Showing 36 results for Ph
Yasin Sedghi, Mohammadamin Emami, Nasir Eskandri Damaneh,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
This study aims to examine seven pottery sherds attributed to the Aliabad cultural horizon (4th millennium BCE) from the Mokhtarabad site in Shahdad, southeastern Iran. The research focuses on analyzing their structural and mineralogical similarities and differences, identifying the raw and temper materials used, and ultimately determining the origin and manufacturing techniques. Thin-section petrography and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were employed for this purpose. All samples exhibit similar petrographic fabrics characterized by fine-grained homogeneous clay matrices. Mineralogically, the pottery contains similar inclusions such as angular quartz grains, plagioclase with polysynthetic twinning, feldspar, fine-grained muscovite, as well as carbonate and calcareous particles. The shared mineralogical features suggest a common source, and comparison with the local geological outcrops supports the conclusion of a regional and indigenous origin for the raw materials used.
Najmeh Khatoun Miri, Elham Heydari-Karbaski ,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan is one of the most significant and pivotal archaeological sites in southeastern Iran, with initial settlement dating back to the Bronze Age (3200 BCE). The site spans an area of approximately 151 hectares, of which 120 hectares contain material and cultural remains. It consists of three major parts: the central area, the industrial zone, and the cemetery. Excavation results indicate four cultural-occupational phases (I–IV), which are further subdivided into eleven sub-phases. Pottery, being the most abundant cultural-historical artifact found across many archaeological sites in southeastern Iran, including Shahr-i Sokhta, holds considerable importance in archaeological studies. It is the only category of ancient object that has survived through millennia with minimal alteration. Archaeologists believe that most of the pottery discovered at Shahr-i Sokhta was produced locally, either within the site or in satellite workshop areas. To evaluate this hypothesis, the present study employed laboratory methods, including petrographic thin section analysis using a polarizing microscope (OPM) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), on three buff pottery samples recovered from grave no. 8525 NFB at the site. The analytical results, when compared with the local geology, indicate that the buff pottery from this site is of local origin. Furthermore, based on structural analysis and the presence of calcite grains, a firing temperature of approximately 800°C is suggested for some samples, while others likely underwent firing at around 900°C.
Hamed Yonesi, Bahare Yonesi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2017)
Abstract
Musical instruments, as an integral part of cultural and historical heritage, possess not only artistic and aesthetic values but also significant scientific, technical, and musical aspects. Due to the per formative nature of music, musical instruments are susceptible to wear and deterioration, presenting unique challenges for their preservation and restoration. Unlike many historical artifacts that are restored solely to preserve their physical structure and prevent decay, the restoration of musical instruments must consider the aesthetic sonic concepts of the work in addition to preserving its cultural and historical identity. Any intervention in these instruments should be carried out in a way that does not negatively affect their sonic and structural authenticity. In some cases, due to the high sensitivity of historical instruments and the potential for physical damage during studies and investigations, researchers have resorted to reproducing similar examples. This requires precise knowledge of the organ logy of the instruments and their construction techniques in different historical periods. In this research, the historical introduction and classification of instruments are presented first, and then the structural characteristics of each group are examined. Subsequently, study strategies appropriate to the characteristics of each historical group are provided, and the theoretical foundations for the preservation and restoration of musical instruments are developed. The results of this research show that the restoration process of historical instruments, due to their structural and acoustic diversity, requires different approaches and a deep awareness of the physical and sonic characteristics of each instrument. Therefore, restorers must have a comprehensive understanding of the acoustic dimensions and materials of the instruments before any intervention to strike a balance between physical preservation, sonic reproduction, and the preservation of cultural authenticity.
Mahdieh Shahreki Moghadam , Reza Khanjari Dolatabadi ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The studied artifact is a stone bowl from the twelfth excavation season at Burnt City, Sistan, between 1997 and 2008, retrieved from trench NFB, burial 8509. Most stone artifacts in the past were made from gypsum alabaster or limestone marble, which are visually similar. Through sampling and thin-section petrography, the results revealed a layered limestone structure containing calcite and aragonite minerals, confirming the bowl’s marble composition. Regarding the manufacturing technology of marble artifacts, evidence of tool marks on the studied bowl suggests the use of tools such as hammers, chisels, drills, gouges, saws, and abrasives in the production of stone vessels.
