Showing 14 results for Pathology
Mandana Tayebi ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Archaeological artifacts represent the cultures and civilizations of the past, carrying invaluable information about daily life, beliefs, technology, and social relations of those times. With advancements in technology, new tools and methods have emerged for examining and analyzing these artifacts, providing new insights into their unknown aspects.Micro-observation emphasizes the systematic and detailed examination of artifacts and the use of innovative techniques, playing a key role in the conservation and restoration of cultural and historical objects. This article reviews various techniques of micro-observation, such as microscopic studies, high-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, and spectroscopy analysis, demonstrating how these technologies contribute to a deeper understanding of the initial conditions of materials and patterns of degradation. Additionally, presented case studies illustrate the successful applications of micro-observation in various fields, highlighting its diversity and effectiveness in addressing specific challenges in the conservation and restoration of fragile and valuable objects.
Mahdi Razani, Alireza Baghbanan , Seyed Mohammad Amin Emami,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
This study aims to utilize qualitative assessments derived from environmental evaluations and field tests to document the current state of damage, determine strength, and measure hardness in the external surfaces of the rock-cut architecture of the historic village of Kandovan, identifying and ranking the most significant damage factors. Environmental assessment forms were used for documenting the pathology, while a Schmidt hammer (Type L) was employed for qualitative field tests. The entire village was surveyed at 143 points. The results indicate that human activities are the primary cause of deterioration in Kandovan, with the hardness of the rock-cut surfaces classified as weak to very weak. The severe erosion of the outer surfaces of the rock houses is notable. Based on the data, the village was zoned into areas of low, moderate, and severe weathering in terms of surface strength, reflecting the extent of deterioration. Areas with greater exposure to water flows exhibit severe erosion and weathering, while those with less exposure to watercourses are classified as less weathered.
Narges Doosti Sani, Mahshid Ilkhani, Shaiba Khadir, Afshin Ebrahimi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
The study of metal works of Bam citadel (Arg-e-Bam) is underway to study the pathology of metalworks in Iran.The aim of this project is to study and investigate the corrosion mechanisms of metal objects. Various metallic works including iron, silver and copper alloys have been gained from the area of Arg-e-Bam. The research is focused on a number of bronze works of this historical site.The studies have been done using Microscopic and Macroscopic methods including metallography, wet chemistry, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). According to dendritic structure of these objects, the results show that most of them have been made in casting method and corrosion products are including Cuprite (Cu2O), Azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), Brochantite (Cu4(OH)6SO4), Cassiterite (SnO) and the chloride compounds like Atacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3), Paratacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3, Nantokite (CuCl) and Melanothallite (Cu2OCl2). The noticeable point is that there are inclusions containing iron and sulfur in all specimens that represent the using of sulfide ore in copper extraction process.
Faezeh Asaadi ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Zilu, a traditional mat characterized by a firm texture, smooth surface, and lint-free quality, has origins predating Islam. The warp and weft used in Zilu weaving are typically made of cotton and dyed with natural materials. The unique weaving techniques and patterns distinguish Zilu from rugs and other tapestries. This craft was registered on Iran's National Heritage List in 2011 (1390 in the Persian calendar) under registration number 246. Currently, a section of the Shah Abbasi Caravanserai in Maybod is dedicated to a museum showcasing Zilu. The Zilus displayed in the museum, some of which are approximately 500 years old, are often in poor condition and highly susceptible to damage from environmental factors such as moisture, dust, air pollutants, light, and temperature fluctuations. This study is based on the premise that dust, influenced by the local climate, is a primary factor contributing to the deterioration of Zilus in Maybod. The research aims to identify harmful environmental factors affecting the museum's Zilus and propose methods to mitigate their damaging effects. The primary objective is to enhance the preservation of these historical and cultural artifacts. The current storage conditions in the museum are inadequate, and the continuation of these conditions could result in irreparable damage to these valuable objects. The study seeks to identify environmental factors causing damage to the museum's Zilus through comprehensive environmental monitoring. Data were collected from library research, field observations, and laboratory analysis, employing both empirical and analytical methods. Field studies focused on monitoring the museum's environmental conditions and comparing them to international standards. The findings indicate that the museum's environmental conditions are substandard, with dust and temperature fluctuations identified as significant contributors to deterioration. Notably, human factors were found to cause the most substantial damage.
