@article{ author = {NaeimiTaraei, Parastoo and Emami, Seyed Mohammad Amin and Dolati, Abolghasem}, title = {Corrosion Inhibitors: Existing Challenges and Evaluation of Optimization Potential}, abstract ={Various chemical and natural substances have been employed to control corrosion in historical metal artifacts. However, the use of these substances has not always been effective and has occasionally led to secondary issues. This article reviews the existing challenges associated with corrosion inhibitors and investigates factors influencing the selection of materials to optimize corrosion control conditions. Based on available data, a multifunctional derivative of phosphonic acid with active phosphorus and nitrogen centers was selected. Its effectiveness in controlling corrosion of iron artifacts was evaluated through electrochemical impedance and polarization measurements, as well as microscopic methods. The results demonstrate the material’s ability to reduce corrosion rates at very low concentrations with minimal impact on the artifacts’ appearance, marking a significant step toward their preservation. Furthermore, the potential for optimizing corrosion control conditions through the use of complementary materials alongside phosphonic acid derivatives, leveraging their synergistic effects, is discussed.}, Keywords = {Corrosion Control, Organic Inhibitor, Active Phosphorus Center, Phosphonic Acid.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-350-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-350-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Farjami, Mohammad and Hamzeh, Hamzeh and Mahmoudi-Nasab, Ali Asghar}, title = {Investigation, Identification, and Preventive Conservation in Archaeological Excavations: The Historical Site of Kahnek, Sarbisheh, South Khorasan}, abstract ={Archaeological excavations at historical sites are conducted to enhance our understanding of the past, shedding light on the lives of ancient communities across various regions and periods. South Khorasan, and eastern Iran in general, have been relatively understudied in terms of archaeology, making them among the lesser-known regions of Iran. Recent surveys and excavations in this area have provided highly valuable data for the archaeological community. This study focuses on the conservation of movable and immovable cultural artifacts during archaeological excavations at the historical site of Kahnek, located in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan Province. Four seasons of archaeological excavations were conducted at this site from 2013 to 2016, revealing evidence and cultural materials dating back to the early Islamic centuries through the Safavid period. The site contains two types of artifacts: movable objects, which must be handled separately from architectural remains, and architectural features and associated decorations, which must remain in situ and undergo conservation at the site. Activities such as structural reinforcement, preservation of in-situ remains, and site cleaning have been carried out. These measures aim to implement preventive conservation and mitigate any activities that could damage the site or diminish its historical and cultural significance. This research introduces the historical site and its cultural findings, offering recommendations for preventive conservation during excavations. The research methodology includes library studies, field and regional surveys, analysis of excavation data, and proposals for the temporary conservation of movable and immovable cultural artifacts.}, Keywords = {Preventive conservation, Movable and immovable artifacts, Archaeological excavation, South Khorasan, Kahnek Sarbisheh.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-23}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-351-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-351-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Azadbakht, Faramarz and Mortazavi, Mohamm}, title = {Investigation of the Lost-Wax Technique in the Construction of an Ancient Bronze Figurine}, abstract ={Understanding ancient metallurgy is achieved through the study and analysis of metal artifacts and evidence related to extraction and metalworking processes. Examining metal objects provides valuable information about the type of metal or alloy used, manufacturing and decoration techniques, and, in some cases, the type of ore employed. Therefore, analyzing alloy composition and forming techniques is of great importance in archaeometallurgy. This article presents a technical investigation of a bronze lion figurine from the Yazd Museum collection, obtained through illicit excavations. Alloy composition analysis was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray imaging was employed to investigate the construction method. The results revealed that the figurine is made of a copper-tin alloy (bronze) with the presence of lead. Radiographic images indicated that the figurine is hollow, with its front rod extending into the internal section. Based on these findings, it was determined that the figurine was crafted using the lost-wax technique. Furthermore, the probable shape of the mold used, the manufacturing stages, and its various components are proposed.}, Keywords = {Historical Bronzes, Casting, Lost-Wax Technique, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Radiography.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {24-32}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-352-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-352-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Fereshteh and Razani, Mehdi}, title = {Conservation and Restoration of Fossils from the Maragheh Paleoecological Site}, abstract ={This study examines fossils as part of the country’s natural heritage. These unique and irreplaceable artifacts hold historical, aesthetic, and scientific value. The objective of this research was to investigate the structure and composition of fossils, assess their existing damages, and propose appropriate methods for their conservation and maintenance. The studied samples were obtained from the Maragheh Fossil Research Center, specifically from the 13 Aban site of the Maragheh Formation. The initial phase involved extracting the samples from their encasing blocks and identifying the resulting traces. Following sampling, chemical tests were conducted to identify soluble salts, physical tests including densitometry, moisture content determination, and porosity measurement, as well as structural analyses such as XRF were performed. The soluble salt analysis examined chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate ions, with results indicating the presence of only phosphate ions in the samples. A precise understanding of the structure, characteristics, and origin of salts is highly beneficial in selecting appropriate conservation and treatment methods. Additionally, the results of physical tests can guide the selection of the type and concentration of consolidate. The XRF analysis was conducted to determine the elemental composition of the samples and their interaction with the surrounding soil. The damages observed in the fossils are primarily physical and mechanical, resulting from environmental conditions, improper transportation, and incorrect restoration practices. Damages such as cracks, microcracks, fractures, cavities, and loss of matrix material may occur before or after excavation. Furthermore, pyrite decay, efflorescence, delamination, light-induced damage, and biological degradation are additional factors affecting fossils and minerals.