction of the construction of alleys and their dimensions, direction of the construction of buildings, location of rooms in a building, type and number and direction of the windbreak, number and structure of porches, dimensions of rooms, little use of opening spaces such as windows, etc. Of course, with some factors such as the isolation of the Khosf region, its distance from the main route of commercial and communication highways, and its lack of proximity to major cities, this city will benefit less from the architectural and urban developments of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. This issue is seen in the introverted architectural structure of buildings as well as related decorations. Accordingly, the traditional architectural model of this region can be introduced as a traditional, indigenous, and unique model, and it is necessary to take more measures for the continuation and further prosperity of this model.

Impact Model of the Architectural Phenomena on the Value-Based Conservation of the Religious-Educational Buildings of Tehran in the Qajar Period

Sina Kamali-Tabrizi

Abstract
Today, religious-educational buildings in the city of Tehran, which were built during the Qajar period, have undergone adverse physical changes due to natural erosion and urban expansion. Also, these semantic and intangible values of these buildings have faded over time, so that the position of these schools in society has declined. In order to rehabilitate these buildings, it is necessary to identify and pay attention to all the effective values in the conservation process. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to study the architectural phenomena in the value protection of religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. To achieve this goal, the combined research method (qualitative-quantitative) has been used. The method of data collection is in the form of documentary-library studies, field visits and interviews with experts. Also, the method of data analysis is information using open coding, Chi-square test and Pearson correlation. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by consultation with experts. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between architectural phenomena and the protection of physical, behavioral and semantic values in religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. Also, the most important value in religious-educational buildings is related to the non-physical dimensions of the building, ie behavioral values with a correlation coefficient of 0.91, then semantic values with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. Therefore, in order to rehabilitate and revive the worthy values of this building, only paying attention to physical protection (tangible aspects of the building) with a correlation coefficient of 0.70 is not enough and intangible aspects of the building should be given serious attention. It was finally determined; The most important micro-variables affecting the phenomena of Qajar architecture in Tehran: design view in terms of form, use of the building in terms of performance, moral value in terms of idea, type of arch and roof in terms of technology and social value in terms of integrity have been identified.
Keywords: Mosque-School, Value Conservation, Architectural Phenomena, Qajar, Tehran.

Introduction
Schools are the most well-known educational spaces that have undergone fundamental changes over time in various fields, including architecture (Alaqmand et al. 2018: 5). The educational environment in Iran during the Islamic period was school. In line with the importance of learning science, the Prophet of Islam says: “Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon all Muslims”; Learning science is obligatory on every Muslim. The school can be briefly defined as an institution for higher education in which traditional Islamic sciences such as hadith, commentary, jurisprudence, etc. were taught (Brand 2012: 173). Religious sciences were taught in mosques and ulema houses in the early centuries. Gradually, with the expansion and advancement of the religious sciences, the prolongation of the period of education and the necessity of housing the students, the grounds for the emergence of schools were provided, most of which were located around mosques, markets, residential neighborhoods, squares and main passages or It has been the streets (Soltanzadeh et al. 2019: 450). The emphasis on teaching religious sciences had increased significantly during the Qajar period (Akbari 2012), so schools of religious sciences also became very important. Meanwhile, the city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran in the Qajar period, is the place of greatest concentration of religious schools. With the arrival of the Qajar period in Tehran and during the 130 years of rule, 38 schools of religious sciences have been built, of which 19 schools are still under the titles; Sadr School, Khan Marvi, Hakim Bashi (Agha Mahmoud), Haj Rajabali, Abdullah Khan, Sheikh Abdul Hussein, Old Sepahsalar (Shahid Beheshti), Haj Ghanbar Ali Khan, Moayer Al-Malak, Khazen Al-Molk, New Sepahsalar (Shahid Motahari), Kazemieh, Memarbashi , Majdal Doleh, Aqsa (Mushir Al-Saltanah), Philosopher Al-Dawlah, Mahmoudieh, Nizam Al-Dawlah and Mu’izz Al-Dawlah have remained (Neyestani et al. 2016: 146). All these schools in the old part of Tehran and in its six neighborhoods are called; Arg, Odlajan, Sangalaj, Bazaar, Chal Maidan and the government are located. Unfortunately, many of these schools have been destroyed and many others have undergone inappropriate physical and semantic changes that have caused irreparable damage to the values underlying this practice. The schools surveyed in this study are the same 19 schools that remain and are introduced. The reason for examining these schools is to identify the values that have led to the survival and stability of these schools to this day.

