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The First Museological Approach to Carpets in Iran
Shokoufeh Mesbahi,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
The Golestan Palace World Heritage Collection serves as the premier reference for the study of Qajar-era carpets. The carpets within this collection can be classified into various categories based on dimensions, design, pattern, region of production, material composition, age, and historical period. A significant number of these carpets, particularly the large-format ones, were commissioned works. Among them, the carpet presented by Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar is of particular importance due to the distinctive manner in which it was conserved and displayed, representing the first museological approach to carpets in Iran. The research methodology combined library and field studies focusing on the carpets of Golestan Palace, the Abdul Hamid carpet, and the White Palace (Kakh-e Abiyaz), alongside an analysis of visual and documentary materials available at the Golestan Palace Documentation Center.

Damaging Environmental Factors to Zilus in Meybod Museum
Faezeh Asaadi ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Zilu, a traditional mat characterized by a firm texture, smooth surface, and lint-free quality, has origins predating Islam. The warp and weft used in Zilu weaving are typically made of cotton and dyed with natural materials. The unique weaving techniques and patterns distinguish Zilu from rugs and other tapestries. This craft was registered on Iran's National Heritage List in 2011 (1390 in the Persian calendar) under registration number 246. Currently, a section of the Shah Abbasi Caravanserai in Maybod is dedicated to a museum showcasing Zilu. The Zilus displayed in the museum, some of which are approximately 500 years old, are often in poor condition and highly susceptible to damage from environmental factors such as moisture, dust, air pollutants, light, and temperature fluctuations. This study is based on the premise that dust, influenced by the local climate, is a primary factor contributing to the deterioration of Zilus in Maybod. The research aims to identify harmful environmental factors affecting the museum's Zilus and propose methods to mitigate their damaging effects. The primary objective is to enhance the preservation of these historical and cultural artifacts. The current storage conditions in the museum are inadequate, and the continuation of these conditions could result in irreparable damage to these valuable objects. The study seeks to identify environmental factors causing damage to the museum's Zilus through comprehensive environmental monitoring. Data were collected from library research, field observations, and laboratory analysis, employing both empirical and analytical methods. Field studies focused on monitoring the museum's environmental conditions and comparing them to international standards. The findings indicate that the museum's environmental conditions are substandard, with dust and temperature fluctuations identified as significant contributors to deterioration. Notably, human factors were found to cause the most substantial damage.

A Report of Technological and Pathological Factors, and Presentation of a Conservation Proposal for the Preserved Kaaba Curtain at the Qasr-e Ayeneh va Roshanaei Museum, Yazd
Mona Montazeri Hedesh, Seyyedeh Haniyeh Ghavami Masouleh,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Textiles, akin to other organic materials, possess significant historical and cultural backgrounds. Their conservation and restoration have consistently been among the most critical concerns for specialists in this field, particularly in recent decades. This heightened focus on conservation may be attributed to the cessation of production for certain types of textiles in recent years—textiles that also hold considerable cultural heritage. Given their organic nature, textiles are rarely encountered in archaeological findings and have consequently received less attention compared to other artifact categories.This research focuses on developing a conservation proposal for a section of the entrance curtain (parde) of the Kaaba, an artifact of considerable cultural, political, social, and artistic significance. Through investigating the raw materials of this artifact and proposing an appropriate methodology for preserving its current structure, this study aims to both document its structure and safeguard this precious intangible heritage. Furthermore, it seeks to propose a suitable strategy for the preservation and presentation of such artifacts, thereby contributing to the preservation of shared artistic, intellectual, and cultural values among nations. Utilizing a comparative study and laboratory analyses via SEM and FTIR, various technological aspects of the artifact were examined. Subsequently, by identifying deteriorating factors and existing damages, a tailored conservation proposal commensurate with the artifact's condition was formulated. As this fragment is an intricately worked piece from the entrance curtain of the Kaaba, and one of eleven fragments donated to Iran over many years, it is hoped that this proposal can serve as a guideline for the conservation and restoration of other existing fragments of this artifact housed in other museums.

