Showing 20 results for Cultural Heritage
Fatemeh Hajian , Hamed Amirkhani ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Diffraction-based techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization and understanding of materials of different nature, including those relevant to cultural heritage. Both conservation science and archaeometry may extensively profit from the information provided by diffraction techniques. The various methods and techniques of single-crystal and powder diffraction as applied to cultural heritage materials are briefly described with reference to specific examples, focusing on the extracted information in terms of (1) phase identification and quantification of crystalline compounds and complex polyphasic mixtures, (2) the texture and orientation of the crystalline phases, (3) the atomic and molecular structure of the phases involved, and (4) the physical microstructural state of the material in terms of crystallite size and accumulated strain. This paper presents a review of X-ray techniques used in art and archaeology and their applications as a non-destructive research tool in examining artistic and ancient objects. XRD is a standard procedure that provides information about the manufacturing process and condition of objects without physical contact, as well as insights into material composition and crystalline structure, making it widely used by archaeologists, curators, and conservators. The present paper aims to discuss the contribution of X-ray diffraction to cultural heritage and archaeology studies, based on personal experiences and those of other colleagues with various crystalline and non-crystalline materials. For this reason, the paper presents only a selection of cases identified by X-ray diffraction in cultural heritage conservation studies. It should be noted that X-ray diffraction plays a critical role in the analysis and characterization of these diverse materials. Another important goal of this work is to encourage in-depth studies on the use of X-ray techniques in the study of historical, archaeological, and artistic materials.
Mitra Etezadi, , ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Why should a specialized authority for artifact authentication—specifically in the fields of antiques, gemstones, and manuscript heritage—be established within the Official Experts Association of the Judiciary? And why should this authority, regardless of time or institutional fluctuations, most be reserved exclusively for certified experts with an academic degree in the conservation of historical, artistic, and cultural objects?
Parastoo Erfanmanesh, Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
One of the most widely used terms in the conservation and restoration of cultural and historical artifacts, particularly in the field of ancient metal objects, is patina. Although, this term is also applied to other historical materials, such as paintings and stones, its frequent used in the context of ancient bronzes makes it essential to develop a clear and accurate understanding of its meaning and implications. From the perspective of the studying deterioration of the artifacts, patina-as corrosion products in bronze artifacts-can significantly impact both the tangible and intangible aspects of the objects. on the one hand, it contributes certain values, such as age and aesthetics. On the other hand, it serves as an important criterion in conservation and restoration practices. However, the lack of comprehensive and precise definition of this term leads to complexity in conservation decision-making. In this paper, based on a literature review, the differing and similarity viewpoints on patina have been investigated. Following this, the term is reviewed in relation to different corrosion morphologies, and issue related to its current definitions are discussed. The different values of the patina are debated, and its role in the principles of conservation is reevaluated. In this field, confusion arising from the application of the term patina in the conservation of archaeological bronzes have been highlighted. Finally, considering the unique properties of corrosion phenomena in archaeological bronzes, the concept of the “original surface” is discussed as an approach to addressing this issue.
Abdullah Nasrollahi ,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Since ancient times, the issue of registration in various areas of life has always been with mankind. Registration is a cultural issue and is considered a reflection of various cultural areas of mankind. Every work left by man in the past, whether it was in the form of an image or a line, reflects and illuminates a world of material and spiritual information and knowledge like an honest mirror without any pretense or imperfection. The characteristic of all registered subjects throughout history has been their "value and importance" for greater permanence and transmission to the periods ahead of them, and this transfer of value to future generations continues today. In the field of cultural heritage and the protection of historical buildings and cities, the issue of registration is very valuable and important. A noteworthy point in this field is the relevance of re-registration of values. Because we re-register the material or spiritual work registered during the creation period so that it is protected and subject to legal protection and public attention, and most importantly, in the process of sustainable development and handed down to future generations. This article, which is the result of objective observations and library and document studies, describes in an analytical-descriptive manner the nature and importance of registration and how the relationship between registration and value, conservation, and sustainable development is defined. Another goal of this article is to examine the role of registration in the protection of cultural heritage values and its place in the sustainable development process.