Statement of the Problem
The expression of the problem and the research concern can be examined in two parts. A) The known aspect of the issue, which indicates the position, importance and necessity of value-based protection in architectural heritage based on world literature. B) The unknown aspect of the issue, which expresses the lack and necessity of value-based protection in the use of Qajar religious-educational buildings in Tehran.
A. The obvious aspect of the problem: The Appleton Charter states that the better the values of an architectural heritage are known and interpreted, the better its protection and preservation (ICOMOS 1983). Architectural protection means the protection of valuable architectures or architectural values (Falahat et al. 2018). In the meantime, the way of recognizing and expressing the values hidden in the work has become of special importance (Ebrahimi Nejad and others 2014, 92) and value is one of the determining factors of validity and importance in special issues related to conservation science. It plays a very important role in the development of protection policies (De la Torre 2013; De la Torre et al: 2005). This type of protection is called value-based protection (Fredheim & Khalaf 2016). Values related to architectural heritage can be observed in three main aspects, tangible values (physical elements), intangible values (semantic values) and semi-tangible values (combination), which are appropriate in different societies according to the cultural context. And their environment includes a variety of priorities (Del et al. 2020; Del & Tabrizi 2020).
B) Unknown aspect of the problem: In the value-based protection process, considering the performance and use of the building, effective values in regeneration should be identified and the necessary protection measures should be taken based on it. In other words, effective values in the conservation process depend on the performance and use of the building (Fredheim & Khalaf 2016). For example, in the process of value-based conservation, the physical and semantic values of a historic cathedral will not be the same as the physical and semantic values of a historic castle (Del & et al. 2020). Therefore, due to the lack of knowledge of the latent and worthy values of protection in the religious-educational practice of Qajar Tehran, recognizing these values with regard to architectural phenomena is necessary and addressing it has priority.

Conclusion
Based on the results and data obtained, it can be stated that there is a significant relationship between architectural phenomena and the protection of physical, behavioral and semantic values in religious-educational buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran. Also, the most important value in religious-educational buildings is related to non-physical dimensions. Therefore, in order to revitalize and revive the worthy values of this performance, it is not enough to pay attention only to physical repair and management (tangible aspects) and the intangible aspects of the building should also be considered.
The results show that in physical values, it is the only construction technology that significantly affects the stability of the building. Also, in the behavioral values of all five levels of form, performance, idea, technology and integration affect the behavior of individuals to show the impact of the building and the built environment on the occurrence of value-based behaviors in the individual. In semantic values, the three levels of performance, idea and integration lead to the creation of semantic, mental and intangible concepts and themes.
In the study of the independent variable of the form related to religious-educational buildings of Qajar period of Tehran, it was observed that the most important subject is the designed facades which include courtyard facades, clock towers, porch and cell facades, exterior dome facades, minarets facades and entrances Is set. In the facades, attention is paid to fixed design principles such as symmetry and balance, optimal decorations and vertical orientation. The same principles in the design of the facade have caused these buildings to become an urban landmark in their time in terms of volume and form on the scale of the local texture and like the Sepah Salar Mosque-School. An examination of the performance-independent variable shows that the most important issue is user value. Tehran religious-educational buildings in order to realize three main uses; A) Residential use, b) Educational use and c) Prayer use have been designed and built that the combination of these three uses in a single building, shows the attention to the educational structure of students in the long run. In the study of the independent variable of the idea, the most important issue is moral value, so all the architect’s attention has been on the promotion of moral values through architecture and spatial examples. These ideas can be explored in the discussion of creating sociable spaces to enhance group interactions or the use of symbolic embellishments based on spiritual and moral themes. In examining the independent variable of technology, paying attention to choosing the type of arch and roof considering the use of space has been the most important issue; So that in these spaces, each arch has its own structural and geometric identity. In examining the independent variable of integration, attention to social value has been the most important issue. It is important to pay attention to social value at both levels of public presence and social interactions between students.

