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Showing 220 results for Type of Study: Research, Original, Regular
Conservation and Restoration of a Decorative Zari-Baft Fabric with Termeh Borders
Mina Kakoei, Mahshid Kakoei,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
This paper examines a case study of a zari-baft (brocade) fabric with termeh borders, which had sustained damage such as tears and fiber deterioration due to improper use and suboptimal storage conditions. The fabric, utilized as a tablecloth, exhibits intricate details in the weave of its base material, termeh borders, and golabatoon douzi (gold-thread embroidery). Given the vulnerabilities of the silk base and borders, its restoration requires specialized approaches. This article outlines the treatment process—including cleaning, lining, and reconstruction of stitches—following a detailed introduction of the artifact.

The First Museological Approach to Carpets in Iran
Shokoufeh Mesbahi,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
The Golestan Palace World Heritage Collection serves as the premier reference for the study of Qajar-era carpets. The carpets within this collection can be classified into various categories based on dimensions, design, pattern, region of production, material composition, age, and historical period. A significant number of these carpets, particularly the large-format ones, were commissioned works. Among them, the carpet presented by Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar is of particular importance due to the distinctive manner in which it was conserved and displayed, representing the first museological approach to carpets in Iran. The research methodology combined library and field studies focusing on the carpets of Golestan Palace, the Abdul Hamid carpet, and the White Palace (Kakh-e Abiyaz), alongside an analysis of visual and documentary materials available at the Golestan Palace Documentation Center.

Damaging Environmental Factors to Zilus in Meybod Museum
Faezeh Asaadi ,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Zilu, a traditional mat characterized by a firm texture, smooth surface, and lint-free quality, has origins predating Islam. The warp and weft used in Zilu weaving are typically made of cotton and dyed with natural materials. The unique weaving techniques and patterns distinguish Zilu from rugs and other tapestries. This craft was registered on Iran's National Heritage List in 2011 (1390 in the Persian calendar) under registration number 246. Currently, a section of the Shah Abbasi Caravanserai in Maybod is dedicated to a museum showcasing Zilu. The Zilus displayed in the museum, some of which are approximately 500 years old, are often in poor condition and highly susceptible to damage from environmental factors such as moisture, dust, air pollutants, light, and temperature fluctuations. This study is based on the premise that dust, influenced by the local climate, is a primary factor contributing to the deterioration of Zilus in Maybod. The research aims to identify harmful environmental factors affecting the museum's Zilus and propose methods to mitigate their damaging effects. The primary objective is to enhance the preservation of these historical and cultural artifacts. The current storage conditions in the museum are inadequate, and the continuation of these conditions could result in irreparable damage to these valuable objects. The study seeks to identify environmental factors causing damage to the museum's Zilus through comprehensive environmental monitoring. Data were collected from library research, field observations, and laboratory analysis, employing both empirical and analytical methods. Field studies focused on monitoring the museum's environmental conditions and comparing them to international standards. The findings indicate that the museum's environmental conditions are substandard, with dust and temperature fluctuations identified as significant contributors to deterioration. Notably, human factors were found to cause the most substantial damage.