Mehdi Razani,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
The Journal of Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration, as a specialized publication in the field of cultural heritage, experienced significant interruptions in its publication schedule between 2017 and 2020 due to structural and operational challenges. In 2017, 2019, and 2020, only one issue was published each year, while in 2018 no issue was released at all. These interruptions resulted in delays in the dissemination of submitted articles. To address these shortcomings, the decision was made in August 2024 to publish compensatory special issues. These special issues were prepared and released with the collaboration of invited guest editors and included a selection of outstanding papers presented at the 10th and 12th Conferences on Conservation and Restoration, along with newly submitted articles. Consequently, from August 2024 to September 2025, the backlog of delayed issues was resolved with the publication of a total of 31 issues, comprising 10 special issues and 21 regular issues. This initiative was undertaken to restore the trust of the scholarly community, disseminate postponed articles, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in conservation and restoration.
Ehsan Harati, Mahmoud Bakhtyari Shahri ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Reflection and fluorescent imaging techniques play a very important role in conservation of cultural heritage. Visible images are the best tool to register and inspect an art work in the absence of it. Nowadays modern digital camera facilitate this process. Additionally, ultraviolet (UV) images are a good tool to analyse painting surface layer and investigate the conservation state of objects. Also, UV florescent reveals information about chemical nature of varnish, pigments, restoration treatment and retouches. This technique is fast, inexpensive and in-situ. In current paper, we investigated the potential of ultra-violet fluorescence and visible reflectance technique to investigate the current conservation state of an oil painting and two manuscripts. The apparent characteristics of the work were examined and recorded by image of Visible light and image of fluorescence. The Florence image has patched up areas that have lost their color or identified areas that had been restored, so the Florence image, in the absence of a history of the effect, gives a clear picture of the condition of the previous restoration and the damage done to the painting. Also, in examining a historical-cultural version, it was possible to identify the areas that had been biologically attacked. Examination of another manuscript with ultraviolet fluorescence radiation showed that the red color used in the prescription is probably a discolored pigment.
Parsa Pahlavan, Hamid Fadaei, Stefania Manzi, Maria Chiara Bignozzi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
In this study, considerations for design, characterization, and in-situ application of sustainable materials for restorative use in the Pasargadae world heritage site are discussed. Based on some prior studies on sustainable waste-based restorative mortars, air lime mortars were made from lime putty, mixture of stones from the site, and additive sesame oils. The mortar samples were characterized in terms of microstructure, carbonation rate, hydric properties, and durability. The characterization aimed at compatibility assessment of mortars with a real situation. Considering the variety of natural conditions parameters compared to the laboratory, the mortar samples were also characterized in the site conditions. The results suggested the laboratory characterization, if done properly, can provide a promising degree of representation for the field conditions.
Hassan Khosravi Khaftari, Hossein Ahmadi , Mohammad Hassan Talebian,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The management planning for the conservation of historical sites is a very complicated matter due to the extent and complexity of the issues of a historical site. Various international charters such as the Bora Charter, the planning models of Marta Demas, Bernard Fielden, Michel Salvian, Michael Pearson and Yuka Yukhelto have provided guidelines in this regard. Additionally, there are standard and more general models for planning a collection; among them, strategic method and the SWOT analysis are notably important. In this research, the following basic questions are raised: What is the importance of planning the management of the conservation of historical sites and what is the appropriate way for formulating such plans? This research is considered a developmental and practical research in terms of its purpose. The method of solving the problem in the form of "hypothetical-deductive" is considered in conducting this research. The theoretical framework of the research is based on three different categories of information including: international charters, global experiences and standard planning models. In the following, information regarding the studied site (the ancient city- site of Istakhr) has been presented. Finally, using the analytical model (SWOT), the main policies for conservation planning of the site, such as determining zone and introducing them to the public and communication with the community has been introduced as the main needs of the site. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the management planning of historical sites as a management tool and a key expertise in the field of cultural heritage conservation.
Mehdi Razani, Leyli Nemani Khiyavi ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Historical structures, often constructed using porous materials such as stone, brick, and mortar, have been exposed to environmental and anthropogenic stressors over centuries, leading to their gradual deterioration. Consolidation, a critical intervention in the conservation of porous historical materials, aims to enhance their mechanical stability, mitigate further degradation, and prolong their lifespan. This process becomes essential when the structural integrity of an artifact is compromised due to factors such as weathering, salt crystallization, and biological growth. However, the effectiveness of consolidation treatments is highly dependent on the selection of appropriate consolidants, which must meet specific criteria, including deep and uniform penetration, minimal surface residue, chemical compatibility, reversibility, and the preservation of the material’s breathability. Despite its importance, the field faces significant challenges, including a lack of standardized protocols and comprehensive understanding of the long-term performance of consolidants. This research seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical principles and practical applications by evaluating the performance of various consolidants on-site and optimizing intervention strategies for porous historical materials. The findings aim to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable conservation practices for cultural heritage.