Executive Methods for the Conservation and Restoration of a Termeh Textile Attributed to the Late Qajar or Early Pahlavi Era
Seyyedeh Elahe Alavi Dehkordi, Mehernaz Azadi Boyaghchi,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Given the significance of historical artifacts, the approach and provision of strategies for extending their lifespan are of paramount importance. To undertake a correct and appropriate intervention, commensurate with the condition of the artifact, a comprehensive understanding of the damaged object's state, as well as thorough knowledge of executable conservation and restoration methods, are essential. In this regard, with the aim of introducing executable conservation and restoration methods, a rectangular-shaped Termeh textile sample—measuring 75 cm (minimum) by 79 cm (maximum), featuring a dark blue (sormeh) background with a repeating boteh (paisley) motif and framing—was studied, conserved, and restored. This project, titled "Executive Methods for the Conservation and Restoration of a Termeh Textile Attributed to the Late Qajar or Early Pahlavi Era," involved a piece from a private collection. The research methodology employed was both library and field research. Ultimately, based on the damages identified on the artifact, two methods—stitching and adhesive treatment—were utilized for its conservation and restoration.

Preparation Methods for Storage and Display of Hats in an Ethnographic Clothing Collection
Maryam Askari Arami, Mohammad Taghi Ashouri, Shahrazad Amin Shirazi, Fatemeh Alimirzaei,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Accessories such as hats are integral components of traditional attire, and undoubtedly, hats rank among the most significant elements of historical and local clothing for both men and women. The diversity and variety of clothing accessories, including hats, preclude the application of a single, universal solution for their care. Improper display or storage of these items—due to folding, environmental contaminants, unsuitable temperature, dust, inadequate lighting, etc.—can cause severe and irreversible damage, altering their structure and form. A tailored approach to conservation, display, and storage, considering each hat’s material, form, and specific vulnerabilities, is crucial for their preservation. Moreover, systematic storage and appropriate display methods can protect hats from numerous degrading factors. This article describes the procedures performed on hats from an ethnographic collection, culminating in the implementation of a conservation plan for these artifacts. The plan included surface and mechanical cleaning, structural stabilization, and provided recommendations for optimal storage and display of the collection.

Analytic and Comparative Study of Physical-Historical Changes in Haj Rajab Ali Mosque in Tehran City
Arezu Feizolahbeigi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract

 ‌‌Haj ‌‌Rajab ‌‌Ali ‌‌mosque ‌‌is ‌‌one ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌historic ‌‌buildings ‌‌in ‌‌Tehran ‌‌city, ‌‌made ‌‌in ‌‌Qajar ‌‌era. ‌‌Despite ‌‌being ‌‌prominent ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌has ‌‌not ‌‌been ‌‌studied ‌‌very ‌‌carefully. ‌‌The ‌‌existing ‌‌literature, ‌‌shows ‌‌informationonly ‌‌about ‌‌the ‌‌current ‌‌status ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌construction. ‌‌Most ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌obtained ‌‌from ‌‌these ‌‌researches ‌‌isn’t ‌‌consistent ‌‌with ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌historical ‌‌documents ‌‌of ‌‌different ‌‌periods, ‌‌especially ‌‌in ‌‌terms ‌‌of ‌‌physical ‌‌form, ‌‌and ‌‌there ‌‌are ‌‌contradictions ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌shape, ‌‌time, ‌‌and ‌‌also ‌‌the ‌‌date ‌‌of ‌‌construction ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌In ‌‌this ‌‌regard, ‌‌the ‌‌present ‌‌study ‌‌examines ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌The ‌‌main ‌‌purpose ‌‌of ‌‌this ‌‌research ‌‌is ‌‌to ‌‌study ‌‌the ‌‌historical ‌‌developments, ‌‌in ‌‌particular ‌‌from ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌viewpoint ‌‌in ‌‌different ‌‌periods ‌‌to ‌‌determine ‌‌the ‌‌time ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌origin ‌‌and ‌‌the ‌‌course ‌‌of ‌‌changes. ‌‌For ‌‌this ‌‌purpose, ‌‌a ‌‌qualitative ‌‌research ‌‌method ‌‌has ‌‌been ‌‌used ‌‌with ‌‌a ‌‌descriptive-analytical-comparative ‌‌approach. ‌‌Data ‌‌collection ‌‌method ‌‌is ‌‌document ‌‌studies, ‌‌field ‌‌surveys ‌‌and ‌‌interviews.