Kowsar Karbalai Mirza Shahrbabaki, Mohsen Mohammadi Achacheloui,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Evaluation of the degradation and stability of soot ink made based on ancient texts under aging conditions. Soot ink is one of the inks that has been widely used in written works. Some of which are currently in our custody, so it is necessary to examine their degradation in order to prevent their further degradation. In this regard, in the present study, the degradation rate and stability of soot ink were investigated. The question of this study is what level of degradation and stability do the manufactured inks have? The purpose of this study was to examine soot ink, which was used in paper works, using laboratory instruments, pH meter, FTIR, optical microscope, colorimeter, and tensile strength meter.
To prepare the samples, the immersion method was used to impregnate the paper with ink, and an incubator was used to age the samples. The results of the acidity test (pH measurement) of the ink-impregnated papers show that the accelerated moisture-thermal aging process, especially after a period of 12 days, causes a decrease in pH compared to the samples before aging. The results of microscopic observations show that the aged sample has suffered from breakage in addition to the ink of the paper fibers. Analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra in the carbon black sample indicates that cellulose undergoes structural changes during aging, but most of the changes are in the structure of the ink. According to the studies conducted, the results of this research indicate that the carbon black ink has relatively good stability during aging.
Fezeh Rahimi, ,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
Many literatures have been published about decorative motif and the colors used in these motifs in manuscripts. These studies can be suitable sources for more information about such decorations; still more accurate studies are necessary in the field of identifying the applied pigments in order to have a better understanding of historical objects. The applications of gold in decorative motif of manuscripts is what this study has focused on, in some similar dated works. Many specialists have reported the golden color as gold in catalogs and property IDs and with regard to this point that using gold in historical works and objects of Islamic period was restricted, this question arises whether gold was restricted to be used in Quran manuscripts; Or if other materials were used instead. This research aims to study golden color used in Quran manuscripts of Qajar era in order to determine what material has been used in such valuable works.
Five samples of golden parts were taken from five gilded and inlayed manuscripts recorded in the List of National Works. These works are being kept in National Museum of Quran. To achieve our purpose we have used Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). We discovered that gold was used as pigment in golden decorations of our case studies.
Atefeh Shekofteh, Hossein Ahmadi, Mehdi Yazdi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
The number of historical open-air sites built of stone are relatively limited in comparison to the other historical artificial in Iran, but these sites include great significance in terms of value, historic and their knowledge of past. Since these stone poen-air sites are generally about two thousand years old, they have been exposed to decay factors for a long time. Many information and data on the types of decay factores and their patterns are scattered in the articles and books generally available in English which their access to experts in the field of conservation and restoration is limited. In this study, we attempted, through purposeful data from research on the open-air sites and monuments, to effectively address all aspects of the deterioration of carbonate sedimentary stones which constitute the majority of Iran’s sites. In this way, using library references, environmental factors and common decay patterns in similar climate and industrial conditions are discussed. It has become clear from studies that, contrary to the impression, “environmental factors” are not only the factors in the deterioration of sedimentary stones, but also the physical and chemical properties of the stone (Intrinsic problems) are also very important in the term of decay. Among the chemical and physical decay factors, chemical factors in deterioration are more important because the lead to the dissolution or alteration of the nature of the stone.
Parastoo Naeimi Taraei, Seyed Mohammad Amin Emami, Abolghasem Dolati,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Various chemical and natural substances have been employed to control corrosion in historical metal artifacts. However, the use of these substances has not always been effective and has occasionally led to secondary issues. This article reviews the existing challenges associated with corrosion inhibitors and investigates factors influencing the selection of materials to optimize corrosion control conditions. Based on available data, a multifunctional derivative of phosphonic acid with active phosphorus and nitrogen centers was selected. Its effectiveness in controlling corrosion of iron artifacts was evaluated through electrochemical impedance and polarization measurements, as well as microscopic methods. The results demonstrate the material’s ability to reduce corrosion rates at very low concentrations with minimal impact on the artifacts’ appearance, marking a significant step toward their preservation. Furthermore, the potential for optimizing corrosion control conditions through the use of complementary materials alongside phosphonic acid derivatives, leveraging their synergistic effects, is discussed.
Faramarz Azadbakht, Mohammad Mortazavi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Understanding ancient metallurgy is achieved through the study and analysis of metal artifacts and evidence related to extraction and metalworking processes. Examining metal objects provides valuable information about the type of metal or alloy used, manufacturing and decoration techniques, and, in some cases, the type of ore employed. Therefore, analyzing alloy composition and forming techniques is of great importance in archaeometallurgy. This article presents a technical investigation of a bronze lion figurine from the Yazd Museum collection, obtained through illicit excavations. Alloy composition analysis was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray imaging was employed to investigate the construction method. The results revealed that the figurine is made of a copper-tin alloy (bronze) with the presence of lead. Radiographic images indicated that the figurine is hollow, with its front rod extending into the internal section. Based on these findings, it was determined that the figurine was crafted using the lost-wax technique. Furthermore, the probable shape of the mold used, the manufacturing stages, and its various components are proposed.