An Introduction to Understanding the Architecture of Tehran Palaces in the Qajar Period

Fariborz Dolatabadi

Abstract
The architecture of the Qajar period due to being in the transition from traditionalism to modernity has special features and this issue makes it important and attractive to study, also the evolution of buildings in this period due to changes in architectural culture and urban life is very important. The influences of various other factors such as climate, cultural relations, the influence of Western architecture, etc., and has had a remarkable effect on the formation of the architecture of Tehran’s palaces. In this study, in addition to studying the above factors in the field of differences, especially in how the architectural effects of each era, its evolution in each period is also examined. In this regard, the present study examines the architecture of palaces of each period of the Qajar kings and examines the process of its changes and compares their differences and similarities in terms of architectural style. In this study, in order to understand why and how. The achievement of architects in this specific pattern and the degree of influence of past techniques and the impact of Western architecture on the architecture of this period are presented. The most important buildings of this period have been studied by field observation and library studies and previous researches by descriptive-analytical and comparative research methods, and the differences and commonalities of each of them have been evaluated. Considering that no significant research has been done on Tehran palaces and Qajar period architecture from the point of view of stylistics and their characteristics, this article can cover the existing research gap to some extent by recognizing the factors and the formation of palaces architecture. The findings of this study show that despite some influences of Western architecture in this period, the architecture of this period is still based on the basic principles of Iranian-Islamic architecture such as the principle of introversion, privacy and...
Keywords: Qajar Period, Tehran Palaces, Golestan Palace, Aristocratic Mansions.

Introduction
The formation of architecture of the Qajar period can be divided into two time stages. Safavid period architecture and Isfahan style and the second part are integrated and taken from the architectural style of the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries. Maghrib is the earth, this style entered the architecture of Iran as a symbol of modernity and strongly influenced the architecture of Iran (Rezaei Nabi and Salehi Tabrizi, 2012: 6). Of course, this effect is much greater in the last years of the Qajar period than in the early years. In fact, the reign of the last Qajar king can be considered completely different from previous periods. Some historians consider this period as a mere imitation of Western architectural style (Talebzadeh, 2007: 14). Others, however, believe that the self-critical view resulting from the defeat in the Iran-Russia wars caused transformational tendencies to form in Iranian society during the Qajar period, and that the different Qajar architecture is the product of this idealistic approach. This can be attributed to the lack of importance to the tradition and original identity of the past in this period, and socially, the class gap between sections of society has increased and also political relations with Western countries caused the affluent strata of society after traveling to Western countries with what. They chose Western architecture and used it in their mansions (Saremi and Radmard, 1997: 143) and because the information was transmitted through the minds of these people, it was similar to the same building - with local and experimental materials and technology. And not scientific - they built, which often formed a fusion of traditional and Western architecture.
Objectives and necessity of research: Our purpose in this article is to examine the historical maps and documents and the results of field research, the formation and changes over time on the palaces of this period. In this research, the process of formation and evolution of Qajar period architecture and the influence of Western architecture on it are studied. The necessity of such research can be expressed in the physical analysis and typology of palaces of this period.
Research Questions and Hypotheses: Considering the fact that the establishment of the Tehran Government Citadel coincides with the capitalization of this city and the construction of the Nasserite fence, the main question is how the palaces of the Qajar period were formed and evolved? The present study seeks to understand why and how architects achieve this specific pattern and be influenced by past techniques and Western neoclassical style, as well as how they relate to each other and their similarities.
Research Methodology: The research method is based on the purpose of basic research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and comparative, the subject matter is obtained using the basic and basic data required through field studies. In order to compare and contrast the simultaneous data, the method of data collection has been done in a library manner and by comparing and analyzing them, it has come to a conclusion.

