Showing 13 results for Type of Study: Review Article
Zari Khedmati,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Numerous challenges exist regarding the balance and interaction between the tangible needs of cultural heritage and the contemporary and future demands of societies. In the past, each of these domains functioned within separate management systems, following their own organizational paths. Today, however, addressing shared challenges and needs requires the integration of systems and the development of a comprehensive management framework that safeguards cultural heritage—as a testimony of our history and identity—while aligning with present societal requirements and future-oriented urban development. This integration aims to expand political, cultural, social, and economic dimensions within a shared benefit framework. Governments today, with a comprehensive view of cultural heritage as a public common good, are striving to protect heritage and prevent its neglect and disappearance. Consequently, there is a growing need for harmonizing management systems and adopting an integrated heritage management model within institutional structures. The interdependence and convergence of heritage preservation and heritage tourism have led to the emergence of the integrated heritage management approach within the heritage management field, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and development of both heritage and society. In Iran, the concept of integrating management systems remains unfamiliar and has caused significant damage to cultural heritage. Learning from global management experiences and understanding the local context for adapting such approaches can effectively support heritage conservation efforts. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method based on document and literature studies, aims to introduce and emphasize the necessity of an integrated management approach to heritage systems. The objective is to highlight the impact of integrated management on the safeguarding of cultural heritage.
Kaveh Bahramzadeh, Davoud Asadollahvash Aali, Najmeh Khatoun Miri,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Haj Saleh Bathhouse, located in the historical fabric of Saqqez city, dates back to the Zand period. Its entrance is situated in the city's traditional bazaar. The construction style of the building is Isfahani and features unique stucco decorations. One of the notable and significant stucco reliefs in the bathhouse is the hunting scene, which has undergone extensive deterioration. This relief consists of three layers: two lime-based layers and one paint layer.
In this study, through laboratory examination, the materials used in the stratigraphy of the relief were technically identified. Subsequently, the deterioration patterns affecting the artwork were analyzed. The conservation and restoration process of the hunting scene is also detailed: following mechanical and chemical cleaning, delaminated areas were consolidated using an injection method. A slurry made from dental gypsum combined with 5% Plextol in water was injected with the aid of a pillow (bladder) technique to reattach and strengthen the lifted layers.
The missing parts were reconstructed using a mixture of gypsum and 5% Plextol, followed by chromatic reintegration with watercolors to match the surrounding areas and faded pigments. Finally, the entire artwork underwent final consolidation using 5% Plextol solution.
Tahereh Shishehbori, Hossein Ahmadi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Among the artistic and historical works of the Islamic era, architectural inscriptions hold a special place due to their connection with architectural spaces, and they have consistently garnered the attention of specialists and experts. These valuable works, created using various materials, are inevitably subject to damage over time. The protection and restoration of inscriptions have long been a significant concern within the conservation community. Despite numerous conferences, congresses, and the development of various principles and theories in the field of restoration, comprehensive guidelines for this valuable category of written works remain elusive. This gap has led to confusion and the application of inconsistent methods in addressing these works. In this research, the focus is on the restorations carried out on the inscriptions of several buildings in the historic city of Yazd. Specifically, the study examines how the principles of restoration and their theoretical foundations have been applied in the conservation of these inscriptions. Given the prominence of calligraphy and handwriting in these works, the existing principles can serve as a valuable framework for their restoration. The findings of this research indicate that the absence of clear criteria and comprehensive principles for the restoration of such works has caused confusion within the conservation community. As a result, some restorations have been carried out based on subjective preferences or, at times, incorrect methods. This study employs an analytical research method, drawing on library sources and field studies to investigate the topic.
