year 9, Issue 32 (8-2025)
Parseh J Archaeol Stud 2025, 9(32): 291-316 |
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1- Ph.D. student in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). ,jneyestani@modares.ac.ir
3- Associate Professor, Department of Research and art history, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). ,
3- Associate Professor, Department of Research and art history, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (1019 Views)
Abstract
Mausoleum buildings with ridged Dome, is one of the characteristics of religious architecture in the southern regions of Iran which was founded during the Ilkhanid to Safavid period. The main form of a ridged Dome is conical which the arrangement of its cubic components with different and varied shapes has a stepped mode. Studies that so far have been done on the structure of mausoleums with ridged Dome are more holistic. Therefore, the most important purpose of the present research is to explain and establish the architectural differences and similarities of four tombs which are located in different geographical areas in Southern Iran and belong to The Ilkhanid-Timurid era; and to study their susceptibility to various methods. The architecture of the mentioned historical periods under the title of Governmental (including the central sphere of governance of the Ilkhanid) and Local style (including special architectural and artistic features of the southern regions of Iran). The goal of the present research is to answer this question that what a meaningful form and decorative relationship is there between mausoleum buildings with non-governmental/indigenous ridged Dome and governmental structures? The result of the research clarifies that the architectural ornaments, which are used in the mausoleum of Mir Muhammad especially the high and deep vaults in the dome chamber and using the brick in the crown of its fluted Nar dome, represents the governmental style. The simplicity of the tomb form and usage of local material, building of conical Nar crown in the tombs of Baba Monir and Do-gonbadan and establishing symmetric ridged Dome in studied mausoleums is affected by local architecture of the mentioned regions. Also, it has been observed a kind of coexistence between local architecture and governmental style in some of the studied mausoleums. This research has been done with the approach of cultural history and descriptive-analytical method. The information has been gathered with the method of field investigation and library studies.
Keywords: Mausoleum Buildings, Ridged Dome, Ikhanid-Timurid Era, Architectural Style.
Introduction
The general shape of the ridged Dome is rock or conical; with the difference that its components, instead of a complete cone, has a scalariform (Zemorshidi, 2010: 349). This cover has been used in the late Seljuk era tomb buildings of Iran, especially in the south and southwest areas and its construction is significant throughout the Ilkhanid to Safavid eras (Sajjadi, 2017: 306). Most of the researchers believe that building of the ridged Dome follows specific geometric patterns. Its inner and outer cover represents that this structure comprises of several floors with similar geometric shapes and the geometric floors of the dome ascend rotationally from the Bashn of the dome chamber to its top. Moreover, meanwhile the floors of the dome go up, the dimensions of its ridged cubes become smaller and their height is reduced. Finally, they join together at the top of the dome (Zemorshidi,2017:350; Mashayekhi & Mahdavinejzad, 2012:297). Most of the conducted researches have a holistic framework and less attention has been paid to the structure of buildings with the ridged Dome and its changes in a certain period of time or a certain geographical area. The goal of the present research is to answer this question that what a meaningful form and decorative relationship is there between the non-governmental and governmental structures-at the intended political field-in the mausoleums with the ridged Dome. The importance of the present research and the necessity of doing it is also in identifying the tomb buildings with the ridged Dome that less researches have been done on it, and criticizing opinions which are provided by other researchers.
Materials and methods
This research has been done with the approach of cultural history and descriptive-analytical method. The information has been gathered with the method of field investigation and library studies.
Data
Mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd: The two mausoleums of Do-gonbadan are located in Hormozgan province, Bastak county and Kookherd village. Both mausoleums are burial places of two members of the Bani Abbasid family of Bastak (Bani Abbasian Bastaki,1960:57 & 58). The plan of both mausoleums is similar and consists of a simple square dome chamber. Also, both tombs have a ridged Dome with a star base. The decorations of Do-gonbadan tombs are associated with stucco, one of which is stalactite work in the interior view of the dome.
The mausoleum of Mir Muhammad
The mausoleum of Mir Muhammad Hanafi is built on Kharg island of Bushehr county. Based on the tomb inscriptions, the building is attributed to Mir Muhammad Hanafi and was built during the Ilkhanid period. This tomb consists of a cruciform shrine and a square mausoleum which is adjoined to the south side of the dome chamber. A ridged Dome is constructed on top of the shrine that has a star base. The decorations of the tomb include mosaic-faience tilework and lustre tiles of dado which have animal, geometric and vegetal motifs on their surface, Also, the interior surface of the dome is decorated with chalky muqarnas.
