The pathology of pottery works is considered one of the most fundamental pillars of conservation and restoration, as understanding the damage will pave the way for its preservation and restoration. Pottery works are generally more stable than many other materials found in archaeological excavations. However, when these works are buried in inappropriate conditions and unfavorable factors, they can suffer from significant damage. Without proper care in their protection, the result may be complete deterioration of the pottery. Damage to ceramic bodies occurs in two forms: Physical and chemical, along with mechanical factors, can accelerate these processes. In the pathology of clay bodies, it is essential to identify the origins and causes of these damages to implement the effective treatments aimed to enhance the longevity of the ceramics., In the pathology of clay bodies, we can refer to cracks, fractures, crystallization of various salts, damages from firing processes, biological damages, stains, delamination, and more. This research, will provide an overview of the most prevalent damages of clay bodies and the factors that cause them, and the relationship between the formation of one type of damage and its influence on the emergence of other damages. Recognizing these connections can inform more effective methods for the protection and restoration of pottery artifacts.

Environmental factors have a key role in increasing the durability of documented and written heritage. Therefore, in order to create favorable environmental conditions in archives and libraries, it is necessary to determine the goals related to environmental management to meet the preservation needs of these collections; and protective measures (to prevent or slow down the process of deterioration of materials) in these institutions should be planned and implemented. The most important environmental factors affecting the durability of library and archive collections include temperature, relative humidity, light, airborne particles, chemical gases, and biological factors. Control and regulation of these factors is the most cost-effective way to increase the useful life of collections. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental conditions continuously, by recording and processing the data. In this study, the requirements, optimal scope, and preventive protection measures contained in some standards and guidelines for the protection and  maintenance of archival and library materials have been investigated. The aim is ensuring the safe preservation of materials and objects sensitive to deterioration. It seems that physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms depend on temperature and humidity which affect the collections in different ways. So, it is impossible to find a safe temperature and humidity range for all collections. Establishing international standards should be recognized as
a long-term strategy that helps to raise the quality of protection processes and improve resource protection knowledge. Based on the studies and experiences gained, the permissible limits can be determined which depend on the material's physical condition, its proper durability over time, and the environmental conditions of storage during the historical period.

On the slopes of Mount Rahmat, located in the southern section of the Throne of Persepolis, between it and the unfinished tomb attributed to Darius III, lies a complex of structures architecturally similar to those situated on the throne itself, sharing the same axis with a deviation of 20 to 25 degrees westward. This complex, known as the Barzan-e Jonoobi, comprises eight separate structures interconnected by designed pathways and corridors and generally features columned halls and porticos. The measures taken to address various climatic challenges in this area, such as managing the slope of the land,
controlling floods from the mountains, establishing order in the form and structures, access routes, and passageways, as well as architectural and urban design elements, reflect the application of urban planning and design knowledge in its development. Unfortunately, after initial excavation and a few preliminary conservation efforts, the structures in the Barzan-e Jonoobi site have been left unattended. The predominant material used in this area is Mudbrick, and the lack of ongoing maintenance has led to the deterioration and decay of these mudbrick structures. The inherently unstable nature of these mud brick structures highlights the importance and necessity of continuous preservation and maintenance of this valuable site. Therefore, in this study, after examining the factors causing damage, a conservation plan was proposed within the framework of a comprehensive protection plan. This plan aims to reduce the rate of erosion and address the damages caused by the identified harmful factors. The research methodology employed in this article is applied and field-based in terms of its purpose and approach, and the data were analyzed qualitatively based on logical reasoning. Data collection tools included library research (note-taking, maps, sketches) and field methods (observations, interviews, photography).

Caucasus is the region between the Caspian and Black seas. The Caucasus Mountains divide it into northern and southern parts. The North Caucasus is a part of Russia where has seven autonomous republics and two krais. From the east, the republics are: 1- Dagestan, 2- Chechnya, 3- Ingushetia, 4- North Ossetia, 5- Kabardino-Balkaria, 6- , Karachay-Cherkessia, and 7- Adygea, and the krais are Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai. South Caucasus also includes 3 countries, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. This text describes a research trip to Derbent, Dagestan. The goal was to find and prepare identity card from Persian inscriptions and some buildings with inscriptions in this city. Derbent is a small coastal city that was separated from Iran by the Golestan Treaty. This city has 150 registered artifacts and about 100 Persian inscriptions (Pahlavi and Dari Persian) from the Sassanid, Safavid, and Qajar periods. Juma Mosque in Derbend, after Narin Castle and Hesar, is the most important heritage work in the city of Derbend, which has always been
the focus of regional governments, so it has valuable inscriptions from the Mongol, Turkish, Arab and Iranian governments. The mosque's 1330-year-old age, as well as its architectural style, were the criteria for registering this valuable work under the Derbend World File in UNESCO.

