The biological degradation of paper-based historical artifacts is a major concern in cultural heritage preservation, particularly due to fungal contamination. Fungi thrive in environments with high humidity and poor ventilation, rapidly breaking down cellulose fibers and causing irreversible damage. Although chemical antifungal agents have traditionally been used for prevention and control, their adverse effects on human health, the environment, and sometimes the artifact itself have prompted a search for safer alternatives. This review explores the current literature on the antifungal effects of medicinal plants relevant to the conservation of paper-based artifacts. It presents a synthesis of studies on the active compounds in plant-based treatments, evaluates their effectiveness against common paper-degrading fungal species, and highlights practical applications involving direct use on paper substrates. While the results are promising, further research is needed to standardize treatment protocols, determine optimal concentrations, and assess long-term stability and safety of these natural compounds for heritage conservation.