A Report of Technological and Pathological Factors, and Presentation of a Conservation Proposal for the Preserved Kaaba Curtain at the Qasr-e Ayeneh va Roshanaei Museum, Yazd
Mona Montazeri Hedesh, Seyyedeh Haniyeh Ghavami Masouleh,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Textiles, akin to other organic materials, possess significant historical and cultural backgrounds. Their conservation and restoration have consistently been among the most critical concerns for specialists in this field, particularly in recent decades. This heightened focus on conservation may be attributed to the cessation of production for certain types of textiles in recent years—textiles that also hold considerable cultural heritage. Given their organic nature, textiles are rarely encountered in archaeological findings and have consequently received less attention compared to other artifact categories.This research focuses on developing a conservation proposal for a section of the entrance curtain (parde) of the Kaaba, an artifact of considerable cultural, political, social, and artistic significance. Through investigating the raw materials of this artifact and proposing an appropriate methodology for preserving its current structure, this study aims to both document its structure and safeguard this precious intangible heritage. Furthermore, it seeks to propose a suitable strategy for the preservation and presentation of such artifacts, thereby contributing to the preservation of shared artistic, intellectual, and cultural values among nations. Utilizing a comparative study and laboratory analyses via SEM and FTIR, various technological aspects of the artifact were examined. Subsequently, by identifying deteriorating factors and existing damages, a tailored conservation proposal commensurate with the artifact's condition was formulated. As this fragment is an intricately worked piece from the entrance curtain of the Kaaba, and one of eleven fragments donated to Iran over many years, it is hoped that this proposal can serve as a guideline for the conservation and restoration of other existing fragments of this artifact housed in other museums.

Executive Methods for the Conservation and Restoration of a Termeh Textile Attributed to the Late Qajar or Early Pahlavi Era
Seyyedeh Elahe Alavi Dehkordi, Mehernaz Azadi Boyaghchi,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Given the significance of historical artifacts, the approach and provision of strategies for extending their lifespan are of paramount importance. To undertake a correct and appropriate intervention, commensurate with the condition of the artifact, a comprehensive understanding of the damaged object's state, as well as thorough knowledge of executable conservation and restoration methods, are essential. In this regard, with the aim of introducing executable conservation and restoration methods, a rectangular-shaped Termeh textile sample—measuring 75 cm (minimum) by 79 cm (maximum), featuring a dark blue (sormeh) background with a repeating boteh (paisley) motif and framing—was studied, conserved, and restored. This project, titled "Executive Methods for the Conservation and Restoration of a Termeh Textile Attributed to the Late Qajar or Early Pahlavi Era," involved a piece from a private collection. The research methodology employed was both library and field research. Ultimately, based on the damages identified on the artifact, two methods—stitching and adhesive treatment—were utilized for its conservation and restoration.

Preparation Methods for Storage and Display of Hats in an Ethnographic Clothing Collection
Maryam Askari Arami, Mohammad Taghi Ashouri, Shahrazad Amin Shirazi, Fatemeh Alimirzaei,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (1-2020)
Abstract
Accessories such as hats are integral components of traditional attire, and undoubtedly, hats rank among the most significant elements of historical and local clothing for both men and women. The diversity and variety of clothing accessories, including hats, preclude the application of a single, universal solution for their care. Improper display or storage of these items—due to folding, environmental contaminants, unsuitable temperature, dust, inadequate lighting, etc.—can cause severe and irreversible damage, altering their structure and form. A tailored approach to conservation, display, and storage, considering each hat’s material, form, and specific vulnerabilities, is crucial for their preservation. Moreover, systematic storage and appropriate display methods can protect hats from numerous degrading factors. This article describes the procedures performed on hats from an ethnographic collection, culminating in the implementation of a conservation plan for these artifacts. The plan included surface and mechanical cleaning, structural stabilization, and provided recommendations for optimal storage and display of the collection.

Investigation of Restoration Methods of the Ma'raq Gold-Embroidered Curtain (Doureh Poush) of the Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)
Elahhe Sadat Talebi Moqaddam,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
The Ma'raq gold-embroidered curtain (Code 031) is among the exquisite artifacts dating back to the Qajar period, preserved in the collection of the Astan Quds Razavi. Due to the use of this precious artistic artifact in the Astan Quds Razavi complex, over time and under various factors, it has sustained diverse damages. To preserve this valuable textile artifact, its restoration was carried out in the Textile Restoration Workshop of Astan Quds Razavi. This article, with a brief overview of the technology and pathology of the gold-embroidered curtain (Code 031), aims to examine the restoration methods applied to it based on field studies.