Background Research
In terms of the background and thematic background of the research, it should be acknowledged that fortunately in the field of architecture of the Qajar period and especially Golestan Palace, extensive research and studies have been conducted by several researchers, the most important of which are in the form of two thematic axes. They include general architectural studies of the Qajar period as well as studies on the architecture of Qajar royal mansions, some of which are mentioned below. One of these researches can be found in the book History of Construction.

Conclusion
In the traditional architecture of Iran, one point has always been considered by architects and that is the observance of interior and exterior spaces in architecture. From ancient times, Iranians were more spiritually and emotionally compatible than indoor and outdoor spaces to modern spaces. These elements and patterns were observed and preserved in Iranian architecture during the Safavid, Zandi and the first years of Qajar rule.
Certainly, architecture changes in each period in accordance with the lifestyle of human beings in each country. From the middle of the Qajar period, with the change of intellectual resources and ideas governing the society and also being aware of the developments, different needs were felt than in the past. These needs did not develop much at first and were more prominent among the courtiers and the affluent classes. They considered responding to these needs and the solution in modeling Western methods. The establishment of the Academy of Arts, sending students to Europe, hiring foreign teachers and publishing newspapers changed the social and political attitude in the Qajar period. The atmosphere of Qajar architecture followed the same attitude. From the middle of the Nasserite era onwards, the confrontation between tradition and modernity led to the victory of modernity, and architecture has since lost its ancient forms and taken on a Western appearance. The palaces of this period played the most important role in carrying out this evolution by being a pioneer in reflecting the architectural developments of their time. This architecture is a break from the previous tradition and in line with Western traditions and the achievements of Western civilization. The weakness of the Qajar government and the inability of the traditional system to confront the Western traditions created changes and currents in Iranian architecture. Iran’s entry into the Third World during the Qajar period caused Western civilization to become a model in many fields, including architecture, and among these, the first examples were seen in palaces and mansions. The decline of Iranian architectural traditions began in the middle of the Qajar period. In fact, the Qajar period is the era of weakening the historical and original Iranian traditions and the development and spread of Western architecture in Iran.
Over time, in the years following the reign of Fath Ali Shah, buildings were erected that were considered the source of changes in traditional architecture. With the construction of a building such as Shams al-Amara, which has not benefited much from Western technology and can only be pointed out to be high-rise. Towards the end of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign, the shape and construction of buildings and palaces shifted to the European neoclassical style.
As we approach the end of the Qajar rule, the construction of buildings has become easier and there is no more traditional and introverted architecture, and modern buildings are being replaced by western and extroverted methods. Towards the end of this period, a number of elements of European architecture entered Iranian architecture and were used in combination with the same so-called traditional architecture. Some of these elements were borrowed from classical and neoclassical European architecture, and others were influenced by modern architecture. In short, Qajar architecture rightly upgraded the old Iranian architecture along with Western architecture, principles, principles and patterns and created innovations in terms of space. But it did not seem to have the strength to create a new architecture. In fact, in this period, due to the influence of Western architecture in Iran, our architects immersed it in the principles and patterns of traditional Iranian architecture, but by combining the two, they could not create a new style or pattern.