Shiba Khadir,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Historical coins, as invaluable material documents, not only hold financial significance but also serve as vivid evidence of the history, culture, art, and economy of past civilizations. In Iran, with a rich heritage spanning over 2,500 years, coins play a pivotal role in reconstructing national and cultural identity. However, the preservation and restoration of these historical treasures, particularly in private collections, face numerous challenges. Addressing these challenges requires collaboration and a sense of responsibility among collectors, conservators, and governmental institutions. Raising awareness and providing education on scientific methods of preservation and restoration, along with fostering trust between
conservators and collectors, are essential strategies for safeguarding this valuable heritage. The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts (MCTH) and the Research Centre for Conservation- Restoration of Cultural Relics (RCCCR) can play a significant role by offering specialized training and necessary support. Ultimately, historical coins, as an integral part of national and cultural identity, require meticulous and responsible preservation, maintenance, and study to endure as a lasting legacy for future generations.
Naser Eslami , Hamid Fadaei, Javad Abbasi ,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (10-2021)
Abstract
Soluble salts are known as serious threat for monuments and historical porous materials. The alteration mechanism related by soluble salts such as rocks is essentially a physical process based on the stress level generated by the crystallization of the salts in the pores. In recent years many ways have been developed to extract or deactivate these salts. The efficiency of every desalination system is being evaluated by the amount of extracted soluble salts and the depth of treatment in material. In fact, ionic transport is result of a consortium of energies: kinetic energy, electric energy and chemical energy. These three energies are united together to move and extraction of soluble salts in an optimum desalination system. The electro kinetic technique is a non-destructive method to extract soluble salts based on electric migration of ions inside the material. This method is even applicable for matrixes with very fine porosity and very low hydraulic permeability. In recent years this method
has been specially considered in European countries. High amount of extracted salts and deep effect on materials have been caused to happen many researches on this topic on historical heritage and considerable results have been gained. This article is a review of background, principles and generals of this method in conservation and desalination of historical porous materials which are threatened by soluble salts alteration. Results from traditional desalination ways are compared with this method as a pioneer technique show an improvement of the quality of desalination, saving time and high efficiency of this method.
Seyed Ali Faregh, Mahdi Fattahi Ini Olya,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (2-2022)
Abstract
Cultural heritage, as a mirror of human ingenuity, reflects the diversity of human civilization and serves as a bridge between the past and present, shaping our collective understanding of our shared history. The protection and maintenance of this rich and valuable treasure is a vital responsibility that requires comprehensive and multilateral strategies, as well as the joint efforts of all relevant experts and specialists. In this context, the principles and practices
of health, safety, and environmental engineering (HSE) can significantly contribute to the protection of cultural assets and the individuals involved in their preservation. HSE engineering plays an essential role in risk assessment and management during restoration projects and develops specific safety practices and procedures for safeguarding cultural heritage. By implementing risk management strategies and taking appropriate measures, potential risks to cultural works can be mitigated to an acceptable level. In this article, after identifying and evaluating the threats facing cultural relics, the application of HSE engineering and risk management tools will be explained, along with innovative suggestions and strategies for ensuring the safety and protection
of these invaluable treasures.
Amin Allah Kamali,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Iran, with a history spanning over 7,000 years, is considered one of the pioneers of ancient mining and metallurgy in the world. Ancient mining and metallurgy, as part of Iran's engineering and cultural heritage, play a crucial role in understanding the history of these technologies and advancing related knowledge. The study of this field contributes to the preservation of this historical and cultural legacy. Since the 1990s, organized efforts in the field of ancient mining and metallurgy have been initiated in Iran, leading to significant achievements, including the implementation of national and international projects. This research reviews key studies conducted in the field of ancient mining and metallurgy, presenting the outcomes of activities in this area. Moreover, it highlights the values embedded in the heritage of ancient mining and metallurgy, emphasizing the need to preserve this valuable legacy and register significant ancient mining and metallurgy sites as national heritage assets.