Mahboubeh Abbasabad Arabi, Haydeh Khamseh, Yassin Sedghi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Decorations and paintings are integral components of Iranian-Islamic architecture. Among the structures that continually evolve in their architectural ornaments and decorations are the mausoleums and shrines of religious figures. One such monument, adorned with diverse wall decorations, is the Imamzadeh Hamzeh ibn Musa (AS) mausoleum located in Dehneh Shirin village, Esfarayen, North Khorasan Province. This study aims to investigate the construction techniques of the wall decorations at the Imamzadeh through laboratory methods, including petrographic thin-section analysis (OPM) to identify the layers and their compositions, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify red and blue pigments. Petrographic analysis revealed four distinct layers in the wall paintings: the paint layer, the ground layer, the lower primer, and the upper primer. FTIR analysis could not identify the pigments, detecting only bands indicative of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate in the studied samples. For more precise pigment identification, additional analyses such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are required.
Maryam Askari Arami, Mohammad Taghi Ashouri, Shahrazad Amin Shirazi, Fatemeh Alimirzaei,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Accessories such as hats are integral components of traditional attire, and undoubtedly, hats rank among the most significant elements of historical and local clothing for both men and women. The diversity and variety of clothing accessories, including hats, preclude the application of a single, universal solution for their care. Improper display or storage of these items—due to folding, environmental contaminants, unsuitable temperature, dust, inadequate lighting, etc.—can cause severe and irreversible damage, altering their structure and form. A tailored approach to conservation, display, and storage, considering each hat’s material, form, and specific vulnerabilities, is crucial for their preservation. Moreover, systematic storage and appropriate display methods can protect hats from numerous degrading factors. This article describes the procedures performed on hats from an ethnographic collection, culminating in the implementation of a conservation plan for these artifacts. The plan included surface and mechanical cleaning, structural stabilization, and provided recommendations for optimal storage and display of the collection.
Arezu Feizolahbeigi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Haj Rajab Ali mosque is one of the historic buildings in Tehran city, made in Qajar era. Despite being prominent the building has not been studied very carefully. The existing literature, shows informationonly about the current status of the construction. Most of the information obtained from these researches isn’t consistent with the information in the historical documents of different periods, especially in terms of physical form, and there are contradictions in the shape, time, and also the date of construction of the building. In this regard, the present study examines the physical changes of the building. The main purpose of this research is to study the historical developments, in particular from the physical viewpoint in different periods to determine the time of the origin and the course of changes. For this purpose, a qualitative research method has been used with a descriptive-analytical-comparative approach. Data collection method is document studies, field surveys and interviews.
Unlike some sources, findings of the research showed that the building belongs to Mohammad Shah Qajar period. Also, unlike the information in sources the inscription in the building doesn't show the date of end of construction and shows that the completion process of the building continues after this date. Data analysis showed that physical form of building has not been changed from completion time to mid -1960s. Arial photo interpretation determines that most physical changes occurred from end of 1960s to mid 1980s which protruded heterogeneous functions to the building. The results of the research, through analysis and interpretation of the data, which are scientifically and legally legit, have been able to chronologically correct the changes and help to redesign the changes and course of the physical-historical modifications of the building, which is effective in resolving the ambiguities. Finally, combination and analysis of data obtained from the historic maps and Arial photos data led to definition of four main steps in physical changes in the building which also defines the physical authenticity of different parts of the building.
Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei, Hossein Ahmadi, Kambiz Pourtahmasbi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Wood is an organic material which has been used for manufacturing of different historic relics. There are many historic wooden relics in open air spaces under effect of environmental factors. Weathering and its photochemical decay is one of the most important degradation factors of these relics in dry and semi dry climates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different procedures for conservation of these relics. Nano Zinc Oxide characteristics were studied as a conservation treatment for wood against photochemical weathering. Samples were prepared from White Poplar (Populus alba L.) as a widely used wood in historic relics of Iran. Specimens were treated with Nano Zinc Oxide suspension in isopropanol by surface treatment. Specimens were artificially weathered regarding to ASTM 2565-99 in 300, 800 and 2000 hours as three time levels. Samples were analyzed by evaluation of mass loss, pH measurement, Colorimeter, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Results showed that the treatment does not prevent aesthetical change of wood appearance in weathering process although the alteration was not severe. The treatment reduces weathering effects but does not prevent its structural degradation. During the time and under effect of weathering, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles will lose their function as ultraviolet absorbent due to chemical reactions with wood structures and first degradation products. Therefore, its efficiency won’t be enough in long term period.