}, Keywords = {Fossil, Conservation and Maintenance, Damage, Structural Analysis.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-45}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-353-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-353-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {FarahmandBoroujeni, Hossein and Bakhshandehfard, Hamidrez}, title = {Technical Study and Damage Assessment of a Bronze Vessel from the Samavi Collection at the Esfahan Museum of Decorative Arts}, abstract ={Each alloy, depending on its constituent metallic elements, manufacturing process, and degradation mechanisms, exhibits unique characteristics. Studying the structure and composition of museum metal artifacts assists researchers in identifying similarities and differences among objects based on various criteria, contributing to a better understanding of the evolution of historical-cultural artifact production techniques. Additionally, such studies enable the identification of internal and external causes and conditions of alloy degradation, paving the way for preventive measures to mitigate or halt deterioration. This research focuses on the technical study and damage assessment of a bronze vessel from the Samavi Collection at the Esfahan Museum of Decorative Arts. Data collection was conducted through library research, and the analogical method was employed for comparative studies. Furthermore, experimental methods including chemical tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and radiography were applied to the artifact. This article examines the role of each of these methods and critiques the analogical approach in comparative studies. Based on the results, the artifact is attributed to the region spanning Luristan to Syria and dated to the 7th to 8th centuries BCE. Additional findings include the approximate composition of the artifact’s elements, the use of molding and hot-working techniques in its production, and the identification of carbonate deposits.}, Keywords = {Conservation, Bronze, Laboratory Studies, Instrumental Methods.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Talei, Ramin and NaeimiTaraei, Parastoo}, title = {Technical Study of a High-Tin Bronze Vessel from the Bam World Heritage Site}, abstract ={With the advent of Islam, bronze temporarily replaced gold and silver in the production of metal vessels. Among the bronze artifacts used during this period, high-tin bronze (white bronze) objects, valued for their silver-like appearance, gained significant attention. One such artifact is a vessel discovered during debris removal operations following the 2003 Bam earthquake, located in the southern part of the Bam Citadel, specifically the southern section of the house known as Mir Akbar. Similar decorative patterns are found in artifacts from the Seljuk and Timurid periods. In this study, the artifact was examined using X-ray imaging, and microstructural analysis of a sample from the vessel’s base was conducted using reflected light optical microscopy after preparation. To further the technical investigation, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to analyze the alloy composition and metallic and non-metallic phases. The results indicate that the vessel was produced through casting, with directional mechanical work causing elongation of non-metallic sulfide phases within the metal matrix. The microstructure of the vessel consists of single copper-rich grains dispersed in a needle-like beta phase rich in tin, characteristic of high-tin bronze (white bronze). After cooling, the alloy underwent heat treatment at approximately 650°C followed by rapid quenching, leading to the formation of the needle-like phase and resulting in the vessel’s hardness and brittleness.}, Keywords = {Bam World Heritage Site, Bronze, White Bronze.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {54-62}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-355-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-355-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {AbbasabadArabi, Mahboubeh and Khamseh, Haydeh and Sedghi, Yassi}, title = {Technical Study of the Wall Paintings of Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS), Esfarayen, North Khorasan}, abstract ={Decorations and paintings are integral components of Iranian-Islamic architecture. Among the structures that continually evolve in their architectural ornaments and decorations are the mausoleums and shrines of religious figures. One such monument, adorned with diverse wall decorations, is the Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS) mausoleum located in Dehneh Shirin village, Esfarayen, North Khorasan Province. This study aims to investigate the construction techniques of the wall decorations at the Imamzadeh through laboratory methods, including petrographic thin-section analysis (OPM) to identify the layers and their compositions, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify red and blue pigments. Petrographic analysis revealed four distinct layers in the wall paintings: the paint layer, the ground layer, the lower primer, and the upper primer. FTIR analysis could not identify the pigments, detecting only bands indicative of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate in the studied samples. For more precise pigment identification, additional analyses such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are required.  }, Keywords = {Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS), Technical Study, Wall Paintings, North Khorasan, Petrography, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {63-70}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-356-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-356-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Kouhzad, Ardeshir and Sheykhi, Sadegh and SoroushNia, Maji}, title = {Rescue Conservation of a Coffin Burial Discovered in the Archaeological Excavation of the Joubji Site, Ramhormoz}, abstract ={During the second season of excavations at the Joubji archaeological site in Ramhormoz, three clay coffins from the Elamite period were uncovered. This report details all stages of the lightening or removal process of the central coffin, which was filled with soil covering the skeletons inside. The process included fungal decontamination, complete disinfection of the skeletons with necessary chemical agents, consolidation and stabilization of the skeletons, and reinforcement and stabilization of the coffin itself in its current state. The coffin was ultimately extracted from the site using the block-lifting method and transferred to the Ramhormoz Cultural Heritage Office. The rescue conservation of this unique and highly valuable coffin highlights a distinctive burial practice. Without proper attention and completion of specialized final conservation and restoration efforts, the deterioration process would have rapidly commenced. This article addresses the degradation and deterioration processes of the bones within the coffin and the methods employed for their protection.}, Keywords = {Bone, Joubji, Archaeological Excavation, Coffin, Rescue Conservation.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {71-79}, publisher = {Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism}, url = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-357-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/article-1-357-en.pdf}, journal = {Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration}, issn = {2538-6093}, eissn = {3060-6217}, year = {2019} }