Preparation of Accelerated-Aged Soiled Fabric Samples for Testing Detergent Quality in Textile Conservation
Mehri Ghobadi , Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Cleaning and washing of historical artifacts and textiles remain one of the most critical and challenging aspects of conservation and restoration. To evaluate the quality of detergents used in the conservation of historical textiles, laboratory samples are required. However, due to the unique characteristics of historical artifacts, existing standardized soiling methods are insufficient for researchers in this field. Therefore, this study aims to prepare artificially soiled cotton fabric samples subjected to accelerated aging. To achieve this goal, the type and amount of soiling were first determined, followed by monitoring and analyzing the degradation of samples during accelerated aging. The research methodology was based on analytical-comparative approaches, with data collected through experiments such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, tensile strength testing, equilibrium moisture content, electrical conductivity, color measurement, and pH assessment. The procedure involved preparing, soiling, and aging cotton fabrics, with degradation changes monitored and compared to those of clean samples. Results indicate that after approximately 700 hours of accelerated aging under elevated temperature and humidity (110°C and 90% relative humidity), the samples reached a relatively stable state in terms of degradation changes. This stability allows minor adverse effects of detergents to be clearly detectable. Thus, the minimum time required for aging and preparing laboratory samples of soiled fabrics is approximately 700 hours at 110°C and 90% relative humidity.

The Place of Traditional Restoration in the Conservation of Museum Carpets
Mona Soltani,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
with the entry of carpets into museums and private collections, their function changed, and new values such as historical and cultural significance were attributed to them. Gradually, they became subject to modern concepts of preservation and restoration. Many methods used for centuries by traditional restorers in repairing and maintaining carpets were deemed unnecessary for treating museum carpets. Consequently, most treatment decisions, guided by the principles of minimal intervention and reversibility, became synonymous with various stabilization techniques. Given the historical background and role of traditional restoration in the process of preserving and restoring damaged carpets from the past to the present, this question arises: Can museum carpets be conserved without considering the positive potentials of traditional restoration? Answering this question has always been one of the most important debates between advocates of traditional and modern restoration in the conservation of carpets with museum value. Accordingly, this article aims to precisely understand traditional restoration, its goals and duties, as well as its place in the conservation of museum carpets. This research is applied and based on library studies, collection and examination of case studies through field methods, and personal experiences. The results indicate that techniques commonly used in traditional restoration can play a significant role in treating museum carpets and ensuring their preservation and longevity. Moreover, there is a continuous professional relationship between traditional restoration and conservation. 

Designing a Storage System for the Textile Repository of the Anthropological Research Institute
Marziyeh Chelbi, Mohammad Taghi Ashouri, Shahrzad Amin-Shirazi-Nejad, Fatemeh Alimirzaei,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Storage facilities constitute a core element in the structure of any cultural, scientific, and research institution. Addressing their functions, optimizing their design, and equipping them to ensure the proper preservation of objects, as well as preventing damage and deterioration, is of paramount importance. The significance of storage facilities lies in the fact that the majority of objects and artifacts within a collection are preserved in storage. Consequently, these spaces must meet high standards of conservation and security and require continuous care and monitoring.This article examines, as a pilot case, the textile repository of the Anthropological Research Institute, which houses a large volume of textiles belonging to diverse Iranian ethnic groups and cultures, representing a collection of exceptional value and importance. The current storage facility is unsuitable for the preservation of this collection and requires redesign and renovation in line with the specific vulnerabilities of textiles and international preventive conservation standards. The ultimate aim of this study is to improve the storage conditions of the ethnographic clothing collection through a newly designed system that complies with these standards.The research methodology relies on a review of library resources and the findings of similar projects. Although deterioration is inevitable, particularly in sensitive objects such as textiles, implementing appropriate storage strategies and environmental control systems can significantly prolong the lifespan of these invaluable objects and slow down the process of degradation.