The "Illustrated Atlas of Pathology of Historical-Cultural Textiles" by Fatemeh Alimirzaei and Shahrzad Aminshirazi is specially designed for conservators,
restorers, students, museum curators, and collectors handling different categories of textiles. The book is divided into three chapters, addressing the pathology of historical textiles from three perspectives: physical-mechanical, chemical, and photochemical. However, the distinction of photochemical from chemical is rejected as unjustified since photochemical reactions are a subtype of chemical reactions induced by photons. A more suitable third type could be biological effects, which involve harm inflicted with the help of living organisms, including microbes, rodents, and insects.

The idea behind the principle of sustainability - which has shaped the entire body of contemporary conservation ethics- is to consider future users when making decisions and interventions. This principle tries to prevent extreme decisions based on taste and prejudice or interventions based on current knowledge. Ethical principles such as "reversibility" and "least intervention" have been shaped by different theoretical approaches and are widely used in conservation literature today. However, these fundamental principles, as influential variables in ethical and technical decision-making, have become a subject of debate and criticism in contemporary conservation thought. The aim of the present study is to address these criticisms from the perspective of sustainability in contemporary conservation by using the method of "deconstruction". Deconstruction is a critical thinking that examines variables in detail with the aim of showing gaps and contradictions. Having a critical approach means examining the causal relationships of issues and revealing what has remained hidden. Therefore, deconstruction does not want to destroy the truth, but rather restores it. Therefore, this research aims to reveal challenges such as the "subject of conservation", "reasons", "objectives" and "method" that have made the ethical principles of conservation contradictory, opaque and sometimes impossible, and also to criticize and deconstruct the principles that were accepted as axiomatic and unquestionable in classical conservation, trying to denaturalize what has always been natural. The present study has gone to the deconstructionist approach in order to examine the criticisms because it believes that with the deconstructionist approach, firstly, the real thing or, in other words, the "thing in itself" in the sense of pure truth, independent of human perception and senses, does not exist; secondly, theorists such as Marcuse (1988) and Nietzsche (1992) believe that what is known as truth within a culture is a form of communication and social peace contract between people. All moral standards are created by specific conditions (such as culture) and are solely related to these conditions. In this thinking, awareness of indeterminacy and uncertainty is the most real characteristic and truest characteristic of cultural and artistic phenomena. An issue in which moral standards and valuation do not remain in the monopoly of fixed principles and predetermined functions and roles and do not accept a fixed definition, but rather act as a fluid and changing factor in their cultural and situational context. The result is that contemporary ethics, with greater flexibility. Ethics are not applied as static and mechanical principles at the time of intervention, but are prepared to face unpredictable behavior by "adaptation" and "compatibility" and are considered as added values, that is, they are not mandatory in any case and can be ignored depending on the circumstances. Ethical principles and criteria such as minimal intervention, reversibility in interventions, similarity of materials and conservation techniques to the original part.

Historic urban fabrics and architectural heritage are subject to a wide range of international charters and conventions that establish guiding principles for conservation, restoration, documentation, reconstruction, and cultural tourism. Foundational documents such as the Venice Charter, the Nara Document on Authenticity, UNESCO conventions, and the Burra Charter emphasize concepts including authenticity, integrity, accurate documentation, and the responsible use of heritage resources. In practice, however, the implementation of these principles has become increasingly complex due to factors such as physical deterioration, natural hazards, restricted accessibility, and the growing pressures of mass tourism.
In recent years, advances in immersive digital technologies have introduced alternative approaches to addressing these challenges. Among them, the Metaverse understood as a three-dimensional digital environment integrating Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) has gained attention as a platform for experiencing, documenting, and interpreting cultural heritage. Unlike conventional visualization or presentation tools, Metaverse-based environments allow users to engage with heritage spaces interactively and remotely, often through digital avatars, thereby expanding possibilities for access and interpretation beyond physical constraints.
Although immersive technologies have been increasingly employed in heritage-related projects, their relationship with the normative frameworks defined by international heritage documents has not been sufficiently examined. Existing studies tend to focus on technical capabilities or user experience, while questions of compatibility with established conservation principles remain underexplored. This study seeks to address this gap by examining how Metaverse-related capabilities correspond to the requirements articulated in international charters and conventions concerning historic environments.

Persepolis is a symbol of the glory and grandeur of ancient Iran. Persepolis is located next to the Marvdasht Plain and at the foot of Mount Rahmat in Fars Province, located in the city of Marvdasht, Iran. Unfortunately, the excessive extraction of groundwater in the Marvdasht Plain to provide water for agriculture has caused subsidence in this plain. Considering the importance of protecting ancient and historical monuments, it is important to investigate the extent of subsidence of the Marvdasht Plain within the Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam World Cultural Heritage Site in order to assess its impact on possible damage to this site. Calculations indicate widespread subsidence of the Marvdasht Plain with a maximum rate of 22.6 cm per year. Also, the results of the calculations indicate the expansion of subsidence of the Marvdasht Plain towards Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam in recent years. On the other hand, changes in the subsidence rate near these ancient monuments are significant. In order to preserve and protect these valuable ancient monuments, measures to combat the destructive effects of subsidence on them and sustainable management of the region's groundwater resources are proposed to prevent the subsidence of the Marvdasht Plain.