Mona Montazeri Hedesh, Seyyedeh Haniyeh Ghavami Masouleh,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Textiles, akin to other organic materials, possess significant historical and cultural backgrounds. Their conservation and restoration have consistently been among the most critical concerns for specialists in this field, particularly in recent decades. This heightened focus on conservation may be attributed to the cessation of production for certain types of textiles in recent years—textiles that also hold considerable cultural heritage. Given their organic nature, textiles are rarely encountered in archaeological findings and have consequently received less attention compared to other artifact categories.This research focuses on developing a conservation proposal for a section of the entrance curtain (parde) of the Kaaba, an artifact of considerable cultural, political, social, and artistic significance. Through investigating the raw materials of this artifact and proposing an appropriate methodology for preserving its current structure, this study aims to both document its structure and safeguard this precious intangible heritage. Furthermore, it seeks to propose a suitable strategy for the preservation and presentation of such artifacts, thereby contributing to the preservation of shared artistic, intellectual, and cultural values among nations. Utilizing a comparative study and laboratory analyses via SEM and FTIR, various technological aspects of the artifact were examined. Subsequently, by identifying deteriorating factors and existing damages, a tailored conservation proposal commensurate with the artifact's condition was formulated. As this fragment is an intricately worked piece from the entrance curtain of the Kaaba, and one of eleven fragments donated to Iran over many years, it is hoped that this proposal can serve as a guideline for the conservation and restoration of other existing fragments of this artifact housed in other museums.
Elahhe Sadat Talebi Moqaddam,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
The Ma'raq gold-embroidered curtain (Code 031) is among the exquisite artifacts dating back to the Qajar period, preserved in the collection of the Astan Quds Razavi. Due to the use of this precious artistic artifact in the Astan Quds Razavi complex, over time and under various factors, it has sustained diverse damages. To preserve this valuable textile artifact, its restoration was carried out in the Textile Restoration Workshop of Astan Quds Razavi. This article, with a brief overview of the technology and pathology of the gold-embroidered curtain (Code 031), aims to examine the restoration methods applied to it based on field studies.
Hamid Reza Bakhshandehfard, Hosna Rabeie,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
The cemetery of the Pardis Tepe, located in Qarchak of Tehran province, is a valuable historic landmark of the Iron Age which has been discovered in the excavations of these bronze wire objects. Despite the historical importance of the metal objects discovered in Tehran, no independent research has been carried out on the metal objects obtained from this site, in terms of technological and pathological aspects, using laboratory and methodological methods. The aim of this paper was to study a bronze rod found in Tepe Pardis, in terms of species and application, regarding technical questions about elemental combinations and the method of making and technological position of the study area. For this purpose, instrumental analysis methods such as AAS, SEM-EDS were used to identify the alloying technique, the chemical composition of the alloy, and metallography to identify the manufacturing method. Historical studies of the object attributed it to the Iron Age. Based on elemental data analysis, the composition used to make copper-tin alloy objects (bronze) and microstructure analysis by metallography, these objects were made by continuous thermal / mechanical operations. Depending on the results of the XRD test, cuprite, malachite and nantokite compounds were identified in corrosion products. Due to the significant presence of Nantokite, it can be said that the object has active corrosion.
Reza Hoseini Keshtan ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The remains consisting of adobe and mud structures extend over an area of 180 hectares, located 3 kilometers south of the current city of "Esfarayen" in North Khorasan, Iran. Archaeological studies of the last two decades, in addition to various cultural findings, have also revealed various architectural structures, which include the historical site of Belqis Esfarayen along with the remains of Narin qale (Military Castle). Given the frequent erosion of adobe due to moisture from limited rainfall in the region during conservation interventions, addressing soil quality characteristics and identifying crystalline structures in erosion processes was the goal of this research. Laboratory studies conducted through physical and chemical tests demonstrated that soil quality is the main cause of clay erosion. This is attributed to a combination of factors: the lack of clay and the high percentage of silica on one hand, and the presence of muscovite and secondary calcite crystal structures on one hand.
Somayeh Samadian, Mehdi Razani,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Carpet, as a piled and knotted hand-woven with a structure consisting of organic materials, is always exposed to damages during the various time processes of weaving, consumption, and storage. These can generally be divided into two categories of internal damages (how primary actions for preparing and dying fibers and also knitting are done) and external ones (defects during use and maintenance). Considering that the scope of the attitude is more on the samples in the museum and private collections, which apart from the aspect of consumption need favorable conditions for long-term protection, in this research, we tried to describe the four harmful factors and their sub-categories, which includes physical factors (light, atmospheric pollution and two factors of temperature and humidity), chemical factors (effect of acids, alkalis, oxidants), macroscopic biological agents (insects and rodents) and microscopic ones (fungi, molds and bacteria), to create a wider insight into the process of keeping these exquisite objects and prevent them from entering the structure.