Study of Religious Architecture of Religious Minorities and their Visibility in the Context of Tehran

Hayedeh Khamse

Abstract
Urban archeology pays special attention to religious minorities and their role in the historical and social context of cities. The study of subsistence, index architecture, and how religious minorities interact in the urban context are among the topics of interest in this branch of archeology. Tehran’s Ciye Tir and Mirza Kuchakkhan streets, which are the subject of this study, were part of the newly established government neighborhood, according to the division of urban areas in the late Qajar period. Existence of the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Armenians, The Gospel Church of St. Peter belongs to Protestant Christians, The Haim Synagogue belongs to the Jews and the Zoroastrian Adrian which were created in this area from the end of Nasser al-Din Shah’s reign to the end of the first Pahlavi period has a distinct urban texture compared to other parts of the city. From the perspective of archeology, the present study will examine the architecture, visibility, and interaction of these works in the historical context of Tehran to reveal the position of these minorities in the social structures governing the city. Also, by comparing these works, the amount of influence of each religion in the context of Tehran will be determined. The study found that the minorities had created distinct structures within the urban fabric by changing their attitudes toward religious architecture over the pre-constitutional era. Meanwhile, Armenians, due to their rich history in architecture, have benefited the most from the socio-political conditions after the constitution and have had a great impact on the urban fabric of Tehran. This research is a kind of fundamental research. The research data were collected by field study and library research and presented by the descriptive-analytical method.
Keywords: Religious Minorities, Tehran, Urban Archeology, Architecture, Visibility.

Introduction
The streets of Ciye Tir and Mirza Kuchak Khan in Tehran are the subjects of this article, which includes four religious buildings by Armenian Christians, Protestant Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. These buildings, with the growth and development of Tehran in the late Qajar and Pahlavi periods, were created for various political and social reasons in the western part of the Dolat neighborhood. Leading article for proper understanding and understanding of the social and political conditions of religious minorities after the constitutional period and the first Pahlavi From an archaeological point of view, to examine the influence of religious minorities in religious places and how they interact and view in the historical context of Tehran, as well as the role of different religions in this work.
Objectives and Necessity of Research: Religious minorities are influential groups in society. An accurate and comprehensive understanding of how these groups interact with the environment affects the proper understanding of social structures. The present study will examine the interaction between religious places of religious minorities and their impact on the historical body of Tehran by examining the ancient comparative study of four religious buildings of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians of Tehran around Ciye Tir Street. It will also measure the impact of different religions on each other to reveal the position of minorities in the governing social structures of Tehran.
Question: How has the texture of Tehran’s city been influenced by the religious minorities during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? Has the religious architecture of different minorities been equally influential in the urban fabric of Tehran during this period?
Research Methods: This research is a kind of fundamental research. The research data were collected by field study and library research and presented by the descriptive-analytical method.

Identified Traces
The Haim Synagogue is a different structure in Jewish religious architecture. First, it is built outside the Jewish Quarter, and second, it has a clear view of the urban fabric but in terms of architecture, it is no different from the surrounding residential buildings and if the title of the Synagogue is removed from the entrance, there is no distinctive feature between it and other buildings, so it is not one of the most significant and influential buildings.
The interpretation of Zoroastrian past religious architecture and its comparison with Adrienne Tehran shows that the inherent connection of Zoroastrian religious architecture with what existed before Islam has been severed. Therefore, although Adrian Tehran is a magnificent building, its introverted design, which is surrounded by high walls and surrounding buildings, does not reflect much on the overall appearance of the city.
The Church of Peter was built by American missionaries and the Church of Mary with the architecture of Nikolai Markov. In addition to the differences in the plan of these churches, there is another difference in the location of the church altar. The features of St. Peter’s Church are those of American builders and their distinct religious denominations, so the church’s architectural style bears no resemblance to churches in Iran. Despite its outstanding architecture, the Church of St. Peter’s is not well-visible due to the building’s introversion pattern and is far from public view, indicating a reluctance to be seen in public due to social and political conditions.
Finally, the Church of Mary, with its distinctive architecture, extroversion, and the use of religious symbols, is the most different religious building on Ciye Tir Street and this shows the freedom of action, the application of previous architectural experiences, and the proper use of the social conditions of the time.