Review and Archiving of Historical Documents in Haft-Tepe Museum
Hamid Fadaei, Amirhossein Karimi, Anahita Oliaei,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
A portion of the historical documents related to the history of Haft-Tepe Museum and the general state of cultural heritage in the region is preserved within the museum building. Following the establishment of the Chogha Zanbil Cultural Heritage Research Office in the museum—which had been closed during the eight-year imposed war—the organization of the remaining research objects, as well as the old documents, became a priority. This collection primarily includes administrative letters (in Persian and English), visitor statistics, letters of introduction, old object inventories, personnel files of former staff, and registers of correspondence and attendance. The existing documents, dating from 1970 to 1981, were kept under inadequate conditions. The collection was reviewed and systematically organized in two stages during 2001 and 2003, which is the focus of the present article. These documents are significant as they reflect aspects of the museum’s history and events. Due to the fragility and deterioration of many items, they were categorized, catalogued, and initially examined before being placed in transparent plastic covers and archived in corresponding binders. Additionally, digital scanning and the recording of important correspondence were undertaken as part of the organization process. These measures have facilitated a deeper study of the museum’s past, its collections, and the status of regional cultural heritage in the years preceding the revolution and the onset of the imposed war.

Analytic and Comparative Study of Physical-Historical Changes in Haj Rajab Ali Mosque in Tehran City
Arezu Feizolahbeigi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract

 ‌‌Haj ‌‌Rajab ‌‌Ali ‌‌mosque ‌‌is ‌‌one ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌historic ‌‌buildings ‌‌in ‌‌Tehran ‌‌city, ‌‌made ‌‌in ‌‌Qajar ‌‌era. ‌‌Despite ‌‌being ‌‌prominent ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌has ‌‌not ‌‌been ‌‌studied ‌‌very ‌‌carefully. ‌‌The ‌‌existing ‌‌literature, ‌‌shows ‌‌informationonly ‌‌about ‌‌the ‌‌current ‌‌status ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌construction. ‌‌Most ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌obtained ‌‌from ‌‌these ‌‌researches ‌‌isn’t ‌‌consistent ‌‌with ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌historical ‌‌documents ‌‌of ‌‌different ‌‌periods, ‌‌especially ‌‌in ‌‌terms ‌‌of ‌‌physical ‌‌form, ‌‌and ‌‌there ‌‌are ‌‌contradictions ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌shape, ‌‌time, ‌‌and ‌‌also ‌‌the ‌‌date ‌‌of ‌‌construction ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌In ‌‌this ‌‌regard, ‌‌the ‌‌present ‌‌study ‌‌examines ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌The ‌‌main ‌‌purpose ‌‌of ‌‌this ‌‌research ‌‌is ‌‌to ‌‌study ‌‌the ‌‌historical ‌‌developments, ‌‌in ‌‌particular ‌‌from ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌viewpoint ‌‌in ‌‌different ‌‌periods ‌‌to ‌‌determine ‌‌the ‌‌time ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌origin ‌‌and ‌‌the ‌‌course ‌‌of ‌‌changes. ‌‌For ‌‌this ‌‌purpose, ‌‌a ‌‌qualitative ‌‌research ‌‌method ‌‌has ‌‌been ‌‌used ‌‌with ‌‌a ‌‌descriptive-analytical-comparative ‌‌approach. ‌‌Data ‌‌collection ‌‌method ‌‌is ‌‌document ‌‌studies, ‌‌field ‌‌surveys ‌‌and ‌‌interviews.

