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Showing 8 results for Conservation.
Micro-beam analysis: powerful tools in archaeometry, restoration and conservation of historical and cultural objects
Davoud Agha-Aligol, Parvin Oliaiy, Mahmoud Moradi, Mohammad Lamehi-Rachti,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
In investigation of production technology and provenance studies of historical objects as well as to propose and develop strategies for restoring and conservation, it is necessary to get information about studied samples. This information is different according to the type and kind of materials of historical objects.
Today, identify and accurately determine the elemental composition and constituent material of given sample is one of this essential information that be able to measure using modern laboratory instruments In this paper, was presented some results was obtained in past few years from different historical and cultural objects using micro ion beam analysis in Van de Graaff laboratory of Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute.
Investigation of Painted enameled potteries to determine the different pigments used in, determine the thickness and purity of the gold layer in gilded enameled potteries, determine the responsible elements to brightness of wall painting in a historical place, Investigate the causes of corrosion and degradation of an old manuscript, determine purity of Elymais bronze coins and determine the type of Iranian historical and ancient glasses are some studied objects that will be presented in this paper.
The results of these analysis will significantly help to investigate the production technology, to determine the authenticity of the samples and finally to use in restoration of these historical objects.

Corrosion, Patina and Original Surface: A Look at the Controversial Concept of Patina in Ancient Bronzes-Its Values and Conservation Principles
Mohammad Mortazavi, Ahmad Salehi Kakhki , Mohammad Ali Golozar , Hassan Tala’i ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2017)
Abstract
One of the most widely used terms in the conservation and restoration of cultural and historical artifacts, particularly in the field of ancient metal objects, is patina. Although, this term is also applied to other historical materials, such as paintings and stones, its frequent used in the context of ancient bronzes makes it essential to develop a clear and accurate understanding of its meaning and implications. From the perspective of the studying deterioration of the artifacts, patina-as corrosion products in bronze artifacts-can significantly impact both the tangible and intangible aspects of the objects. on the one hand, it contributes certain values, such as age and aesthetics. On the other hand, it serves as an important criterion in conservation and restoration practices. However, the lack of comprehensive and precise definition of this term leads to complexity in conservation decision-making. In this paper, based on a literature review, the differing and similarity viewpoints on patina have been investigated. Following this, the term is reviewed in relation to different corrosion morphologies, and issue related to its current definitions are discussed. The different values of the patina are debated, and its role in the principles of conservation is reevaluated. In this field, confusion arising from the application of the term patina in the conservation of archaeological bronzes have been highlighted. Finally, considering the unique properties of corrosion phenomena in archaeological bronzes, the concept of the “original surface” is discussed as an approach to addressing this issue.  

Investigation of Challenges in Conservation, Display, and Restoration of Precious and Semi-Precious Gemstones
Amirhossein Mojtahedzadeh,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The interest of Iranians in gemstones and precious and semi-precious stones has roots spanning thousands of years in the culture and history of this land. This has led to the accumulation of a vast treasure of unique jewelry and gemstones, recognized as a national and cultural asset, due to mineral resources and historical conquests. However, with recent discoveries and advancements in the field of gemstones and precious and semi-precious minerals, the conditions necessary for the conservation, protection, and display of this invaluable and unique heritage have undergone new transformations and progress. Implementing and adhering to these requirements in the country is essential for this field and is vital for preserving the authenticity and essence of these specimens due to their exceptional value. This applied research aims to explore transformations in the gemstone field, introduce new internationally adopted principles, and examine the modern global standards and conditions in this area. Gemstones can have organic or mineral origins and may be displayed in raw, cut, historical, or contemporary forms. This group also includes loose gemstones and those mounted in jewelry, highlighting the diverse range of existing artifacts. Based on the mentioned classifications, efforts are made today to establish ideal conditions tailored to the type of specimens. Factors such as lighting, display methods, gemstone restoration techniques, and temperature and humidity conditions directly impact the quality and essence of the specimens, ensuring their longevity and stability over time. Providing an appropriate environment and controlling all the aforementioned factors will guarantee the durability and value of the gemstones.

Rescue Conservation of a Coffin Burial Discovered in the Archaeological Excavation of the Joubji Site, Ramhormoz
Ardeshir Kouhzad, Sadegh Sheykhi , Majid Soroush Nia ,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
During the second season of excavations at the Joubji archaeological site in Ramhormoz, three clay coffins from the Elamite period were uncovered. This report details all stages of the lightening or removal process of the central coffin, which was filled with soil covering the skeletons inside. The process included fungal decontamination, complete disinfection of the skeletons with necessary chemical agents, consolidation and stabilization of the skeletons, and reinforcement and stabilization of the coffin itself in its current state. The coffin was ultimately extracted from the site using the block-lifting method and transferred to the Ramhormoz Cultural Heritage Office. The rescue conservation of this unique and highly valuable coffin highlights a distinctive burial practice. Without proper attention and completion of specialized final conservation and restoration efforts, the deterioration process would have rapidly commenced. This article addresses the degradation and deterioration processes of the bones within the coffin and the methods employed for their protection.

An Introduction to the Islamic principles of Conservation and Restoration of Historical Tombstones Based on Sharia Laws and Requirements
Mehdi Razani, Parisa Zahedi, Omid Omidian,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (1-2023)
Abstract
Tombstones are composed of various stones adorned with different patterns and decorations, and their role in Islam and Iranian culture is considered integral cultural artefacts, with respect to the concept of life after death and their educative function to living people in reminding the concept of death and the eternal abode. In past societies, stones were perceived as the abodes of souls. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach and library research method by exploring the various types of tombstones and diverse decorations associated with them in different Islamic periods, as well as the methods of conservation and restoration of tombstones. The paper also investigates the Islamic perspective on this matter. Restoration of Islamic tombs and tombstones is seen as a scholarly and practical endeavor, as evidenced by Islamic sources emphasizing the conservation of the tombs of divine figures, including the Imams, as a clear example of venerating religious symbols, a commendable practice and an emphasized aspect of Islam. Additionally, the restoration of the tombs of ordinary deceased individuals is justified due to its prominent role in reminding survivors of the concept of death and readiness for the journey to the eternal abode.