Conclusion
The research shows the position of minorities in social structures and their impact on the urban fabric. In response to the research questions, it was found that religious minorities experienced a level of extroversion and a tendency to see more religious architecture within the urban context, given the distinct post-constitutional social and political conditions. However, the impact of religious architecture on different religions has not been the same in urban contexts.
Unlike in the past, the Jews tended to be seen in the urban space, but the Haim Synagogue is not an influential building in the urban context due to its lack of special architectural style and significant elements in architecture. Archaism, the display of past splendor, and the use of Achaemenid architectural elements were essentially in harmony with Zoroastrian thought, but the type of introverted architecture did not place Adrian among the most influential buildings in the urban fabric. Religious missionaries of the Protestant denomination, despite the architectural capacities of the Church of St. Peter, were reluctant to reveal themselves in the urban fabric due to government restrictions and opposition from the Armenian Diocese. Having sufficient experience in religious architecture, working with architects with foreign influence, and not be required to follow the pattern of Iranian architecture, were the factors that led to the greater exploitation of the existing conditions by Armenians. The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an influential building in the context of Ciye Tir Street. It should be noted that although the constitution and the first Pahlavi provided freedoms and facilities for religious minorities, the ratio of their use was not the same for the followers of different religions, and each of them used it according to their historical capacities and records. Accordingly, Armenians are the most influential minority in Tehran’s urban fabric.

Study of Historical Local’s Space and Framework Organization of Hamadan City at Ghajar Period and its Influence on Docial Relationship Improvement

Araz Najafi

Abstract
City locals can be considered as the smallest unit of framework and social at traditional parts of Iranian cities and folks, however, in cities comprehensive plan historical districts bear sever changes and their traditional structure gradually decayed and lost its influence due to nonconformity with modern conditions. This lead to decrease in habitant’s relationship with each other. Hamadan was important city at western side of Iran at Islamic period. Its structures age returns to pre-Islamic period. Apart from any kinds of bordering rules among locals, dividing locals were of special attention at cities, in a period that urbanism was moving fast and division among locals of cities was important from city management point of view. Also, there is no research about Hamadan city locals in recent Islamic centuries. This research tries to introduce main elements of local formation, based on existing architectural and historical evidences. Based on mentioned aim, the main question is this: How was the space and framework structure of Hamadan’s historical locals? Research results shows that most of the locals gradually take circular and linear form at structural framework of locals, there are elements playing important role in meeting habitant needs from them; we can refer to Mosque, Bath, Grass, Holy shrine, Crypt and Caravansary. From this viewpoint, mosques were of important structures at each local.
Keywords: Hamadan, Ghajar Period, Space Structure, Local Mosques, Improving Social Relationship.

Introduction
Historical locals were part of space structure of city. City plans changed the traditional old locals and they gradually lost their efficiency. In Hamadan city expansion was based on religious structure and space. Structure focus was round the mosque, holy shrine, which totally made a collection these elements were reflects of social condition and locals’ architectural structure at Ghajar period local was at the main bases of city framework and keeping locals and effect on social life balance. At Ghajar period Hamadan had many locals and villages. There were 30 lanes and locals in different forms. Hamadan as a case study in this paper, has a lot to think about city progress rules. Hamadan is a prominent sample of a city with different locals due to its genuine texture and commercial nature which lasts till now. In this research, we study and introduce the formation method and space structure of Hamadan locals.
Investigation Questions: According to the mentioned goals, important questions were as follows: How was the framework and organizing structure of Hamadan’s historical locals? Which mechanism follows space governing models of Hamadan locals?
Research Methods: This research is functional and belongs to qualitative research family which done by analytical- qualitative method. Creditable sources for research have been chosen first hand documents and matching study based on the existing evidence for this study have been chosen. Also, study uses of three method including documents study, interview with local habitants and observing texture and architecture and architecture kind.