The mausoleum of Baba Monir
The mausoleum of Baba Monir is located in Fars province, Noorabad Mamasani county and in a village called Baba Monir. The plan of the tomb is square. Its interior view includes a central dome chamber and a vaulted corridor that surrounds the dome chamber. Deep piers have given a cruciform design to the dome chamber. The dome of the tomb is ridged and has a star base. Chalky muqarnas is used in the interior surface of the dome.
Discussion
The conducted researches indicate that all the studied mausoleums belong to religious personages. Also, all of them have been built on the commercial path or near the commercial path. Moreover, there are similarities and differences in the features of studied tombs; The most important similarities between studied tombs are the usage of cruciform plan in the dome chamber of Baba Monir and Mir Muhammad mausoleums, the usage of the ridged Dome with the star base on top of dome chambers of all mausoleums, and the application of chalky muqarnas in the interior view of the dome of these tombs. The differences include using the simple square plan in the mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd, and existence of the fluted Nar crown on top of the Mir Muhammad dome while there is a simple conical crown on top of the Baba Monir and Do-gonbadan dome. Besides, the only tilework decoration is in the Mir Muhammad tomb. In sum, the architectural features represent that Mir Muhammad tomb is more affected by the architecture of the governmental style. Because, it was built on the main trade route. But, the architectural features of Baba Monir and particularly Do-gonbadan are more non-governmental/local. Because these tombs were built on the side trade roads. Therefore, architects of these two tombs have not had much chance to become familiar with other architectural methods.
Conclusion
Studied mausoleums are the burial place of important religious personages and are built single, in an open space. These tombs were located on the trade routes. The location of Mir Muhammad tomb in Kharg island and on the transregional trade route of Islamic lands with East Asia has increased its importance. The architectural decorations of Mir Muhammad mausoleum have more variety in comparison with other mausoleums and it reveals the influence of various architectural styles, especially the Ilkhanid-Timurid architectural style. This effectiveness has been observed to a small extent in Baba Monir tomb compared with Mir Muhammad tomb. Whereas, mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd have the least influence from the governmental buildings of the Ilkhanid-Timurid era. However, the method of constructing the ridged dome in all mausoleums has been executed skillfully in terms of structural and geometric form. In general, the constructing of the ridged symmetric domes in each four tombs signifies the powerful influence of the local architectural style in their structure. However, the influence of other architectural styles in these mausoleums is not the same. There is a kind of coexistence between the local and governmental architectural styles in the tomb of Mir Muhammad in Kharg. The influence of the local architecture is more obvious in the mausoleums of Baba Monir and particularly Do-gonbadan.
Mausoleum buildings with ridged Dome, is one of the characteristics of religious architecture in the southern regions of Iran which was founded during the Ilkhanid to Safavid period. The main form of a ridged Dome is conical which the arrangement of its cubic components with different and varied shapes has a stepped mode. Studies that so far have been done on the structure of mausoleums with ridged Dome are more holistic. Therefore, the most important purpose of the present research is to explain and establish the architectural differences and similarities of four tombs which are located in different geographical areas in Southern Iran and belong to The Ilkhanid-Timurid era; and to study their susceptibility to various methods. The architecture of the mentioned historical periods under the title of Governmental (including the central sphere of governance of the Ilkhanid) and Local style (including special architectural and artistic features of the southern regions of Iran). The goal of the present research is to answer this question that what a meaningful form and decorative relationship is there between mausoleum buildings with non-governmental/indigenous ridged Dome and governmental structures? The result of the research clarifies that the architectural ornaments, which are used in the mausoleum of Mir Muhammad especially the high and deep vaults in the dome chamber and using the brick in the crown of its fluted Nar dome, represents the governmental style. The simplicity of the tomb form and usage of local material, building of conical Nar crown in the tombs of Baba Monir and Do-gonbadan and establishing symmetric ridged Dome in studied mausoleums is affected by local architecture of the mentioned regions. Also, it has been observed a kind of coexistence between local architecture and governmental style in some of the studied mausoleums. This research has been done with the approach of cultural history and descriptive-analytical method. The information has been gathered with the method of field investigation and library studies.
Keywords: Mausoleum Buildings, Ridged Dome, Ikhanid-Timurid Era, Architectural Style.
Introduction
The general shape of the ridged Dome is rock or conical; with the difference that its components, instead of a complete cone, has a scalariform (Zemorshidi, 2010: 349). This cover has been used in the late Seljuk era tomb buildings of Iran, especially in the south and southwest areas and its construction is significant throughout the Ilkhanid to Safavid eras (Sajjadi, 2017: 306). Most of the researchers believe that building of the ridged Dome follows specific geometric patterns. Its inner and outer cover represents that this structure comprises of several floors with similar geometric shapes and the geometric floors of the dome ascend rotationally from the Bashn of the dome chamber to its top. Moreover, meanwhile the floors of the dome go up, the dimensions of its ridged cubes become smaller and their height is reduced. Finally, they join together at the top of the dome (Zemorshidi,2017:350; Mashayekhi & Mahdavinejzad, 2012:297). Most of the conducted researches have a holistic framework and less attention has been paid to the structure of buildings with the ridged Dome and its changes in a certain period of time or a certain geographical area. The goal of the present research is to answer this question that what a meaningful form and decorative relationship is there between the non-governmental and governmental structures-at the intended political field-in the mausoleums with the ridged Dome. The importance of the present research and the necessity of doing it is also in identifying the tomb buildings with the ridged Dome that less researches have been done on it, and criticizing opinions which are provided by other researchers.