Shaiba Khadir, Parastoo Naeimi Taraei,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Given the nature of the chloride ion and its tendency to penetrate the inner layers of the metal, paying attention to it in the field of protection of metal artifacts is of great importance. In this article, the effect of the attacking chloride ion on historical copper and silver-based metals has been discussed, and according to the results of a long-term research project on the pathology of metal artifacts in Iran, various examples of artifacts affected by chloride attacks have been briefly presented and compared. In conducting corrosion studies in the aforementioned project, X-ray imaging, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, and wet and instrumental analysis methods (EDX, XRD, PIXE) were used to analyze the corrosion process. According to the studies conducted, severe pitting corrosion with progressive conditions was observed in the works of the Rasht Museum, as well as corrosion of the tin-rich phase and its simultaneous release as oxide compounds in many of the mirrors in this museum, which in many cases had a starting point under surface sediments when local conditions were provided. This process in the works in museums in southern Iran with high humidity conditions and with chlorides concentrated in the corrosion products has caused the loss of the metal core in many of the works obtained from Hormuz. The concentration and crystallization of chloride in the corrosion layers and the attacks caused by it in the works of the dry regions of Iran, despite periodic humidity or uncontrolled storage conditions after excavation, is the cause of the loss of the metal core of many of the works obtained from Sites such as Sarm, Qoli Darvish, and Sialk have been affected by chloride attacks through different mechanisms, from chloride penetration into the oxide layer to the dissolution and removal of copper from the outer layers. Silver artifacts obtained from different sites have also been affected by chloride attacks, due to the presence of horn silver chloride compounds (Sialk), severe local corrosion (Hormoz), and intermittent copper deposition and the deposition of its chloride salts (Teppeh-e-Hisar).
Hamid Fadaei, Azita Mirzaye,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
This study investigates and evaluates emergency conservation methods at the Chogha Zanbil archaeological site, focusing on the conservation of excavated features including shafts, shallow grids, and architectural remains. The primary objective of these interventions was to Conservation of Excavated Remains against environmental factors such as moisture, erosion, and gradual decay, either temporarily or over extended periods. The research methodology involved field observations, assessment of available materials, and reference to previous conservation practices at the site. The use of crushed gravel and sand with a variable grain size between 2 and 20 millimeters was recommended for backfilling trenches and shafts. Care was taken to avoid impurities such as gypsum, anhydrite, and various sulfates, which could contribute to the formation of soluble salts and damage the archaeological features. The protective coverage of shafts, networks, and the exposed brick platform was implemented in a phased manner, based on their depth and archaeological significance. For deeper shafts, stratified layers of gravel and soft soil with appropriate compaction were employed, while shallow grids were covered with a thin layer of gravel followed by backfilling with excavated soil. Special attention was given to the conservation of the inscribed brick platform, which was protected using a base layer of fine sand. The findings indicate that the use of natural materials combined with scientifically informed and experience-based approaches can be effective in the temporary or long-term conservation of excavated features in archaeological sites.
Mehdi Razani,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
The Behistun Inscription, one of the most significant historical documents in the world, was commissioned by Darius the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE. In 1844, Henry Rawlinson, a British orientalist, along with two others, inscribed their names on this monument. While Rawlinson's identity is well-documented, the identities of his two companions, Captain James Felix Jones and Mr. A. Hector, have remained obscure. This article, through the examination of historical sources and archival records, seeks to uncover the identities of these two individuals. Captain Jones, a distinguished officer of the Indian Navy and a renowned cartographer, participated in numerous exploratory missions across the Middle East and played a pivotal role in producing detailed maps of the border regions between Iran and the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, Mr. Hector, whose name is only recorded as Hester beneath the inscription and in all written sources, has no available information beyond his association with Rawlinson. He likely served as a researcher or scientific companion during this expedition. This research demonstrates that the collaboration of these three figures marked a significant step in deciphering the Behistun Inscription and advancing the fields of archaeology and Middle Eastern history, highlighting the efforts of renowned experts in this historical and cultural endeavor.
Abdullah Nasrollahi ,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Since ancient times, the issue of registration in various areas of life has always been with mankind. Registration is a cultural issue and is considered a reflection of various cultural areas of mankind. Every work left by man in the past, whether it was in the form of an image or a line, reflects and illuminates a world of material and spiritual information and knowledge like an honest mirror without any pretense or imperfection. The characteristic of all registered subjects throughout history has been their "value and importance" for greater permanence and transmission to the periods ahead of them, and this transfer of value to future generations continues today. In the field of cultural heritage and the protection of historical buildings and cities, the issue of registration is very valuable and important. A noteworthy point in this field is the relevance of re-registration of values. Because we re-register the material or spiritual work registered during the creation period so that it is protected and subject to legal protection and public attention, and most importantly, in the process of sustainable development and handed down to future generations. This article, which is the result of objective observations and library and document studies, describes in an analytical-descriptive manner the nature and importance of registration and how the relationship between registration and value, conservation, and sustainable development is defined. Another goal of this article is to examine the role of registration in the protection of cultural heritage values and its place in the sustainable development process.
