Heritage conservation education requires a balance between theoretical foundations and practical competencies. Traditional lecture-based
instruction, while effective for content delivery, often fails to cultivate the problem-solving, creativity, and collaborative skills necessary for
professional conservation practice. This study investigates the application of problem-based learning (PBL), grounded in constructivist pedagogy,
within a course titled Conservation Practices. Grounded in action research methodology, the study combines theoretical analysis of constructivist principles with empirical evaluation of PBL’s efficacy. Over a semester, students worked in teams or single to address real conservation dilemmas, mirroring the complexities they would encounter in professional practice. Data was collected through structured reflections and post-course surveys from a purposively selected cohort of 21 graduates who completed the training. Qualitative feedback was analyzed using MAXQDA software to identify emergent themes, including skill development, confidence in decision-making, and perceived relevance of the pedagogical approach. The findings demonstrate that PBL enhanced students’ technical proficiency, critical thinking, decision-making confidence, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Thematic analysis confirmed strong alignment between PBL and constructivist outcomes, particularly adaptive expertise and metacognitive awareness.

The conservation of structural and historical integrity in historic cities is a major challenge due to urban growth. Changes in integrity and the loss of authentic historical context have led to a decline in the city's historical identity. This study looks at integrity within the historic areas of Qazvin, focusing on the Rāh-Rey, Khandaq-Bār, and Khīābān neighborhoods. We developed key evaluation indicators based on conservation principles and theories, applying them at both neighborhood and broader levels. The methodology included archival research, historical maps and images from 1918 to today, and field surveys to track spatial and structural changes. The findings show that changes in urban structure have disrupted historical identity and continuity, especially along key historical pathways. The study concludes that strengthening structural integrity and protecting authentic values are vital for balancing heritage preservation with ongoing urban development.