Reza Vahidzadeh, Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The erosion of adobe heritage under the influence of natural factors, especially rainfall and humidity, is one of the most important challenges in the conservation of this heritage today. Alongside traditional options for the protection of adobe heritage, such as the use of straw plaster, in recent years, various chemical products have been marketed for the protection of building materials and components, especially against the threat of moisture, and consequently, serious tendencies have been expressed in the field of evaluating these materials in the field of conservation and restoration. Therefore, the scientific evaluation of the properties of these materials seems necessary for their judicious use. Since many of the chemical materials available in the market are mainly designed for the protection of stone and brick, it seemed necessary to conduct this study in order to protect adobe materials and optimize the penetration of these materials into the adobe texture. In this research, considering the need to increase the resistance of adobes against moisture, the hydrophobic properties of four different commercial products with the names of Stain Repellent AKEMI, SRP130, PTS+ and Long Life, were evaluated and compared with each other on the structure
of adobes. The results of the research showed that although all the commercial materials studied provide the possibility of significantly increasing the resistance of adobe against moisture, the Long-Life material has a higher ability to penetrate and hydrophobize adobes compared to other chemical products. This issue can significantly increase the surface resistance of the adobe against both long-term contact with moisture and against mechanical erosion factors. The results of this research can be used as a basis for future studies in the direction of localizing chemical materials for the protection of adobe works and optimizing their application in the conservation and restoration of adobe historical buildings.
Lida Taghizadeh,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The restoration of historical monuments and the preservation of the culture of each country becomes a national duty. Considering masonry materials of traditional Iranian architecture include clay and adobe with low strength, methods such as Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), waterproofed mud, and the addition of natural materials like zeolite are proposed for restoration and strengthening. The zeolite used has a low specific surface area, which has increased from 23.92 to 45.16 m2/g through plasma modification, Additionally, it has modified the morphology to a fiber-like shape with no essential differences in the primary structure. Given these changes, it is expected that there will be an increase in strength and a minimum of 1.5 times lower water absorption in zeolite-based mortars.
Sahar Noohi, Manijeh Hadian Dehkordi,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
This research is an exploration of the environmental conditions for preserving photographic glass plates in storage and how environmental parameters influence each other. Understanding the extent to which environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, pollutants, and light can interact with one another—and recognizing that they cannot be assessed independently—can play a critical role in establishing suitable environmental conditions for these works, especially photographic glass plates. Based on conducted studies, photographic glass plates are subject to serious damage risks similar to other visual artworks and sometimes even more so. Given the historical and artistic value of these pieces, as well as their potential utility as documents providing valuable information, it becomes clear why preventive conservation measures for this category of artifacts are vital, especially considering that treatment and restoration processes can be extremely challenging or even impossible.The aim of this research is to introduce standard and appropriate environmental conditions for the preservation of photographic glass plates.The content presented in this article results from studies and observations derived from reviewing relevant literature on the topic while also taking into account the condition of existing works within collections dedicated to glass-based photography. This study identifies appropriate environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels, and permissible pollutant thresholds for this category of artworks. Additionally, it examines how these various environmental parameters relate to one another and affect each other’s impact. At the same time, it addresses ways to control these environmental factors and prevent certain damages that may occur when suitable conditions are not maintained.
Amir Ershad Langroudi, Hamid Fadaei, Kamran Ahmadi, Monir Beheshti Far,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The reinforcement and hydrophobicity enhancement of historical construction materials, particularly the surfaces of historical stones, are among the most sensitive and challenging interventions in cultural heritage conservation. These interventions require precise analysis and comprehensive research to minimize potential side effects. Such actions are especially essential when stone artifacts exposed to open environments suffer from severe degradation and erosion or exhibit significant surface changes, potentially leading to loss of aesthetic and structural integrity. Without timely intervention, erosive factors may penetrate deeper layers of the artifact, posing a risk of complete collapse. In this study, the performance of three industrial silane/siloxane-based coatings Wacker 290, Wacker 3003, and Long Life was evaluated in the coating process of stone materials. The physical, mechanical, and especially hydrophobic properties of these materials on stone surfaces were analyzed and compared. Results indicated that all three materials exhibited moisture-repellent properties. However, Long Life and Wacker 290 demonstrated superior performance due to their better bonding with stone surfaces. These findings provide effective guidance for selecting suitable materials in conservation projects of historical artifacts, preventing the premature deterioration of these invaluable heritages.