Materials and methods
This research has been done with the approach of cultural history and descriptive-analytical method. The information has been gathered with the method of field investigation and library studies.
Data
Mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd: The two mausoleums of Do-gonbadan are located in Hormozgan province, Bastak county and Kookherd village. Both mausoleums are burial places of two members of the Bani Abbasid family of Bastak (Bani Abbasian Bastaki,1960:57 & 58). The plan of both mausoleums is similar and consists of a simple square dome chamber. Also, both tombs have a ridged Dome with a star base. The decorations of Do-gonbadan tombs are associated with stucco, one of which is stalactite work in the interior view of the dome.
The mausoleum of Mir Muhammad
The mausoleum of Mir Muhammad Hanafi is built on Kharg island of Bushehr county. Based on the tomb inscriptions, the building is attributed to Mir Muhammad Hanafi and was built during the Ilkhanid period. This tomb consists of a cruciform shrine and a square mausoleum which is adjoined to the south side of the dome chamber. A ridged Dome is constructed on top of the shrine that has a star base. The decorations of the tomb include mosaic-faience tilework and lustre tiles of dado which have animal, geometric and vegetal motifs on their surface, Also, the interior surface of the dome is decorated with chalky muqarnas.
The mausoleum of Baba Monir
The mausoleum of Baba Monir is located in Fars province, Noorabad Mamasani county and in a village called Baba Monir. The plan of the tomb is square. Its interior view includes a central dome chamber and a vaulted corridor that surrounds the dome chamber. Deep piers have given a cruciform design to the dome chamber. The dome of the tomb is ridged and has a star base. Chalky muqarnas is used in the interior surface of the dome.
Discussion
The conducted researches indicate that all the studied mausoleums belong to religious personages. Also, all of them have been built on the commercial path or near the commercial path. Moreover, there are similarities and differences in the features of studied tombs; The most important similarities between studied tombs are the usage of cruciform plan in the dome chamber of Baba Monir and Mir Muhammad mausoleums, the usage of the ridged Dome with the star base on top of dome chambers of all mausoleums, and the application of chalky muqarnas in the interior view of the dome of these tombs. The differences include using the simple square plan in the mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd, and existence of the fluted Nar crown on top of the Mir Muhammad dome while there is a simple conical crown on top of the Baba Monir and Do-gonbadan dome. Besides, the only tilework decoration is in the Mir Muhammad tomb. In sum, the architectural features represent that Mir Muhammad tomb is more affected by the architecture of the governmental style. Because, it was built on the main trade route. But, the architectural features of Baba Monir and particularly Do-gonbadan are more non-governmental/local. Because these tombs were built on the side trade roads. Therefore, architects of these two tombs have not had much chance to become familiar with other architectural methods.
Conclusion
Studied mausoleums are the burial place of important religious personages and are built single, in an open space. These tombs were located on the trade routes. The location of Mir Muhammad tomb in Kharg island and on the transregional trade route of Islamic lands with East Asia has increased its importance. The architectural decorations of Mir Muhammad mausoleum have more variety in comparison with other mausoleums and it reveals the influence of various architectural styles, especially the Ilkhanid-Timurid architectural style. This effectiveness has been observed to a small extent in Baba Monir tomb compared with Mir Muhammad tomb. Whereas, mausoleums of Do-gonbadan in Kookherd have the least influence from the governmental buildings of the Ilkhanid-Timurid era. However, the method of constructing the ridged dome in all mausoleums has been executed skillfully in terms of structural and geometric form. In general, the constructing of the ridged symmetric domes in each four tombs signifies the powerful influence of the local architectural style in their structure. However, the influence of other architectural styles in these mausoleums is not the same. There is a kind of coexistence between the local and governmental architectural styles in the tomb of Mir Muhammad in Kharg. The influence of the local architecture is more obvious in the mausoleums of Baba Monir and particularly Do-gonbadan.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special Archeology
Received: 2022/05/19 | Accepted: 2022/07/31 | Published: 2025/08/23
Received: 2022/05/19 | Accepted: 2022/07/31 | Published: 2025/08/23
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