Fezeh Rahimi, Alireza Razaghi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
Identity is one of the concepts with a broad range of meaning within the humanities. Its importance lies in the fact that it is impossible to find an individual, person, or object that has no identity. For this reason, it has been a subject of study across most of the different branches of humanities. It is also important in the field of cultural heritage, which is directly linked to the cultural identity of communities, and for this reason many documents have been prepared in this regard. Due to the importance of the issue, this article conducts a content analysis of international documents related to cultural heritage. For this purpose, the concept of identity was selected from several international documents related to cultural heritage. Based on the content analysis, the concept of identity in these documents can be examined under two main categories: the definition of identity and the domains of identity. Each of these categories has subcategories, that are classified in this article under the title of category and subcategory. However, how each of these categories and subcategories is prioritized within these documents, along with recommendations for improving the handling of the issue of identity in future documents, is addressed in this article. The importance of using the hierarchical analysis of subcategories in these documents is that, in addition to being effective in decision-making, it will also be helpful in compiling newer documents about identity. After identifying the categories and subcategories related to the concept of identity, they were prioritized. This means that after analyzing the content of the documents, their rank analysis was conducted, to determine the ranking of each category.
Tahereh Shihebori, Elahe Khakbaz Alvandiyan,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
Historical monuments have always had a special place in historical-cultural studies as one of the indicators of identifying the cultural heritage of nations. The following paper aims to present a report on the restoration andconservation of metal objects of the cultural heritage treasure of Yazd city. Protection of this treasure which is one of the richest collections in terms of the variety of historical works, which put the restoration and conservation of the present objects on the agenda in the past years, and restoration and conservation operations were carried out on these valuable works. For this purpose, an effort was performed in this research during 7 years at different times to select metal objects with special features from this rich collection, and its report is presented in this article. Various types of objects such as silver, iron, and bronze objects were restored and protected. Improper maintenance conditions in the past have caused these works to be covered by environmental sediments or corrosion products, which sediments and corrosion products cause the illegibility of designs and patterns and sometimes the complete destruction of objects. So, in the operation procedure of restoration and conservation observing theoretical principles, cleaning operation was done as far as possible mechanically and chemically if needed. Low percentages of consumable materials were used and materials were selected that do not harm the environment as much as possible. The most important step after the restoration operation is the conservation of objects in desirable conditions and periodic reviews, so that if any damage is observed, it should be repaired immediately. The following paper describes the steps of restoration and conservation of metal objects of different types and protects them to keep them in standard conditions to be shown in the museum.
Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Although documentation in the field of cultural heritage plays a pivotal role in the preservation, management, and transmission of knowledge related to tangible and intangible assets, such processes, as a key tool for identifying, evaluating, and recording various cultural and historical features and values, have received limited attention in various international instruments (such as charters, conventions, regulations, and recommendations). The lack of systematic documentation and recording of cultural heritage and the loss of data not only lead to irreparable damage to cultural heritage knowledge but also create challenges for conservation, restoration, and education processes. Therefore, this article seeks to clarify the position of cultural heritage documentation in the aforementioned instruments and to examine its tools and methods. However, the utilization of these frameworks at the national and local levels often faces challenges, including the absence of localized execution standards, a shortage of expertise in employing advanced technologies, and insufficient financial and educational resources. Methodologically, this article is based on a systematic analysis of international instruments related to cultural heritage. By employing a qualitative content analysis approach, it examines the position and emphasis of documentation within these instruments, along with its methods and tools. For greater accuracy, a correlation between key concepts and theoretical frameworks associated with cultural heritage conservation was established. The research findings indicate that, in general, international instruments emphasize the importance and necessity of documentation as a fundamental pillar for the proper preservation and management of cultural heritage. Such efforts enhance transparency in conservation activities and facilitate international cooperation, particularly in cases where cultural properties are threatened by natural or human factors. Some of these instruments highlight documentation as an integral part of education and research in the field of cultural heritage, considering it a means to transfer knowledge and experiences to future generations. This process, by providing comprehensive and accurate information, plays a vital role in preserving the authenticity, values, and sustainability of cultural properties at a global level and contributes to decision-making and policymaking related to cultural heritage.