Mehdi Razani , Jalil Esmailnezhad Teymurabadi ,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Today, the use of new technologies and methods of preserving ivory objects has led to a better understanding and safe protection of objects. The purpose of this article is the feasibility of using new methods of rapid prototyping technologies, including 3D modeling and 3D stereolithography (SLA) printers, in order to achieve a suitable method for reconstructing missing parts and it is important to make a moulage of historical and cultural objects using existing equipment in order to use it in the restoration and reconstruction of sensitive objects. In line with the review of the introduced technology, an example of a chess piece made of elephant ivory was selected, with the statue of a man riding a camel carved in great detail. The selected object was missing a lot. Documentation was done from the same bead and according to the available images, 3D modeling was done with Zibrush software, which is a special software for sculpting. Settings related to print management were made in Chitubox software and 3D reconstruction to make a moulage from a stereolithography printer. The results of this research showed that the use of 3D modeling and printing with a stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer as a new method can be used in the direction of making moulage and reconstructing missing parts of sensitive objects; And they can also be useful to a great extent in the low-risk behavior of protection towards sensitive objects such as ivory. Because of advantages such as: methodical execution of most steps and minimal intervention and contact with the object, increasing precision and elegance in the execution of decorations, preventing common and unwanted mistakes of the restorer, duplicating all the object as many times as desired, sending the 3D model software file made to other research centers, they have the possibility of temporarily connecting the piece made to the main body of the object, which covers the principle of reversibility in conservation.
The main advantages of using these methods are:
• Reducing contact with sensitive objects and avoiding conventional and time-consuming, commonly used contact and to some extent destructive, such as: molding, casting and filtration processes in the rebuilding of archaeological works
• More precision in the implementation of outstanding and complex designs than the traditional method,
• Achieving similar levels of quality to historical cultural effects using a combination of modeling techniques.
• Construction of parts in different dimensions with asymmetric geometric models, so that there is little constraint on the form and geometric shape for construction.
• Ability to evaluate and modify the 3D layout and repeat it in case of dissatisfaction with each section in the shortest possible time.
• The risk of connection to the reconstructed piece is due to the neutral properties
• Reducing the time in making missing parts
Leyli Nemani Khiyavi, Alireza Amiri Baghbadorani, Naser Zavari,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Historical inscriptions, especially in religious and educational buildings, are considered prominent and unique cultural and historical heritage symbols. One of these inscriptions, located at the entrance of the Talebiyyeh School in Tabriz, is a remarkable example of Iranian Islamic calligraphy and architecture. These stone carvings, with their writings and texts, bear profound messages about their time's history, culture, and social and political status. This paper focuses on the detailed analysis and reading of the inscription on the facade of the Talebiyyeh School, located at the entrance of Tabriz's covered bazaar. The inscription, written in the Thuluth script, offers important information not only on the artistic and architectural values but also on the endowment deeds and governmental orders of the time. The inscription, created in 1216 AH by the order of the ruling authorities of Tabriz and signed by prominent figures of the era, contains significant legal and religious concepts reflecting the spiritual and social dimensions of the period. This study, from the perspectives of linguistics, epigraphy, and the analysis of historical implications, introduces and explains the inscription, aiming to reveal its complex meanings through a deep examination of the actions taken on the monument, including the color harmonization. The main research questions are: What are the texts and writings of the inscription on the facade of the Talebiyyeh School in Tabriz, and what information does it convey? What changes have occurred on the inscription over time? How can the stone inscription be replicated to extract the maximum amount of information from this monument? To answer these questions, historical studies, field investigations, and modern documentation methods, including photogrammetry and digital design of the inscription's text, were employed. After completing these stages, the re-reading of the inscription text and examining its changes over time were accomplished. Preserving and maintaining this cultural heritage can pave the way for future research in the fields of conservation and the history of Islamic art.
Monina Meyhami , Danial Harandi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Photographs are significant documents for visual recovery of past cultures and civilizations in contemporary history. Structural changes in historical photographs, influenced by various factors over time, lead to numerous damages that may result in aesthetic alterations. Accordingly, this report aims to present the conservation process undertaken on three photographs dating back to the Qajar era. The photographs suffered from damage such as dirt and water stains, degradation of the gelatin layer, tears, and high acidity. To address these issues, distilled water, alcohol, and acetone were used to clean the surface contaminants. Additionally, calcium hydroxide was applied in two forms: dry and in the distilled water, for deacidification of the cardboard substrate. Acid-free cardboard and specially treated tissue paper were also used to cover for the missing parts, along with Klucel-G polymer. Finally, to ensure better protection, all photographs, they were mounted in passe-partout boards.
