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Showing 4 results for Bakhshandehfard
Study of Technology and Corrosion in two Bronze daggers belongs to Second Millennium BC, excavated from Garu Archaeological site
Hamidreza Bakhshandehfard, Sedighe Taheri,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Special Issue 1.1 2017)
Abstract
The objects of the study are two bronze daggers dated back to the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. They lack any ornaments and there is corrosion and oxidation in their surface. The purpose of this study is to recognize the technological and pathological research on the mentioned objects through comparative and pathological studies and library method, to conduct the technological and pathological research through laboratory method (wet chemistry, radiography, metallography, metal core elemental analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), analysis of corrosion by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to identify the metal and making techniques and to determine the types of damage, and finally to perform the conservation and restoration of the these objects through the conservation plan.
After studying and conducting experiments mentioned, it was determined that the material of the objects was bronze with carbonate and chloride corrosion. The making methods in these objects is casting and hammering. They were recognized to belong to the Iron Age.

Technical Study and Damage Assessment of a Bronze Vessel from the Samavi Collection at the Esfahan Museum of Decorative Arts
Hossein Farahmand Boroujeni, Hamidreza Bakhshandehfard,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Special Issue 1.1 2019)
Abstract
Each alloy, depending on its constituent metallic elements, manufacturing process, and degradation mechanisms, exhibits unique characteristics. Studying the structure and composition of museum metal artifacts assists researchers in identifying similarities and differences among objects based on various criteria, contributing to a better understanding of the evolution of historical-cultural artifact production techniques. Additionally, such studies enable the identification of internal and external causes and conditions of alloy degradation, paving the way for preventive measures to mitigate or halt deterioration. This research focuses on the technical study and damage assessment of a bronze vessel from the Samavi Collection at the Esfahan Museum of Decorative Arts. Data collection was conducted through library research, and the analogical method was employed for comparative studies. Furthermore, experimental methods including chemical tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and radiography were applied to the artifact. This article examines the role of each of these methods and critiques the analogical approach in comparative studies. Based on the results, the artifact is attributed to the region spanning Luristan to Syria and dated to the 7th to 8th centuries BCE. Additional findings include the approximate composition of the artifact’s elements, the use of molding and hot-working techniques in its production, and the identification of carbonate deposits.

Technological Recognition and Damage Study in One of the Three Bronze Rods Excavated from Tehran-Qarchak Pardis Tepe Cemetery
Hamid Reza Bakhshandehfard, Hosna Rabeie,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
The cemetery of the Pardis Tepe, located in Qarchak of Tehran province, is a valuable historic landmark of the Iron Age which has been discovered in the excavations of these bronze wire objects. Despite the historical importance of the metal objects discovered in Tehran, no independent research has been carried out on the metal objects obtained from this site, in terms of technological and pathological aspects, using laboratory and methodological methods. The aim of this paper was to study a bronze rod found in Tepe Pardis, in terms of species and application, regarding technical questions about elemental combinations and the method of making and technological position of the study area. For this purpose, instrumental analysis methods such as AAS, SEM-EDS were used to identify the alloying technique, the chemical composition of the alloy, and metallography to identify the manufacturing method. Historical studies of the object attributed it to the Iron Age. Based on elemental data analysis, the composition used to make copper-tin alloy objects (bronze) and microstructure analysis by metallography, these objects were made by continuous thermal / mechanical operations. Depending on the results of the XRD test, cuprite, malachite and nantokite compounds were identified in corrosion products. Due to the significant presence of Nantokite, it can be said that the object has active corrosion.

Studying the Method of Making and Comparative Analysis of Motifs and the Time Period of Creation a Marionette Belong to the Kashan Doll and Toy Museum
Tahereh Hajizadeh , Hamidreza Bakhshandehfard, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouyi ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Puppets are one of the elements of performing arts, which were used by puppeteers to perform shows since ancient times. Today, these works are known as valuable historical, cultural and artistic heritage. The Kashan Puppet and Toy Museum keeps one of the oldest collections of puppets that contain valuable historical, artistic and technical information. In this article, due to the importance of knowing the materials and manufacturing techniques, and the aesthetic features of these works, the study conducted on a sample of historical doll "Furash" from the mentioned museum has been studied by performing comparative studies and laboratory investigations. For this purpose, the study of the introduction of motifs used in doll clothes, materials and manufacturing methods, as well as determining the approximate age of a doll sample from this museum was studied. The studied doll is the 150-year-old "Furash" doll from Nayin and Ardakan regions. To achieve the goal, historical and comparative studies of the doll were done. Historical studies and a comparative comparison of the doll with the sample of the Qajar era witness, as well as technical investigations on other materials of the work, as well as the identification of its fabric and motifs, and the volume of the doll's head and its surface painting, prove that the work in question belongs to the Qajar period. The parts of the work, including the fabrics used in the clothes, motifs and volume creation of the doll's head and its surface painting, were compared with the examples of the Qajar period. The results showed that the desired marionette is a simple type that the artist made from the traditional wood pulp in the Qajar period along with different fabrics, some of which were among the imported goods of the Qajar period.

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