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Technology of Three Samples of Black-Glazed and Turquoise-Glazed Pottery from Ancient Jorjan
Arman Razm, Hossein Ahmadi, Abbas Abed Esfahani ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Many artifacts found in the places where ancient communities lived in Jurjan indicate the antiquity of life in this region. Much evidence of Jurjan's importance in historical periods, including the Achaemenid, Sassanid, and Seleucid periods, can be found in inscriptions from that period. During the Seljuk period, Jurjan was the cradle of science, literature, art, and industry in northern Iran, and was one of the country's important centers for glassmaking, pottery, and metalworking, and the use of glazes on pottery. The use of black patterns and turquoise glazes is abundant in pottery objects excavated in Jurjan. In this study, three samples of pottery with this type of glaze in the Jurjan region were examined in terms of technology, and the manufacturing method and materials used in them were studied. In this regard, the glazes were identified using digital microscopy, polarizing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. According to microscopic images of the cross-sections of the samples, the glazing method is underglaze and three layers are visible to create the glaze. First, a milky layer called engobe is created on the surface of the pottery, then black patterns are applied on it, and finally a layer of transparent turquoise glaze covers the entire surface.

The Importance and Position of Archaeometric Approaches and Studies in the Recognition and Study of Cultural-Historical Architectural Heritage and its Elements
Talhe Ghodousiyan, Abdolbasir Hosseinbor,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
The comprehensive and remarkable expansion and progress of sciences, especially in the fields of natural, basic and engineering sciences, has caused a huge leap in scientific and methodological approaches in the fields of humanities, medicine, agriculture and art. This leap has created interdisciplinary knowledge or a common language between different sciences and specialties, and their integration has formed a compatible interaction. Among these, archaeometry is one of the interdisciplinary sciences that was often considered as a side specialty and an addition to archaeological analysis and restoration of historical monuments, but today, with the systematic use of natural, basic and technical and engineering approaches, archaeometry has become a common language of the aforementioned sciences with humanities and arts, especially in the field of cultural heritage studies, and has become more important as an independent specialty than ever before. In the present study, an applied and preliminary model of the position of archaeometric approaches and studies in the recognition and study of architectural heritage and its elements has been presented. The need and demand of conservation researchers for controlled and scientific information and data in recent years has doubled the importance of archaeological approaches, but the lack of data in the field of conservation of Iran's historical monuments, especially architectural heritage, is still clearly felt.

Technical Study of the Wall Paintings of Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS), Esfarayen, North Khorasan
Mahboubeh Abbasabad Arabi, Haydeh Khamseh, Yassin Sedghi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Decorations and paintings are integral components of Iranian-Islamic architecture. Among the structures that continually evolve in their architectural ornaments and decorations are the mausoleums and shrines of religious figures. One such monument, adorned with diverse wall decorations, is the Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS) mausoleum located in Dehneh Shirin village, Esfarayen, North Khorasan Province. This study aims to investigate the construction techniques of the wall decorations at the Imamzadeh through laboratory methods, including petrographic thin-section analysis (OPM) to identify the layers and their compositions, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify red and blue pigments. Petrographic analysis revealed four distinct layers in the wall paintings: the paint layer, the ground layer, the lower primer, and the upper primer. FTIR analysis could not identify the pigments, detecting only bands indicative of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate in the studied samples. For more precise pigment identification, additional analyses such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are required.
 

Investigating and Technical Studying of Advertising Paintings at the Entrance of Cinemas
Saeedeh Namdar,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Promotional cinema facade paintings were created in the early 1950s to attract audiences to cinemas. With the advent of digital printing technology in the 1980s, these paintings lost their prominence and gradually fell into oblivion. Over time, they have become historical artifacts that require preservation and restoration. This study aims to identify the materials used in cinema facade paintings. The research employs a descriptive methodology, utilizing classical chemical laboratory techniques, digital and polarizing microscopes, and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the paintings consist of three layers: support, base, and pigment. The support layer is made of cotton and fabric fibers, and silk is used in restoration efforts. The base composition includes gypsum, calcite, and white lead, while the pigments contain compounds such as white lead, calcite, Prussian blue, and black iron oxide.

Studying the Method of Making and Comparative Analysis of Motifs and the Time Period of Creation a Marionette Belong to the Kashan Doll and Toy Museum
Tahereh Hajizadeh , Hamidreza Bakhshandehfard, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouyi ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Puppets are one of the elements of performing arts, which were used by puppeteers to perform shows since ancient times. Today, these works are known as valuable historical, cultural and artistic heritage. The Kashan Puppet and Toy Museum keeps one of the oldest collections of puppets that contain valuable historical, artistic and technical information. In this article, due to the importance of knowing the materials and manufacturing techniques, and the aesthetic features of these works, the study conducted on a sample of historical doll "Furash" from the mentioned museum has been studied by performing comparative studies and laboratory investigations. For this purpose, the study of the introduction of motifs used in doll clothes, materials and manufacturing methods, as well as determining the approximate age of a doll sample from this museum was studied. The studied doll is the 150-year-old "Furash" doll from Nayin and Ardakan regions. To achieve the goal, historical and comparative studies of the doll were done. Historical studies and a comparative comparison of the doll with the sample of the Qajar era witness, as well as technical investigations on other materials of the work, as well as the identification of its fabric and motifs, and the volume of the doll's head and its surface painting, prove that the work in question belongs to the Qajar period. The parts of the work, including the fabrics used in the clothes, motifs and volume creation of the doll's head and its surface painting, were compared with the examples of the Qajar period. The results showed that the desired marionette is a simple type that the artist made from the traditional wood pulp in the Qajar period along with different fabrics, some of which were among the imported goods of the Qajar period.

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