Hamid Fadaei, Majid Ayasi , Parisa Babar Shams Mogouei, Masoud Bater, Kazem Borhani-Ahang, Elahe Khakbaz Alvandian, Mohammad-Saeid Saedi , Roozbeh Shamseh, Reza Sheykh-Al-Eslami, Majid Oloumi , Mahdi Koliaei, Nahid Harati-Ardestani , Reza Hormehr , Soheila Zakavi ,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Archaeological excavations at the ancient site of Haft-Tepe commenced in the winter of 1965 under the direction of Dr. Negahban and continued for fourteen seasons until 1978. These excavations led to the discovery of a significant assemblage of architectural remains and diverse historical artefacts. Among the finds were various ceramic vessels and objects, a collection of clay tablets, seals and seal impressions, a range of bronze artefacts, numerous fragments of painted mud plaster, coffins, stone objects, clay busts, as well as decorative items such as necklaces, plaques, glass vessels, and bone tools. A considerable portion of these artefacts is today preserved in the Haft-Tepe Museum. In response to the quantity and importance of the discoveries, the idea of establishing a museum adjacent to the archaeological site was raised during the second season of excavations. Construction began in 1970 and, upon completion, the museum was inaugurated in the spring of 1973. With the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980, the museum was closed; part of its prominent collection was transferred to Tehran, while other objects remained in situ. In the spring of 2001, research and conservation activities were resumed under the auspices of the Chogha Zanbil - Haft Tepe Cultural Heritage Base. One of the first major undertakings during this period was the reorganisation of the museum’s collection, carried out in collaboration with graduate students of conservation from the University of Art, Esfahan. In this process, artefacts that had previously been kept in unsuitable and scattered conditions were collected, classified, recorded, documented, and systematically arranged. This initiative laid a crucial foundation for the long-term preservation and safeguarding of the invaluable heritage of Haft-Tepe.
Atefeh Shekofteh, Hossein Ahmadi, Mehdi Yazdi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (6-2019)
Abstract
The number of historical open-air sites built of stone are relatively limited in comparison to the other historical artificial in Iran, but these sites include great significance in terms of value, historic and their knowledge of past. Since these stone poen-air sites are generally about two thousand years old, they have been exposed to decay factors for a long time. Many information and data on the types of decay factores and their patterns are scattered in the articles and books generally available in English which their access to experts in the field of conservation and restoration is limited. In this study, we attempted, through purposeful data from research on the open-air sites and monuments, to effectively address all aspects of the deterioration of carbonate sedimentary stones which constitute the majority of Iran’s sites. In this way, using library references, environmental factors and common decay patterns in similar climate and industrial conditions are discussed. It has become clear from studies that, contrary to the impression, “environmental factors” are not only the factors in the deterioration of sedimentary stones, but also the physical and chemical properties of the stone (Intrinsic problems) are also very important in the term of decay. Among the chemical and physical decay factors, chemical factors in deterioration are more important because the lead to the dissolution or alteration of the nature of the stone.
Mehdi Razani, Leyli Nemani Khiyavi ,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
This research investigates methods for conservation, restoration, and reinforcement of the Urartian inscription of Seqindel. It also aims to propose feasible recommendations for improving the preservation and stabilization conditions of the inscription and consequently, the historical site itself. The Seqindel inscription was discovered in 1951 CE near the village of Seqindel, beside a complex archaeological site. It stands as a significant artefact from the Urartian era in northwest Iran, dating back approximately 2750 years. Stone inscriptions are inherently vulnerable to environmental factors that can lead to deterioration. To address this concern, the research incorporates structural studies, pathology assessments, and analyses of the inscription's current condition. The results indicate that priority should be given to emergency stabilization and consolidation to prevent the collapse of the inscription, followed by practical measures for ongoing protection, and finally, preventive conservation. Considering the inscription's location approximately 2 kilometers from the village of Saqindel, the following key recommendations are proposed for its preservation and promotion: 1) Community participation in protection efforts, 2) Tourism enhancement and deterrence of unauthorized excavations, 3) Road construction for improved accessibility,4) Site access and signage development, 5) Natural stone staircase construction, 6) Design and insulation of informative signage, 7) Vegetation revitalization in the adjacent valley.
