Environmental pests are one of the most important risk factors in museums, museum buildings, archives and libraries around the world. Although these pests do not have a wide range, if they are present in the environment, the amount of damage they cause to material heritage will be very significant. Prevention and control of these pests is one of the tasks of the Comprehensive Pest Management Program, which has replaced traditional pest control methods in museums. This is an emerging, multifaceted and holistic strategic program in the field of preventive conservation that provides the conservator with a variety of treatment methods and considers the use of pesticides only as a last resort. Given the importance of being aware of the strategies of this program, this article provides a brief overview of all treatment strategies. Since the type of pest and the type of museum artifact are very important in determining the treatment method, a more detailed classification of their types is provided, including separation based on the degree of impact on the type of pest (insects and microorganisms) and applicability with respect to the materials used and the technique of making the artifacts.
Since ancient times, the issue of registration in various areas of life has always been with mankind. Registration is a cultural issue and is considered a reflection of various cultural areas of mankind. Every work left by man in the past, whether it was in the form of an image or a line, reflects and illuminates a world of material and spiritual information and knowledge like an honest mirror without any pretense or imperfection. The characteristic of all registered subjects throughout history has been their "value and importance" for greater permanence and transmission to the periods ahead of them, and this transfer of value to future generations continues today. In the field of cultural heritage and the protection of historical buildings and cities, the issue of registration is very valuable and important. A noteworthy point in this field is the relevance of re-registration of values. Because we re-register the material or spiritual work registered during the creation period so that it is protected and subject to legal protection and public attention, and most importantly, in the process of sustainable development and handed down to future generations. This article, which is the result of objective observations and library and document studies, describes in an analytical-descriptive manner the nature and importance of registration and how the relationship between registration and value, conservation, and sustainable development is defined. Another goal of this article is to examine the role of registration in the protection of cultural heritage values and its place in the sustainable development process.
The erosion of adobe heritage under the influence of natural factors, especially rainfall and humidity, is one of the most important challenges in the conservation of this heritage today. Alongside traditional options for the protection of adobe heritage, such as the use of straw plaster, in recent years, various chemical products have been marketed for the protection of building materials and components, especially against the threat of moisture, and consequently, serious tendencies have been expressed in the field of evaluating these materials in the field of conservation and restoration. Therefore, the scientific evaluation of the properties of these materials seems necessary for their judicious use. Since many of the chemical materials available in the market are mainly designed for the protection of stone and brick, it seemed necessary to conduct this study in order to protect adobe materials and optimize the penetration of these materials into the adobe texture. In this research, considering the need to increase the resistance of adobes against moisture, the hydrophobic properties of four different commercial products with the names of Stain Repellent AKEMI, SRP130, PTS+ and Long Life, were evaluated and compared with each other on the structure
of adobes. The results of the research showed that although all the commercial materials studied provide the possibility of significantly increasing the resistance of adobe against moisture, the Long-Life material has a higher ability to penetrate and hydrophobize adobes compared to other chemical products. This issue can significantly increase the surface resistance of the adobe against both long-term contact with moisture and against mechanical erosion factors. The results of this research can be used as a basis for future studies in the direction of localizing chemical materials for the protection of adobe works and optimizing their application in the conservation and restoration of adobe historical buildings.
Khatamkari is a type of decoration created by the intricate arrangement of triangles made from wood, bone and metal, whichtogether form geometric patterns. The object under discussion is a square mirror related to the Qajar period and is privately owned. According to the experiments carried out to identify the materials comprising the artifact, it was found that it consists of wood (jujube, walnut, Iranian pine, poplar or Tabrizi and plantain), bone, and metal (silver and brass), and the triangles were made of Brass, bone and wood, and the layers used are of silver, and underlying structure is of wood. The damages observed on this artifact include corrosion products forming in the parts where the silver metal has been applied, darkening of the polish, distortion and separation of connections in the underlying structure, and distortion and separation and shedding in some parts, which these damages have led to the deterioration of patterns. After removing the previous incorrect repairs and cleaning the darkened polish and strengthening the distortion of the underlying structure and inlay decorations, reconstruction, balancing and final strengthening have been done.
The purpose of this research is to direct attention to the protection of the Einali historical monument located in the Sorkhab mountain range of Tabriz in terms of finding faults with the potential of destructive earthquakes based on the variogram analysis and spatial correlation pattern zoning of data related to recent earthquakes. Therefore, it is possible to protect the structure of the mentioned building by finding protection and strengthening solutions according to the outputs of the article. For this purpose, first, the faults around the Einali historical monument located in the central sector of the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) are identified based on the variograms related to the spatial data of the recent earthquakes. Direct identification of transverse faults in field studies is influenced by the geological environment of the region. For the study case, this environment includes structural complications such as many fractures and joints around the Einali building and the density of residential structures on the slopes of Sorkhab mountain. Therefore, providing an estimator tool in this study in order to identify and locate the fault segment can be helpful and beneficial because it is possible to choose the correct areas for field studies by having estimated positions with less time and cost. Locations according to the methodology presented in this study include the processing of the spatial position of recent earthquake data based on variograms, which results in the estimation of data with high spatial correlation. Therefore, by proposing a spatial pattern of continuous characteristics from variogram models and checking Kriging interpolation and choosing the best experimental variogram, the spatial correlation between observations was predicted for other unknown values. The results of the study showed a very high correlation of the separation revealed with the field evidence and, as a result, the validation of the method presented in this research. Therefore, it is suggested that the maximum amount of seismic damage to the Einali building is caused by the activity of the transverse fault associated with the NTF.
Valuable cultural heritage is always exposed to the invasion of biological agents and the resulting destruction, especially when the physical and chemical conditions of the work and its surrounding environment are compatible with the characteristics of an organism or a microorganism. Therefore, preventing the occurrence of such conditions and limiting the invasion of biological agents should be among the main and primary goals of every center. Over the years, various methods such as the use of disinfectants have been used to control biological agents in various historical and cultural collections. With the passage of time and increasing awareness of the harmful effects of these substances on the treated works, the environment and the users, nowadays the use of non-toxic alternative methods is more recommended. Experience has shown that the method that causes the least damage to collections and employees is preventive methods and regular control, which is possible through monitoring and managing the environment. Integrated pest management with the ultimate goal of removing harmful biological agents from a place is one of the long-term preventives and non-toxic methods of controlling biological agents that is used in many museums, archives, and libraries. In this article, along with a brief overview of biological deterioration and its preventive and control strategies, microbiological monitoring of the air inside 4 storerooms in the world heritage complex of Golestan Palace Museum including: the anthropological clothing, the manuscripts, the carpets, and the Painting storerooms was carried out. For this purpose, air sampling was done by sedimentation method and isolated microbial colonies on the culture media were investigated and identified. The results of the microbiological monitoring of the air inside the storerooms in this study showed that except for the carpet storeroom, other studied storerooms, including the anthropological clothing, the manuscript and the painting storerooms, are acceptable in terms of the number of microorganisms in the air.