Unlike ‌‌some ‌‌sources, ‌‌findings ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌research ‌‌showed ‌‌that ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌belongs ‌‌to ‌‌Mohammad ‌‌Shah ‌‌Qajar ‌‌period. ‌‌Also, ‌‌unlike ‌‌the ‌‌information ‌‌in ‌‌sources ‌‌the ‌‌inscription ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌doesn't ‌‌show ‌‌the ‌‌date ‌‌of ‌‌end ‌‌of ‌‌construction ‌‌and ‌‌shows ‌‌that ‌‌the ‌‌completion ‌‌process ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌continues ‌‌after ‌‌this ‌‌date. ‌‌Data ‌‌analysis ‌‌showed ‌‌that ‌‌physical ‌‌form ‌‌of ‌‌building ‌‌has ‌‌not ‌‌been ‌‌changed ‌‌from ‌‌completion ‌‌time ‌‌to ‌‌mid ‌‌-1960s. ‌‌Arial ‌‌photo ‌‌interpretation ‌‌determines ‌‌that ‌‌most ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌occurred ‌‌from ‌‌end ‌‌of ‌‌1960s ‌‌to ‌‌mid ‌‌1980s ‌‌which ‌‌protruded ‌‌heterogeneous ‌‌functions ‌‌to ‌‌the ‌‌building. ‌‌The ‌‌results ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌research, ‌‌through ‌‌analysis ‌‌and ‌‌interpretation ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌data, ‌‌which ‌‌are ‌‌scientifically ‌‌and ‌‌legally ‌‌legit, ‌‌have ‌‌been ‌‌able ‌‌to ‌‌chronologically ‌‌correct ‌‌the ‌‌changes ‌‌and ‌‌help ‌‌to ‌‌redesign ‌‌the ‌‌changes ‌‌and ‌‌course ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌physical-historical ‌‌modifications ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building, ‌‌which ‌‌is ‌‌effective ‌‌in ‌‌resolving ‌‌the ‌‌ambiguities. ‌‌Finally, ‌‌combination ‌‌and ‌‌analysis ‌‌of ‌‌data ‌‌obtained ‌‌from ‌‌the ‌‌historic ‌‌maps ‌‌and ‌‌Arial ‌‌photos ‌‌data ‌‌led ‌‌to ‌‌definition ‌‌of ‌‌four ‌‌main ‌‌steps ‌‌in ‌‌physical ‌‌changes ‌‌in ‌‌the ‌‌building ‌‌which ‌‌also ‌‌defines ‌‌the ‌‌physical ‌‌authenticity ‌‌of ‌‌different ‌‌parts ‌‌of ‌‌the ‌‌building.


Recognition Studies in Conservation and Restoration of Historical Canvas-Marouflaged Murals
Yaser Hamzavi, Hosein Ahmadi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Murals are the main, media of human culture and civilization and the place and its long history in Iranian art is clear. There are specific forms of mural paintings in some Iranian architecture that are different from other usual wall paintings in materials, methods as well as implementation techniques. Unfortunately, these mural paintings are not studied certainly until now. Therefore, further investigation is needed due to the importance of this issue. Regarding to importance of necessity of art understanding before conservation, it is obvious that common conservation procedures on these relics (without appropriate understanding) have an inappropriate results on authenticity and integrity of the relics. Unfortunately, there is not adequate research about technology and conservation of these relics and related fields. Historical points, manufacturing and used materials, effects of technological problems, as introduction to conservation plan were main questions. The aim of this research is the identification of history of development, and used materials and techniques in these historic paintings by field and literature investigations. Technological understanding of this kind of murals during the time by application of literature review and data explanation. Due to low information in Persian, European Marouflaged Mural has been studied more than Iranian relics. The research subject and case studies are studied in a qualitative and descriptive research method and the subject is considered with ten historical and theoretical aspects. These paintings are executed on the layer of cloth (canvas) and then installed on the wall that is known as a part of the architecture arrays. This research at the first library study is conducted and then according to the results, the field studies are carried out and finally, the data are analyzed. Knowing the number of Marouflage according to literature review, the identification of constituent layers of Marouflage according to field studies, and Understanding the differences between a common wall Paintings and Marouflaged Mural in Iran, are the results of this paper. In this paper, the process of formation of this type of wall painting in Iran was studied and present examples of this method in Iranian architecture are introduced and explained. Some of the architectural interior surfaces are decorated by the textile painting by Marouflaged in Ilkhanid, Safavid and Quajar period; funerary monuments with polygonal plan have the most decorative surfaces such as Soltanieh Dome, Sheykh Safi mausoleum, Maryam church, Golestan palace and etc. According to studies, there was technical change in manufacturing process of large wall paintings and ceiling paintings at Renaissance period. It resulted to production of new kind of murals which known as Marouflaged Mural. The research obtained appropriate results about production, manufacturing, historical samples and effect of technological problems on conservation of Marouflaged Mural.