Unlike ‌‌some ‌‌sources, ‌‌findings ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌research ‌‌showed ‌‌that ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌belongs ‌‌to ‌‌Mohammad ‌‌Shah ‌‌Qajar ‌‌period. ‌‌Also, ‌‌unlike ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌in ‌‌sources ‌‌the ‌‌inscription ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌doesn't ‌‌show ‌‌the ‌‌date ‌‌of ‌‌end ‌‌of ‌‌construction ‌‌and ‌‌shows ‌‌that ‌‌the ‌‌completion ‌‌process ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌continues ‌‌after ‌‌this ‌‌date. ‌‌Data ‌‌analysis ‌‌showed ‌‌that ‌‌physical ‌‌form ‌‌of ‌‌building ‌‌has ‌‌not ‌‌been ‌‌changed ‌‌from ‌‌completion ‌‌time ‌‌to ‌‌mid ‌‌-1960s. ‌‌Arial ‌‌photo ‌‌interpretation ‌‌determines ‌‌that ‌‌most ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌occurred ‌‌from ‌‌end ‌‌of ‌‌1960s ‌‌to ‌‌mid ‌‌1980s ‌‌which ‌‌protruded ‌‌heterogeneous ‌‌functions ‌‌to ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌The ‌‌results ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌research, ‌‌through ‌‌analysis ‌‌and ‌‌interpretation ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌data, ‌‌which ‌‌are ‌‌scientifically ‌‌and ‌‌legally ‌‌legit, ‌‌have ‌‌been ‌‌able ‌‌to ‌‌chronologically ‌‌correct ‌‌the ‌‌changes ‌‌and ‌‌help ‌‌to ‌‌redesign ‌‌the ‌‌changes ‌‌and ‌‌course ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌physical-historical ‌‌modifications ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building, ‌‌which ‌‌is ‌‌effective ‌‌in ‌‌resolving ‌‌the ‌‌ambiguities. ‌‌Finally, ‌‌combination ‌‌and ‌‌analysis ‌‌of ‌‌data ‌‌obtained ‌‌from ‌‌the ‌‌historic ‌‌maps ‌‌and ‌‌Arial ‌‌photos ‌‌data ‌‌led ‌‌to ‌‌definition ‌‌of ‌‌four ‌‌main ‌‌steps ‌‌in ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌which ‌‌also ‌‌defines ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌authenticity ‌‌of ‌‌different ‌‌parts ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building.


A spectral imaging examination of cultural artifacts: study of three historical artifacts from Great museum of Khorasan
Ehsan Harati, Mahmoud Bakhtyari Shahri ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Reflection and fluorescent imaging techniques play a very important role in conservation of cultural heritage. Visible images are the best tool to register and inspect an art work in the absence of it. Nowadays modern digital camera facilitate this process. Additionally, ultraviolet (UV) images are a good tool to analyse painting surface layer and investigate the conservation state of objects. Also, UV florescent reveals information about chemical nature of varnish, pigments, restoration treatment and retouches. This technique is fast, inexpensive and in-situ. In current paper, we investigated the potential of ultra-violet fluorescence and visible reflectance technique to investigate the current conservation state of an oil painting and two manuscripts. The apparent characteristics of the work were examined and recorded by image of Visible light and image of fluorescence. The Florence image has patched up areas that have lost their color or identified areas that had been restored, so the Florence image, in the absence of a history of the effect, gives a clear picture of the condition of the previous restoration and the damage done to the painting. Also, in examining a historical-cultural version, it was possible to identify the areas that had been biologically attacked. Examination of another manuscript with ultraviolet fluorescence radiation showed that the red color used in the prescription is probably a discolored pigment.

