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Showing 3 results for Technology.
Technological Recognition and Damage Study in One of the Three Bronze Rods Excavated from Tehran-Qarchak Pardis Tepe Cemetery
Hamid Reza Bakhshandehfard, Hosna Rabeie,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
The cemetery of the Pardis Tepe, located in Qarchak of Tehran province, is a valuable historic landmark of the Iron Age which has been discovered in the excavations of these bronze wire objects. Despite the historical importance of the metal objects discovered in Tehran, no independent research has been carried out on the metal objects obtained from this site, in terms of technological and pathological aspects, using laboratory and methodological methods. The aim of this paper was to study a bronze rod found in Tepe Pardis, in terms of species and application, regarding technical questions about elemental combinations and the method of making and technological position of the study area. For this purpose, instrumental analysis methods such as AAS, SEM-EDS were used to identify the alloying technique, the chemical composition of the alloy, and metallography to identify the manufacturing method. Historical studies of the object attributed it to the Iron Age. Based on elemental data analysis, the composition used to make copper-tin alloy objects (bronze) and microstructure analysis by metallography, these objects were made by continuous thermal / mechanical operations. Depending on the results of the XRD test, cuprite, malachite and nantokite compounds were identified in corrosion products. Due to the significant presence of Nantokite, it can be said that the object has active corrosion.

Preparation of an Antimicrobial Green Tissue for the Conservation of Historical /Cultural Works
Samera Salimpour Abkenar, Reza Mohammadi Ali Malek,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Nowadays, preparing a natural, non-toxic, low-cost, and biodegradable substrate called “Green sheet” is one of the new approaches to Nano sciences and biotechnology. Green sheets have multiple functions in various industries such as food packaging, preparation of wound dressings, hospital clothes, drug delivery systems, perfumery, antiperspirant, antimicrobial, and insect repellent, and they have found a special position. One of their unique applications is the use of cultural heritage, such as conservation in the restoration of ancient works, and historical documents, packaging and transportation of historical objects, and making traditional dolls and embroidery. In this study, a natural sheet was prepared using unreelable cocoons through degumming, opening, and finishing processes in the presence of a natural crosslinking agent and the well-known pad-dry-cure method. Tea tree and oregano plant oils were applied to achieve an antimicrobial property. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans through qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that the silk sheet had good resistance against the mentioned microorganisms.

Research Paper Reconstruction of Ancient Zinc Extraction Technology in Iran: Geochemical and Petrographic Analysis of Ceramic Nails and Smelting Slags from Bahabad, Yazd
Aminallah Kamali,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
The Bahabad zinc smelting site, located 71 km north of Bahabad in Yazd Province, Iran, spanning 220 m² within the Tabas-Posht-e-Badam metallogenic belt, is a key ancient metallurgical center. This study aims to identify the extracted metal, analyze metallurgical processes, and reconstruct the employed technologies through petrographic and geochemical analyses of ceramic nails and furnace slags. Thirty ceramic nails and 20 slag samples were collected, with five samples from each group selected for petrographic study and chemical analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Petrographic results revealed that the ceramic nails, made from fired clay, exhibit a porphyritic texture with ~20% quartz and minor calcite, while slags contain fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄), melilite, pyroxene, and wüstite (FeO), indicating high-temperature, reducing conditions. Chemical analysis showed an average of 1.21% ZnO in nails, confirming their role in collecting zinc vapors as tutia (ZnO) over centuries, and 3.74% ZnO in slags, suggesting incomplete zinc extraction. Low lead (669 ppm in nails, 315 ppm in slags) and sulfur (1053 ppm in nails, 361 ppm in slags) concentrations indicate the use of oxidized ores like smithsonite (ZnCO₃) or hemimorphite rather than sulfides like sphalerite (ZnS), consistent with the region’s oxidized lead-zinc deposits. Two-tier furnaces, with a lower heating chamber and an upper perforated clay plate holding ceramic nails (10–20 cm long, 2–4 cm diameter), facilitated upward distillation. This technology contrasts with India’s downward distillation (sphalerite, square furnaces) and China’s condenser-based upward method (rectangular furnaces), highlighting Iran’s indigenous innovation using charcoal and ceramic nails. The study underscores the technology’s adaptation to local conditions and its significance in global metallurgical history.

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