A spectral imaging examination of cultural artifacts: study of three historical artifacts from Great museum of Khorasan
Ehsan Harati, Mahmoud Bakhtyari Shahri ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Reflection and fluorescent imaging techniques play a very important role in conservation of cultural heritage. Visible images are the best tool to register and inspect an art work in the absence of it. Nowadays modern digital camera facilitate this process. Additionally, ultraviolet (UV) images are a good tool to analyse painting surface layer and investigate the conservation state of objects. Also, UV florescent reveals information about chemical nature of varnish, pigments, restoration treatment and retouches. This technique is fast, inexpensive and in-situ. In current paper, we investigated the potential of ultra-violet fluorescence and visible reflectance technique to investigate the current conservation state of an oil painting and two manuscripts. The apparent characteristics of the work were examined and recorded by image of Visible light and image of fluorescence. The Florence image has patched up areas that have lost their color or identified areas that had been restored, so the Florence image, in the absence of a history of the effect, gives a clear picture of the condition of the previous restoration and the damage done to the painting. Also, in examining a historical-cultural version, it was possible to identify the areas that had been biologically attacked. Examination of another manuscript with ultraviolet fluorescence radiation showed that the red color used in the prescription is probably a discolored pigment.

Technological Recognition and Damage Study in One of the Three Bronze Rods Excavated from Tehran-Qarchak Pardis Tepe Cemetery
Hamid Reza Bakhshandehfard, Hosna Rabeie,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
The cemetery of the Pardis Tepe, located in Qarchak of Tehran province, is a valuable historic landmark of the Iron Age which has been discovered in the excavations of these bronze wire objects. Despite the historical importance of the metal objects discovered in Tehran, no independent research has been carried out on the metal objects obtained from this site, in terms of technological and pathological aspects, using laboratory and methodological methods. The aim of this paper was to study a bronze rod found in Tepe Pardis, in terms of species and application, regarding technical questions about elemental combinations and the method of making and technological position of the study area. For this purpose, instrumental analysis methods such as AAS, SEM-EDS were used to identify the alloying technique, the chemical composition of the alloy, and metallography to identify the manufacturing method. Historical studies of the object attributed it to the Iron Age. Based on elemental data analysis, the composition used to make copper-tin alloy objects (bronze) and microstructure analysis by metallography, these objects were made by continuous thermal / mechanical operations. Depending on the results of the XRD test, cuprite, malachite and nantokite compounds were identified in corrosion products. Due to the significant presence of Nantokite, it can be said that the object has active corrosion.

Evaluation of Nano Zinc Oxide Treatment for Conservation of White Poplar Wood (Populus alba L.) Against Photochemical Weathering
Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei, Hossein Ahmadi, Kambiz Pourtahmasbi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Wood is an organic material which has been used for manufacturing of different historic relics. There are many historic wooden relics in open air spaces under effect of environmental factors. Weathering and its photochemical decay is one of the most important degradation factors of these relics in dry and semi dry climates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different procedures for conservation of these relics. Nano Zinc Oxide characteristics were studied as a conservation treatment for wood against photochemical weathering. Samples were prepared from White Poplar (Populus alba L.) as a widely used wood in historic relics of Iran. Specimens were treated with Nano Zinc Oxide suspension in isopropanol by surface treatment. Specimens were artificially weathered regarding to ASTM 2565-99 in 300, 800 and 2000 hours as three time levels. Samples were analyzed by evaluation of mass loss, pH measurement, Colorimeter, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Results showed that the treatment does not prevent aesthetical change of wood appearance in weathering process although the alteration was not severe. The treatment reduces weathering effects but does not prevent its structural degradation. During the time and under effect of weathering, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles will lose their function as ultraviolet absorbent due to chemical reactions with wood structures and first degradation products. Therefore, its efficiency won’t be enough in long term period.