Conclusion
With close look at local space and framework structure we notice that the main route of locals leads to local center. In other word, local mosque had the most access and focus to local formation and all planning about space organization was done at mosques. On the other hand, baths and springs had the most interaction for organization. About space structure of locals, we can say no preplanning was done and although their design was natural. However, its functions cover was so that all people take benefit of it, so that each local has private gate and realm and was separated from others. From other hand, mosques bath and springs more over than their main function had Other use as meeting places so they are main factors of structure of Hamadan locals. These elements respectively have the most frequency. Other results show that Hamadan locals center have linear and circular shapes. These shapes created for access to center. Also, there is other element named grass with quadrant, rectangular and trapezius shape or without shape This place plays a significant role at consolidating loyalty relationship among people, so that all people attend in this place for recreation and meeting.

Study and Identification of the Ornamental Architecture of Tabrizi Mosque in the Kashan City, and Comparison with Sepah Salar Mosque in Tehran City

Milad Baghsheikhi

Abstract
This research intends to investigate, describe, and analyze architectural decorations by focusing on Kashan Tabrizi Mosque during the Qajar Period. The data was collected based on field and library (documentary) studies and interpreted through a comparative descriptive-analytical method. This research has been conducted to identify and classify the main motifs and themes of the architectural decorations of the Kashan Tabrizi Mosque, including buildings that belonged to the early Qajar period, and to compare with the Sepah Salar School Mosque of the middle of the Qajar monarchy in the center of their rule. There were two main questions: What are the architectural decorations of the Tabrizi Mosque in terms of decoration and themes? and what are its differences and similarities with the Sepah Salar School Mosque? The results indicate that the Sepah Salar Mosque-School in Tehran was built by a person who had an outstanding position in terms of political and social rank; thus, it has a more decorations compared to the Kashan Tabrizi Mosque. The architectural decorations for Kashan Tabrizi Mosque include tiling, carving, inscriptions, wall paintings, and plaster-molding, following the decorations of the earlier traditional architecture. The main religious motifs employed in the mosque include plant and geometric motifs that have been accomplished in the form of painting and tiling techniques.
Keywords: Tabrizi Mosque Kashan, Sepah Salar Mosque-School Tehran, Architectural Decorations, Qajar Period.

Introduction
During the Qajar period, many mosques were built in Iranian cities, including the Tabrizi Mosque in Kashan, one of the religious buildings of the Qajar period, about which no comprehensive research has been done. Accordingly, in this study, we examine one of the religious buildings that a businessman from Kashan built during the first years of the reign of Fath Ali Shah. Meanwhile, Sepah Salar Mosque-School (Shahid Motahari) in Tehran was built in the second period of Qajar architecture (Mohammad Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah) or other words, in the middle of the Qajar dynasty (Zarei, 2017: 424). During the time that Tehran, in particular, were affected by the urban development of Paris, and Western elements (such as the Clock Tower, the Pit, etc.) can be detected in the city, and especially in the Sepah Salar School Mosque (such as Gol Farangi), while there are no signs and such elements in Kashan Tabrizi Mosque.
Research Methodology: The data was collected using the field method and library research (documentary) using written sources. This research has been conducted in the descriptive-analytical method, and subsequently, the main motifs and themes of the decorations associated with the architecture of the mentioned mosques were recognized and classified based on the attributed tables.

Introducing Kashan Tabrizi Mosque
Tabrizi Mosque is located in Bab-ul-Hawaij Street and the historical context of Kashan Bazaar/Market, near the Mian Chal Safavid Mosque-School. This mosque was built in a unique location, and one of the entrances of Kashan Bazaar/Market passes through this place and Malek bazarche, built by Haj Mohammad Hussein Tabrizi, one of the merchants from Kashan.