Somayeh Noghani, Razieh Jafari, Parnia Modarresi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Red mineral pigments, including minium, vermilion and ocher, have historically been some of the most important and widely used colors ranges in painting, gilding, tabulation and marking verses. This color spectrum in the artworks from previous centuries has shown acceptable stability, with its brightness well-preserved. The preparation of color, as one of the most a significant tools for artists, has long been an important issue, leading to the documentation of color preparation methods in book design in book design treatises. Minium processing is mentioned as a red pigments in three treatises: Umdeh al-Kottab, Bayan al-Sana, at and Qanun al-Sovar. In the current research the text of these treatises were reviewed, and a comparative study of minium identified in a number of illustrated manuscripts from the Safavid period was carried out using colorimetric method. Initially for this purpose, in the first step, minium was mixed with specific ratios of vermilion to prepare red color tables based on minium. Eight samples of selected miniatures from Safavid period illustrated manuscripts (including 5 illustrated manuscripts from the National Museum of Iran) and 17 prepared color samples were subjected to spectral and color analysis using a spectrophotometer. The color difference values of the prepared samples and the historical samples were then calculated. The results indicate that there is an acceptable color difference between the prepared colors and the historical samples. Therefore, this method can be used in the reconstruction and homogenization of the red spectrum resulting from the minium pigment.
Anisa Shiri , Hamid Fadaei, Leila Razavi, Mostafa Rakhshandehkhoo, Mohammad Reza Alikhah, Zeinab Mohtasham,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Stone structures are susceptible to weathering and erosion over time, necessitating the identification and elimination of damaging factors to ensure their preservation. This research focused on diagnosing the damage to the tomb of Xerxes located at the historical site of Naqsh-e Rostam through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing library research, field observations, laboratory analyses, and geological studies. Petrographic studies revealed that the rocks comprising the tomb belong to the Seruk Formation. The sedimentary sequence within this formation exhibited thick and light-colored limestone layers. Utilizing the geophysical technique of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), two major fractures were identified along the boundaries of the tomb. These fractures predominantly followed north-south and east-west orientations. The intersection of these fracture sets, combined with the layering surfaces, resulted in the development of dissolution phenomena, leading to the formation of dissolution holes and cavernous porosity on the structure. Additionally, field studies investigated the presence of plants and cyanobacterial lichens on the tomb.
Talhe Ghodousiyan, Mehdi Razani, Amir Hossein Mehdikhani, Arash Keshtkar, Ali Kh Mirzaie, Alireza Mansouri, Ali Akbar Kiaei , Hossein Shirazi , Mustafa Dehpahlavan, Abdolbasir Hosseinbor,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2024)
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformative tools in preserving, analyzing, and representing cultural heritage and arts. This article provides a systematic and comprehensive review of AI applications in this domain, exploring their potential to address longstanding challenges such as natural degradation, limited accessibility, and complex documentation. By integrating classical and advanced ML algorithms, we examine case studies including the Time Machine Europe project, the Ithaca model for ancient Greek texts, and metaverse-based heritage digitization. These initiatives demonstrate AI’s capacity to enhance precision, speed, and interactivity in heritage tasks, from virtual reconstruction to multimodal data analysis. However, limitations such as data quality, ethical concerns, and computational complexity pose significant barriers to widespread adoption. Emerging technologies like non-fungible tokens (NFTs), prompt engineering, and quantum AI are highlighted as future directions that promise further innovation. This study underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical frameworks to ensure sustainable advancements, offering a roadmap for researchers and policymakers in the digital era.