Evaluation of Nano Zinc Oxide Treatment for Conservation of White Poplar Wood (Populus alba L.) Against Photochemical Weathering
Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei, Hossein Ahmadi, Kambiz Pourtahmasbi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Wood is an organic material which has been used for manufacturing of different historic relics. There are many historic wooden relics in open air spaces under effect of environmental factors. Weathering and its photochemical decay is one of the most important degradation factors of these relics in dry and semi dry climates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different procedures for conservation of these relics. Nano Zinc Oxide characteristics were studied as a conservation treatment for wood against photochemical weathering. Samples were prepared from White Poplar (Populus alba L.) as a widely used wood in historic relics of Iran. Specimens were treated with Nano Zinc Oxide suspension in isopropanol by surface treatment. Specimens were artificially weathered regarding to ASTM 2565-99 in 300, 800 and 2000 hours as three time levels. Samples were analyzed by evaluation of mass loss, pH measurement, Colorimeter, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Results showed that the treatment does not prevent aesthetical change of wood appearance in weathering process although the alteration was not severe. The treatment reduces weathering effects but does not prevent its structural degradation. During the time and under effect of weathering, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles will lose their function as ultraviolet absorbent due to chemical reactions with wood structures and first degradation products. Therefore, its efficiency won’t be enough in long term period.

Synthesis of Titanium Nano-particles and Studying Surface Resistance of Cyrus Tomb’s Carbonated Stones
Morteza Heidari, Ali Asghar Fahimifar, Mohammadzaman Kasaei,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
In this study, cheap nanoparticles with the highest hybrid similarity were introduced to increase the surface resistance of ancient Pasargadae (Cyrus Tomb) rocks. As result, the kind of mineral of thin section of sample was detected as calcite and grainstone texture. The physical features of the sample indicated a high porosity. In order to achieve a high compatibility of the intended Nano materials, some powder of the sample was used as pre-material through Mechanical Grinder. After preparation of the powder, Nano material was prepared due to sol-gel method. Calcium Titanate blurs with the phase of Perovskite and Titanium dioxide with the phase of Anatase have been detected as XRD. These compounds were confirmed by FT-IR. The size of spherical and oval blurs prepared in the scale of Nano was confirmed by SEM. The existence of common elements such as Calcium, Titanium, Oxygen and Carbon was detected as EDX spectrometer. In this experience, Ethanol was used as solvent. In 4 hours, the gained Colloidal dissolved was added on the surface of the stone by the capillary specific. So as to module the resistance of the sample, the coated surface was examined under the abrasion test. Along with these experiments, all the levels for pre-material lime were done. The results show a relative improvement in the surface resistance of the sample rock. Meanwhile, there wasn’t any remarkable change in the case of the color of the sample.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Plant Essential Oils on Biodeteriogenic Microorganisms of Cultural Heritage
Azam Aliasghari Veshareh , Parisa Mohammadi,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
The beneficial effects of plant essential oils (EOs) have been known for a long time and now they are used in various fields such as medicine and aromatherapy as well as in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the last few years, the use of plant EOs has been noticed against biodeterioration of cultural heritage, which represents a powerful resource of green conservation strategies. This research aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of 3 essential oils of rosemary, eucalyptus and thyme on 5 fungal strains, including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium polonicum, Cladosporium limoniform, Penicillium chrysogenom, Parengyodontium album, and 3 bacterial strains including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Kocuria rosea isolated from deteriorative areas of Jamé Mosque of Isfahan. The results showed that among the used EOs, thyme EO had the greatest antimicrobial effect on the selected microorganisms. This EO in 50% dilution prevented the growth of the tested microorganisms. Eucalyptus EO showed the lowest antimicrobial effect. This EO did not show any antimicrobial effect on Penicillium chrysogenum. However, eucalyptus EO was effective on the tested bacterial strains with the diameter of non-growth zone of 25, 28 and 15 mm on Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Kocuria rosea, respectively. According to these results, thyme EO can be potentially used to control the biodeterioration of cultural heritage.