Analyzing and Comparing the Decorative Arrays of Kashan Tabrizi Mosque
A set of cultural developments and new sciences were formed in the West, including the invention and presentation of photography, and the extensive application of stamps in postal items. These developments affected the decorations of the mosques of the Qajar Period so that the natural scenes of architecture, flower and vase designs, particularly roses and lilies in the designs and decorations of tiles and carvings have been applied in these buildings (Sajjadzadeh et al., 2017: 227). The inscriptions were as important as in the previous period, and mainly the chirography of Qajar inscriptions is in two types: Thuluth and Nastaliq, Quranic inscriptions and narrations have been written in the Thuluth and narrative phrases or history and poems have been written in the Nastaliq (Husseini and Ahmadzadeh, 2017: 72). The decorative motifs of the Tabrizi Mosque can be generally divided into two classes: plant motifs, geometric motifs, and the type of inscription scripts, and each one has different components.
1. Plant motifs include: a) Arabesque traceries/motifs b) Khatai flowers (Lotus motif with buds and leaves) c) Flower and plant motifs; 2. Geometric motifs include: a) embroidery b) rhombus motifs c) star-shaped motifs d) Mogharnas /decorated with paintings; 3. the type of inscription scripts including a) Thuluth b) Nastaliq c) Naskh.
A) Tile decorations: Tile decorations have been performed in the Kashan Tabrizi Mosque in the form of seven-color and mosaic techniques. Motifs are geometric and plant, but tiles have been extensively used in the form of seven-color, Bannai, and mosaic techniques, along with the various natural, geometric, animal, religious, and western themes in Sepah Salar School - Mosque. But, except for plant and geometric themes, no other motifs have been used in the Tabrizi mosque.
B) Carving decorations: The carving in Tabrizi Mosque is in the form of spiral columns, the base of the vase around the crescent of the altar of the nave, and the cypress motif on the side dado of the entrance of the mosque. Foreign decorations in the form of flower and vase designs have been performed naturally in the carving of Sepah Salar Mosque-School.
C) Inscription decorations: The inscriptions applied in Tabrizi mosque include the Thuluth, Naskh, and Nastaliq scripts, which the Thuluth has been used for writing in the inscriptions of the porch and the altar of the mosque, the Naskh has been used for writing the four-pillar inscriptions of the nave column, and the Nastaliq has been used for short phrases on the walls of the nave and on the inscription on the seven-colored tile at the entrance of the mosque, and all of their themes are Quran verses, hadiths, and divine names. The Nastaliq scripts of Tabrizi Mosque are simple and frequently have no decorations and have been performed in rectangular frames. The inscriptions have more variety and themes in Sepah Salar Mosque-School and include verses of the Holy Quran, hadiths, divine names, founders, calligraphers, tilers, architects, sculptors along with the materials of history, which have been used Naskh, Kufi, Thuluth, and Nastaliq scripts for writing.
D) Plaster-molding decorations: The plaster-molding / Stucco of Tabrizi Mosque has been used to construct the decorative moqarnas in front of the mosque altar entrance and the construction and writing of inscriptions on the entrance and porch of the mosque. Stucco /plaster has been used in abundance in decorating and writing inscriptions and plant motifs, including stucco flowers and vases in Sepah Salar Mosque-School.

Conclusion
Architects have always considered the most important mosque as the most important religious building of a city and a religious, political, and social focus. Examining the architectural arrays related to the architecture of Tabrizi Mosque and comparing them with the arrays of Sepah Salar School Mosque in Tehran as the Qajar capital, as well as analyzing their structural and decorative features, indicate a combination of Iranian and Western elements. There are many rooms built around the courtyard for summer, but the winter naves here are not comparable to the Sepah Salar School Mosque in Tehran, which was built for high-ranking government officials in the form of four porches, tall domes, and minarets, and is so glorious. This small mosque is built as a summer and winter nave on two floors. Kashan Tabrizi Mosque includes tile decorations, inlays, inscriptions, murals, and plastering to write inscriptions in terms of decorations and follows the art and decorations related to the traditional architecture of the previous periods as this mosque was built in the early period Qajar in 1212 AH and many natural themes can be seen in its decorative elements, as it can be considered the only building in which there are weak influences of Western culture. Tehran Sepah Salar School-Mosque was built in 1296 AH and its decorations and decorative motifs originated from traditional and western architecture. In such a way that western elements such as architectural landscaping have been used as a house or church, in contrast to which there were no western elements in the Tabrizi Mosque of Kashan.