Talhe Ghodousiyan, Mehdi Razani, Amir Hossein Mehdikhani, Arash Keshtkar, Ali Kh Mirzaie, Alireza Mansouri, Ali Akbar Kiaei , Hossein Shirazi , Mustafa Dehpahlavan, Abdolbasir Hosseinbor,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformative tools in preserving, analyzing, and representing cultural heritage and arts. This article provides a systematic and comprehensive review of AI applications in this domain, exploring their potential to address longstanding challenges such as natural degradation, limited accessibility, and complex documentation. By integrating classical and advanced ML algorithms, we examine case studies including the Time Machine Europe project, the Ithaca model for ancient Greek texts, and metaverse-based heritage digitization. These initiatives demonstrate AI’s capacity to enhance precision, speed, and interactivity in heritage tasks, from virtual reconstruction to multimodal data analysis. However, limitations such as data quality, ethical concerns, and computational complexity pose significant barriers to widespread adoption. Emerging technologies like non-fungible tokens (NFTs), prompt engineering, and quantum AI are highlighted as future directions that promise further innovation. This study underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical frameworks to ensure sustainable advancements, offering a roadmap for researchers and policymakers in the digital era.
Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (2-2025)
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the major challenges of modern life, exacerbating environmental crises, particularly in developing countries, and posing a serious threat to cultural heritage. Marvdasht, due to its ongoing development, is among the regions facing this issue. The presence of numerous historical sites registered on national and world heritage lists has made the impact of air pollution—especially considering the region's industrial expansion—a significant concern for cultural heritage specialists. This concern is further amplified by the presence of limestone-based stone heritage sites, such as the UNESCO-listed Persepolis and the Naqsh-e Rostam historical complex. These monuments, composed primarily of calcite, are highly susceptible to direct and indirect erosion and degradation caused by acid rain. This research aims to identify the sources of air pollutants in the region and assess their impact on the erosion of cultural heritage and stone monuments. Through a review of theoretical sources, field investigations, and laboratory analyses, the major sources of air pollution in the Marvdasht plain were identified and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. To measure the impact of air pollution, air samples were collected from Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam as key stone heritage sites, as well as from the Marvdasht Petrochemical Complex, the primary pollution source in the area. The concentrations of NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and NH₃ in the air samples were measured using ion chromatography and stoichiometric calculations. The findings of this study indicate a high potential for pollutant-induced damage in the region.
Mehdi Razani, Masoud Bater ,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
This paper analyzes the evolution of the undergraduate curriculum in historic monuments restoration in Iran, from its initial approval in 1985
to its comprehensive revision in 2022. Adopting an analytical-comparative approach, the study first explores the theoretical, historical, and practical contexts of the discipline's emergence within Iran's higher education system. It then provides a structural and content-based critique
of the earlier curriculum. The findings reveal that the original curriculum, which emphasized religious principles, cultural heritage, and basic technical training, gradually became less effective due to scientific developments, shifting field requirements, and the rise of new technologies. The 2018 revision resulted from a collaborative effort by university scholars and restoration professionals aiming to modernize the program, enhance practical training, eliminate redundant courses, add applied content, and align the curriculum with international standards. Key features of the revised curriculum include a purposeful reduction in course units, content standardization, improved integration of theoretical and practical learning, and a focus on technological competencies. Furthermore, the paper addresses the implementation challenges and resource shortages of the previous curriculum and proposes strategies to enhance the quality and efficiency of restoration education. Overall, this study emphasizes the necessity of dynamic educational planning, underlines the critical role of restoration in preserving cultural identity and strengthening social capital, and provides a framework for future curriculum reforms in the field of conservation of cultural and historical artifacts.
Hamidreza Bakhshandeh-Fard,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
In the educational system of conservation, the main focus has always been on the transfer of technical and specialized knowledge regarding structures, techniques, and conservation interventions. Although this scientific foundation constitutes an inseparable part of training in this discipline, recent developments in the field of cultural heritage conservation demonstrate that social competencies, soft skills, teamwork, and professional ethics also play an effective role in improving the quality of specialists’ performance. The Isfahan University of Art, with a long-standing tradition in higher education in the arts, is one of the pioneering and influential centers in the country in the field of safeguarding and revitalizing cultural and historical heritage. Established in 1977 with the foundation of the “Isfahan Campus” affiliated with “Farabi University,” this academic institution has, from the outset, aimed to train experts in the conservation and restoration of historical monuments and traditional architecture, and has become an unparalleled center at the national level. This paper reviews the history of the establishment of the Faculty of Restoration as well as the current structure of conservation education in specialized faculties, emphasizes the necessity of integrating technical training with complementary domains, and proposes strategies for revising educational programs in order to train responsible and competent conservators.