Explanation of the Conservation Plan of the Mudbrick Structures of the Barzan-e Jonoobi Site in Persepolis
Zahra Morovaty Pour Ghalhe Sheykhy, Hamid Fadaie,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
On the slopes of Mount Rahmat, located in the southern section of the Throne of Persepolis, between it and the unfinished tomb attributed to Darius III, lies a complex of structures architecturally similar to those situated on the throne itself, sharing the same axis with a deviation of 20 to 25 degrees westward. This complex, known as the Barzan-e Jonoobi, comprises eight separate structures interconnected by designed pathways and corridors and generally features columned halls and porticos. The measures taken to address various climatic challenges in this area, such as managing the slope of the land,
controlling floods from the mountains, establishing order in the form and structures, access routes, and passageways, as well as architectural and urban design elements, reflect the application of urban planning and design knowledge in its development. Unfortunately, after initial excavation and a few preliminary conservation efforts, the structures in the Barzan-e Jonoobi site have been left unattended. The predominant material used in this area is Mudbrick, and the lack of ongoing maintenance has led to the deterioration and decay of these mudbrick structures. The inherently unstable nature of these mud brick structures highlights the importance and necessity of continuous preservation and maintenance of this valuable site. Therefore, in this study, after examining the factors causing damage, a conservation plan was proposed within the framework of a comprehensive protection plan. This plan aims to reduce the rate of erosion and address the damages caused by the identified harmful factors. The research methodology employed in this article is applied and field-based in terms of its purpose and approach, and the data were analyzed qualitatively based on logical reasoning. Data collection tools included library research (note-taking, maps, sketches) and field methods (observations, interviews, photography).

Studying the Method of Making and Comparative Analysis of Motifs and the Time Period of Creation a Marionette Belong to the Kashan Doll and Toy Museum
Tahereh Hajizadeh , Hamidreza Bakhshandehfard, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouyi ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Puppets are one of the elements of performing arts, which were used by puppeteers to perform shows since ancient times. Today, these works are known as valuable historical, cultural and artistic heritage. The Kashan Puppet and Toy Museum keeps one of the oldest collections of puppets that contain valuable historical, artistic and technical information. In this article, due to the importance of knowing the materials and manufacturing techniques, and the aesthetic features of these works, the study conducted on a sample of historical doll "Furash" from the mentioned museum has been studied by performing comparative studies and laboratory investigations. For this purpose, the study of the introduction of motifs used in doll clothes, materials and manufacturing methods, as well as determining the approximate age of a doll sample from this museum was studied. The studied doll is the 150-year-old "Furash" doll from Nayin and Ardakan regions. To achieve the goal, historical and comparative studies of the doll were done. Historical studies and a comparative comparison of the doll with the sample of the Qajar era witness, as well as technical investigations on other materials of the work, as well as the identification of its fabric and motifs, and the volume of the doll's head and its surface painting, prove that the work in question belongs to the Qajar period. The parts of the work, including the fabrics used in the clothes, motifs and volume creation of the doll's head and its surface painting, were compared with the examples of the Qajar period. The results showed that the desired marionette is a simple type that the artist made from the traditional wood pulp in the Qajar period along with different fabrics, some of which were among the imported goods of the Qajar period.

Emergency Conservation Report on the Sassanid Arches on the First Floor of the Western Side of the Espahbad Khurdish Arch-Structure, Savadkouh
Mehdi Abedini Araqi , Abolfazl Nikoobayan, Mohammad Keshavarz Divkolaee ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Conservation and restoration after archaeological excavations are important steps topics that should be given more attention, especially when a structure is excavated completely and uncovered, it is certainly faced with fundamental weaknesses and destructions. When these structures are unearthed, they are exposed to an environmental imbalance. At this point, the cooperation between archaeologists and restorers is of high importance. One of these protections has been carried out on an architectural work called Espahbad Khurshid arch-structure located on the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains in south of Mazandaran province and in the mountainous part of Savadkouh city. In the summer of 2023, the historical vault of Espahbad Khurshid was excavated for the first time. The C14 dating documents that this architectural work has been used from the 3rd century AD to the 7th century AD and is related to the beginning of the Sassanid era until the beginning of the Islamic period in northern Iran. The large arch structure of this building still remained on the three western, eastern and central sides. The height of the arch opening is 100 meters, and its horizontal length is about 85 meters. Its depth is 5 meters at the lowest parts and 20 meters at the highest part. In total, about 8,500 square meters of the structure remained from this building. On the western side of this arch on the first terrace, an archaeological excavation has been carried out, which provided important finds including numerous pottery sherds, weaponries including arrow heads, glass vessels and sealing clay. Important architectures were also revealed. Among them were some arches with Sassanid style and decorations which were immediately protected and restored after excavation, since the upper parts of the arch, which were visible under the rubble, were badly damaged. This restoration was done in cooperation with a large group of climbers and volunteers interested in history, archeology and nature tourism. This group has carried the needed materials for restoration including water, sand and plaster to the first terrace. The restoration style was based on the theory of the Venice charter. In this article, we present the description of the architectural structure in the natural arch of Espahbod Khurshid and its archaeological and conservation measures.

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