The Clay Relief of the Konar Sandal Site in Jiroft: A Study on Preservation and On-Site Conservation
Hamid Fadaei, Azita Mirzaye ,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
The Southern Mound of Konar Sandal, situated in the Halil River basin, is one of the most significant prehistoric sites in the Jiroft plain. Among the notable discoveries at this site is a life-sized clay relief positioned within a recessed, doorway-like feature in a large room. This relief, recognized as the oldest known example of a monumental clay relief integrated with architecture in the Middle East, dates back to the third millennium BCE. Since its discovery in 2006, its conservation has posed significant challenges for experts. The history of illegal excavations in the region and the lack of adequate infrastructure for permanent protection and maintenance of the site have exacerbated these challenges, leading to occasional proposals to transfer the artifact to a museum. The primary research question focuses on identifying an appropriate approach for the on-site conservation of the clay relief. Using both library-based research and fieldwork, this study gathered information related to the site and the relief, documented environmental factors contributing to its deterioration, and analyzed the data. The findings indicate that the current protective cover is inadequate. Environmental conditions, particularly moisture rising from the soil containing soluble salts, significantly accelerate the relief's erosion and the deterioration of its surface paint layers. Based on these findings, the study provides recommendations for optimizing the conservation of the relief.

Preparation of an Antimicrobial Green Tissue for the Conservation of Historical /Cultural Works
Samera Salimpour Abkenar, Reza Mohammadi Ali Malek,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Nowadays, preparing a natural, non-toxic, low-cost, and biodegradable substrate called “Green sheet” is one of the new approaches to Nano sciences and biotechnology. Green sheets have multiple functions in various industries such as food packaging, preparation of wound dressings, hospital clothes, drug delivery systems, perfumery, antiperspirant, antimicrobial, and insect repellent, and they have found a special position. One of their unique applications is the use of cultural heritage, such as conservation in the restoration of ancient works, and historical documents, packaging and transportation of historical objects, and making traditional dolls and embroidery. In this study, a natural sheet was prepared using unreelable cocoons through degumming, opening, and finishing processes in the presence of a natural crosslinking agent and the well-known pad-dry-cure method. Tea tree and oregano plant oils were applied to achieve an antimicrobial property. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans through qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that the silk sheet had good resistance against the mentioned microorganisms.

Investigation of Environmental Condition Parameters in the Preservation of Glass plate Photographic Works
Sahar Noohi, Manijeh Hadian Dehkordi,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
This research is an exploration of the environmental conditions for preserving photographic glass plates in storage and how environmental parameters influence each other. Understanding the extent to which environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, pollutants, and light can interact with one another—and recognizing that they cannot be assessed independently—can play a critical role in establishing suitable environmental conditions for these works, especially photographic glass plates. Based on conducted studies, photographic glass plates are subject to serious damage risks similar to other visual artworks and sometimes even more so. Given the historical and artistic value of these pieces, as well as their potential utility as documents providing valuable information, it becomes clear why preventive conservation measures for this category of artifacts are vital, especially considering that treatment and restoration processes can be extremely challenging or even impossible.The aim of this research is to introduce standard and appropriate environmental conditions for the preservation of photographic glass plates.The content presented in this article results from studies and observations derived from reviewing relevant literature on the topic while also taking into account the condition of existing works within collections dedicated to glass-based photography. This study identifies appropriate environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels, and permissible pollutant thresholds for this category of artworks. Additionally, it examines how these various environmental parameters relate to one another and affect each other’s impact. At the same time, it addresses ways to control these environmental factors and prevent certain damages that may occur when suitable conditions are not maintained.

Investigating and Technical Studying of Advertising Paintings at the Entrance of Cinemas
Saeedeh Namdar,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Promotional cinema facade paintings were created in the early 1950s to attract audiences to cinemas. With the advent of digital printing technology in the 1980s, these paintings lost their prominence and gradually fell into oblivion. Over time, they have become historical artifacts that require preservation and restoration. This study aims to identify the materials used in cinema facade paintings. The research employs a descriptive methodology, utilizing classical chemical laboratory techniques, digital and polarizing microscopes, and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the paintings consist of three layers: support, base, and pigment. The support layer is made of cotton and fabric fibers, and silk is used in restoration efforts. The base composition includes gypsum, calcite, and white lead, while the pigments contain compounds such as white lead, calcite, Prussian blue, and black iron oxide.

