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Showing 23 results for Stone
Reproduction of the Inscriptions of the Portal of the Hasan Pādshāh Complex in Tabriz
Alireza Amiri Baghbadorani , Leyli Nemani Khiyavi, Mehdi Razani,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Reliefs and Inscriptions are among the most important historical documents, serving as carriers of diverse narratives, such as wars, victories, conquests, notable events, or memorials. These artifacts provide a direct and transparent expression of a certain historical moment. Over time, understanding the durability of stone, humans have recorded events on this precious material using various techniques. This practice began with primitive depictions on natural rocks; and evolved into elaborate carvings designed to document contemporary events. Early inscriptions, often executed on natural rocks, using scripts such as cuneiform; gradually along with development of skills and tools, they developed into detailed and artistic engravings, taking the form of decorative inscriptions or reliefs. This article presents a new transcription of the stone on the portal of the Hasan Pādshāh Mosque and School Complex, located in the central district of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province, in Sahib-al-Amar Square, within the UNESCO-listed Tabriz Covered Bazaar. The inscription, carved into a stone surface dating back to the late 8th century A.H., features Thuluth script and has suffered damage due to various factors over time. The most important questions of the research are: What is the content of the inscription on the portal of Hasan Padshah Complex, and what information does it convey? What changes have occurred to the inscription over time? How can the transcription of the inscription be conducted to retrieve the maximum amount of information?  To address these questions, historical and archeological studies, were complemented by fieldwork, and advanced documentation methods, including photogrammetry and digital design of the inscription text. Following these steps, a re-reading of the inscription text, along with an analysis of the changes it has undergone over time, was achieved.

Investigation and Analysis of the Technical Methodologies Employed in Creating Stone Reliefs at the Persepolis World Heritage Site Through 3D Modeling and Image Processing
Mohammad Reza Rokni, Hamid Fadaei , Marjan Keyfargir ,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Persepolis, as one of Iran's most prominent archaeological sites, symbolizes the grandeur of the Achaemenid Empire's culture and art. The stone carving art and architectural ornaments of this era, drawing from the experiences and knowledge of various cultures, created a novel and artistic style that is evident in the stone reliefs of Persepolis. Due to the delicacy and precision of these reliefs, they have attracted the attention of many researchers, raising questions about their artistic values and execution methods. This study aims to analyze the execution techniques of Persepolis' reliefs by documenting examples of these reliefs on the eastern staircase of Apadana Palace and the northern staircase of the Treasury Palace. To document and create 3D models of the reliefs, advanced photogrammetry methods, with a particular emphasis on photo-scanning technology, were employed. Images were processed using specialized software such as Agisoft, 3D Zephyr, and Reality Capture. The results of this study reveal a part of the creation process of these artworks that has been less explored until now. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the photogrammetry-based documentation method in extracting precise technical and artistic data is confirmed. This method not only enables a more detailed analysis of the reliefs' intricacies and geometric proportions but also contributes to a deeper understanding of their artistic values and their place in the history of art. This approach can serve as a valuable model for future research in the field of documenting and extracting technical and artistic data from historical stone reliefs.

 
Research Paper The Major Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Erosion of Stone Materials in the Cultural Heritage Sites of the Marvdasht Plain
Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (2-2025)
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the major challenges of modern life, exacerbating environmental crises, particularly in developing countries, and posing a serious threat to cultural heritage. Marvdasht, due to its ongoing development, is among the regions facing this issue. The presence of numerous historical sites registered on national and world heritage lists has made the impact of air pollution—especially considering the region's industrial expansion—a significant concern for cultural heritage specialists. This concern is further amplified by the presence of limestone-based stone heritage sites, such as the UNESCO-listed Persepolis and the Naqsh-e Rostam historical complex. These monuments, composed primarily of calcite, are highly susceptible to direct and indirect erosion and degradation caused by acid rain. This research aims to identify the sources of air pollutants in the region and assess their impact on the erosion of cultural heritage and stone monuments. Through a review of theoretical sources, field investigations, and laboratory analyses, the major sources of air pollution in the Marvdasht plain were identified and evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. To measure the impact of air pollution, air samples were collected from Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam as key stone heritage sites, as well as from the Marvdasht Petrochemical Complex, the primary pollution source in the area. The concentrations of NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and NH₃ in the air samples were measured using ion chromatography and stoichiometric calculations. The findings of this study indicate a high potential for pollutant-induced damage in the region.

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