Monina Meyhami , Danial Harandi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Photographs are significant documents for visual recovery of past cultures and civilizations in contemporary history. Structural changes in historical photographs, influenced by various factors over time, lead to numerous damages that may result in aesthetic alterations. Accordingly, this report aims to present the conservation process undertaken on three photographs dating back to the Qajar era. The photographs suffered from damage such as dirt and water stains, degradation of the gelatin layer, tears, and high acidity. To address these issues, distilled water, alcohol, and acetone were used to clean the surface contaminants. Additionally, calcium hydroxide was applied in two forms: dry and in the distilled water, for deacidification of the cardboard substrate. Acid-free cardboard and specially treated tissue paper were also used to cover for the missing parts, along with Klucel-G polymer. Finally, to ensure better protection, all photographs, they were mounted in passe-partout boards.
Mohammad Yaghizayi, Mehdi Razani, Atefeh Fazel Najafabadi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
The pathology of pottery works is considered one of the most fundamental pillars of conservation and restoration, as understanding the damage will pave the way for its preservation and restoration. Pottery works are generally more stable than many other materials found in archaeological excavations. However, when these works are buried in inappropriate conditions and unfavorable factors, they can suffer from significant damage. Without proper care in their protection, the result may be complete deterioration of the pottery. Damage to ceramic bodies occurs in two forms: Physical and chemical, along with mechanical factors, can accelerate these processes. In the pathology of clay bodies, it is essential to identify the origins and causes of these damages to implement the effective treatments aimed to enhance the longevity of the ceramics., In the pathology of clay bodies, we can refer to cracks, fractures, crystallization of various salts, damages from firing processes, biological damages, stains, delamination, and more. This research, will provide an overview of the most prevalent damages of clay bodies and the factors that cause them, and the relationship between the formation of one type of damage and its influence on the emergence of other damages. Recognizing these connections can inform more effective methods for the protection and restoration of pottery artifacts.
Mostafa Rakhshandehkhoo, Hamid Fadaei, Masoud Ansari, Leila Razavi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
The Sassanian bas-reliefs are among the most significant historical artifacts of ancient Iran, primarily found in the province of Fars. Approximately 30 Sassanian bas-reliefs exist in Fars, depicting scenes related to power demonstrations, court proceedings, and battles or hunting scenes. Unfortunately, many of these bas-reliefs have suffered damage over the years due to their outdoor exposure and the impact of climatic conditions. Depending on the type of stone and their geographical location, they have been gradually eroded. Given their historical importance for Iran's cultural heritage, a comprehensive program involving study, documentation, conservation planning, and restoration is crucial. The Naqsh-e Rostam Relief Complex houses more than 11 bas-reliefs and numerous inscriptions, all situated in open-air environments and vulnerable to environmental factors such as rain, wind, and temperature fluctuations. These elements have contributed to the gradual deterioration of these ancient artworks. The central question addressed by this article pertains to the process of studying, assessing damage, documenting, and planning the conservation of a rock relief. To answer this, a combination of field and laboratory methods has been employed, including petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results indicate both physical and chemical weathering in the limestone structure, leading to various forms of damage such as erosion, flaking, cracking, and breakage. Therefore, protective and conservation measures for these prominent bas-reliefs should focus on strengthening and preserving their surfaces against deteriorating agents.
Mohammad Yaghizaei,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
Pottery is one of the most important man-made artifacts, and with time, its manufacturing and application technology has also changed. Therefore, in most archaeological excavations, pottery artifacts occupy a major part of the discoveries, and most of these artifacts have special damages. Some of these damages are common, such as fractures and cracks, and some are special due to the burial conditions and low quality in the construction technique; Such as body layering damage that requires special protection and restoration studies. In this study, a sample of terracotta cauldron hanging on the Segzabad hill of Qazvin Plain belonging to the Iron Age period was studied. This study aimed to understand the construction technique, investigate the damages on the pottery body and the cause of these damages. To answer these questions, instrumental tests, such as XRF, and comparative historical studies have been used. All these studies will ultimately help in the way of conservation and restoration that should be done. After all the protective steps to prevent secondary damage that may occur after its restoration, a box is designed to store the pottery and, in some cases, even display it. The result obtained from all the steps was the recognition of the construction technique and the documentation of the damage in the body, which ultimately led to the protection and restoration of this historical and cultural work.
Sayede Elahe Alavi Dehkordi,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
The "Illustrated Atlas of Pathology of Historical-Cultural Textiles" by Fatemeh Alimirzaei and Shahrzad Aminshirazi is specially designed for conservators,
restorers, students, museum curators, and collectors handling different categories of textiles. The book is divided into three chapters, addressing the pathology of historical textiles from three perspectives: physical-mechanical, chemical, and photochemical. However, the distinction of photochemical from chemical is rejected as unjustified since photochemical reactions are a subtype of chemical reactions induced by photons. A more suitable third type could be biological effects, which involve harm inflicted with the help of living organisms, including microbes, rodents, and insects.