A review on the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in deacidification of easel paintings
Mehdi Razani, Mitra Taghizadeh ,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Historical canvas paintings are subject to many destructions due to their age. Among these damages, environmental pollution such as moisture, light, atmospheric pollution, biological pollution and vandalism can be mentioned. The settling of SO2 and SO3 gases in the air next to the humidity on the paintings causes acidification of the canvas, which in addition to weakening the support of the painting, weakens the connections of the paint to the underlying layer and ultimately results in the deterioration of the work. Therefore, deacidification of painting canvas will be a serious and very effective measure to prevent the destruction of the work. The traditional methods of deacidification, which have been used until today, unfortunately left adverse effects on the work, such as dandruff and weighting of the painting fabric. With the advancement of technology and nanotechnology, new methods have been presented for deacidification of historical works, including cloth, wood and paper. The use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles makes it possible to spray materials in restoration operations. Due to the small size of nanoparticles and the lack of concentration of solutes on the surface of the effect and the high penetration depth due to the ability of nanoparticles to be absorbed by cotton fibers, it causes the high efficiency of nanoparticles compared to coarse particles. In this article, firstly, the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in deacidification of canvas painting canvas is investigated, then the methods and method of calcium hydroxide nanoparticle production, its stability and lifespan are discussed.

Conservation of Leather, Wood and Plant Fiber Works Found in Cheharabad Zanjan Mine
Narguess Afzalipour, Shahrazad Amin-Shirazi Nezhad,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Cheharabad Zanjan mine is one of the few ancient salt mines in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran that has evidence of salt extraction in a long period of time from about 500 BC to the modern era. According to the field research conducted so far in the explored area of the mountain of this mine, the mining activities related to the Achaemenid, Sassanid, Middle and Late Islamic periods have been proven. What has been done in this project is the result of a year of group effort by experts during the solar years of 1398 and 1399 in order to protect, maintain and restore a valuable collection, uncovered from Cheharabad mine in Zanjan. Leather bag, fur-leather gloves, skins, and leather shoes are among the prominent objects of this collection. Following the decisions made by the managers of the exploration in this historical mine, some of the uncovered objects were selected for preparation and presentation in a joint exhibition between the National Museum of Iran and the Bochum Mining Museum with the title "Death in the Salt Mine, an Archaeological Narrative from the Land of Pars". became in order to present various works in this exhibition, it was necessary to study and protect them with the aim of checking the conditions of the works, necessary protective measures and carrying out preparatory operations for the safe display of the works in the exhibition. 33 leather objects, 23 wooden objects, 7 plant fibers (rope) and 4 animal remains were studied and preserved. The work process includes examination and documentation, chemical tests, examination of surfaces with a digital microscope, biological tests, cleaning, softening, finding parts, cconsolidation and fixing, Retouching, strengthening, removing the label and renumbering and packaging. It has been fixed. Considering the nature of the selected collection, the purpose of working on them has been to identify and discover the final state and introduce them as museum objects rather than the works that previously only had study value by recognizing their use as unique museum objects. protected and displayed. The small number of organic works among the findings of archaeological excavations in Iran increases the importance of the correct and principled preservation of these unique objects.

Note: the Challenges of Preserving and Restoring Historical Coins in Private Collections
Shiba Khadir,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Historical coins, as invaluable material documents, not only hold financial significance but also serve as vivid evidence of the history, culture, art, and economy of past civilizations. In Iran, with a rich heritage spanning over 2,500 years, coins play a pivotal role in reconstructing national and cultural identity. However, the preservation and restoration of these historical treasures, particularly in private collections, face numerous challenges. Addressing these challenges requires collaboration and a sense of responsibility among collectors, conservators, and governmental institutions. Raising awareness and providing education on scientific methods of preservation and restoration, along with fostering trust between
conservators and collectors, are essential strategies for safeguarding this valuable heritage. The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts (MCTH) and the Research Centre for Conservation- Restoration of Cultural Relics (RCCCR) can play a significant role by offering specialized training and necessary support. Ultimately, historical coins, as an integral part of national and cultural identity, require meticulous and responsible preservation, maintenance, and study to endure as a lasting legacy for future generations.

Recovering the Structure and Function of the Ancient Building of Kooh Khajeh Fortress Based on Archaeological Documents and Field Studies
Sara Sedghi, Nima Valibeig , Vahid Pourzarghan,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Sistan is one of the population centers in southeastern Iran. This region is located near the Iran-Afghanistan border and is home to monuments from the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid periods, which have attracted the attention of numerous archaeologists. Kooh Khajeh Fortress, the only natural feature in this vast plain, boasts a collection of monuments dating from prehistoric to Islamic times. Historical documents indicate that during the Parthian Empire, a palace with ritual and religious functions was established on the slopes of Kooh Khajeh, transforming this area of Sistan into one of the worship centers for Zoroastrians. This structure, known as Rostam Castle until around 1500 AD, has also been referred to as Gondafreh Palace, Gaspar Palace, Se-mogh Palace, and more recently as Kafaroon Castle or "Kohan Dezh."Due to the complexity of its various historical layers and the lack of research in this area, many parts of the Kohan Dezh monuments, located on the hillside of Kooh Khajeh, remain unknown. The primary focus of this study is to survey these monuments based on archaeological documents, field studies, and available evidence. The research aims to recover the physical structures of the building through structural reconstruction, as they are undergoing changes and destruction. The necessity of this research is underscored by the limited number of studies conducted on this site. This research employs a descriptive-historical and field-based methodology. The results of the study reveal that the palace's structure includes extensions added after its initial construction. These additions have led to the loss of the building's original form and structure, disrupted the proper movement system, and obscured the architectural decorations characteristic of Sassanid architecture.

Management Planning for the Protection of Historical Sites (Case Study: the Historical City of Istakhr Fars, Iran) Using the SWOT Strategic Model
Hassan Khosravi Khaftari, Hossein Ahmadi , Mohammad Hassan Talebian,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The management planning for the conservation of historical sites is a very complicated matter due to the extent and complexity of the issues of a historical site. Various international charters such as the Bora Charter, the planning models of Marta Demas, Bernard Fielden, Michel Salvian, Michael Pearson and Yuka Yukhelto have provided guidelines in this regard. Additionally, there are standard and more general models for planning a collection; among them,  strategic method and the SWOT analysis are notably important. In this research, the following basic questions are raised: What is the importance of planning the management of the conservation of historical sites and what is the appropriate way for formulating such plans? This research is considered a developmental and practical research in terms of its purpose. The method of solving the problem in the form of "hypothetical-deductive" is considered in conducting this research. The theoretical framework of the research is based on three different categories of information including: international charters, global experiences and standard planning models. In the following, information regarding the studied site (the ancient city- site of Istakhr) has been presented. Finally, using the analytical model (SWOT), the main policies for conservation planning of the site, such as determining zone and introducing them to the public and communication with the community has been introduced as the main needs of the site. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the management planning of historical sites as a management tool and a key expertise in the field of cultural heritage conservation.

Challenges in the Restoration of the Historical Dezful Bridge: An Examination of the Diversity of Approaches and Their Impact on the Historical Value of the Structure
Hani Zarei , Zahra Zahrabi , Zainab Zahrabi ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The Dezful historical bridge, a prominent example of Sassanid architecture in the city, is characterized by its stone foundations and unique structural features. This research explores the restoration and reconstruction methods applied to the spans of the Dezful historical bridge, with a focus on preserving the structural authenticity over time. The research method is historical-interpretive, with data collection through both library and field research. The findings indicate a wide variety of restoration and reconstruction techniques employed throughout history. The key research question is: What is the diversity of restoration methods for the foundations of the Dezful historical bridge, and how have these methods impacted the bridge's structural authenticity and historical value over time? Notable techniques include the use of simple cement coatings, brick patterns, plaster and lime coatings with brick patterns, and a combination of stone and brick materials. Additionally, the types of stones used in the reconstruction show variations in appearance, texture, dimensions, and arrangement. This diversity in reconstruction methods has resulted in an inappropriate visual appearance for the bridge's structure, negatively impacting its authenticity and historical value. The research concludes that the lack of a unified restoration approach may diminish its significance as a key symbol of the Sassanid period, emphasizing the need for greater attention to consistency in restoration practices and the preservation of the building’s original features.

 
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