Synthesis of Titanium Nano-particles and Studying Surface Resistance of Cyrus Tomb’s Carbonated Stones
Morteza Heidari, Ali Asghar Fahimifar, Mohammadzaman Kasaei,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
In this study, cheap nanoparticles with the highest hybrid similarity were introduced to increase the surface resistance of ancient Pasargadae (Cyrus Tomb) rocks. As result, the kind of mineral of thin section of sample was detected as calcite and grainstone texture. The physical features of the sample indicated a high porosity. In order to achieve a high compatibility of the intended Nano materials, some powder of the sample was used as pre-material through Mechanical Grinder. After preparation of the powder, Nano material was prepared due to sol-gel method. Calcium Titanate blurs with the phase of Perovskite and Titanium dioxide with the phase of Anatase have been detected as XRD. These compounds were confirmed by FT-IR. The size of spherical and oval blurs prepared in the scale of Nano was confirmed by SEM. The existence of common elements such as Calcium, Titanium, Oxygen and Carbon was detected as EDX spectrometer. In this experience, Ethanol was used as solvent. In 4 hours, the gained Colloidal dissolved was added on the surface of the stone by the capillary specific. So as to module the resistance of the sample, the coated surface was examined under the abrasion test. Along with these experiments, all the levels for pre-material lime were done. The results show a relative improvement in the surface resistance of the sample rock. Meanwhile, there wasn’t any remarkable change in the case of the color of the sample.

Characterization of Restorative Mortars for Application in The Pasargadae World Heritage Site
Parsa Pahlavan, Hamid Fadaei, Stefania Manzi, Maria Chiara Bignozzi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
In this study, considerations for design, characterization, and in-situ application of sustainable materials for restorative use in the Pasargadae world heritage site are discussed. Based on some prior studies on sustainable waste-based restorative mortars, air lime mortars were made from lime putty, mixture of stones from the site, and additive sesame oils. The mortar samples were characterized in terms of microstructure, carbonation rate, hydric properties, and durability. The characterization aimed at compatibility assessment of mortars with a real situation. Considering the variety of natural conditions parameters compared to the laboratory, the mortar samples were also characterized in the site conditions. The results suggested the laboratory characterization, if done properly, can provide a promising degree of representation for the field conditions.

Comparison of the Lead Isotopic Ratios in the Ancient Silver Mines of Iran and Provenance of Silver Vessels
Fereshteh Rahimi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
The geochemical information of the old mines such as lead isotopic ratios has a crucial role in understanding the origin of minerals, especially the evaluation of metal sources. This study was conducted to obtain a pattern or map of the geochemical information of Iran's lead, zinc and silver reserves. The previous studies on the provenance of Sasanian silver vessels from Quri Qaleh cave, showed the lead isotopic ratio of these vessels conformed to Nakhlak mine, but since these examinations were not done on other old silver mines, it was not possible to make a definitive conclusion. Today, in the archaeometallurgical studies and the determination of the origin, multicollector- inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (MC-ICP-MS) is used. And since these studies are done on a global scale and the obtained information is recorded in the world wide database, it is necessary to use a similar method to carry out these experiments until the obtained information can be compared with each other. As the measurement of isotopes of elements has many applications in various sciences, especially in geological studies, the analysis of lead isotopes is used for dating of ores, provenance of metals and defining a geotectonic environment for ore deposits. Therefore, the results obtained from these studies on the desired mines could be used to calculate the isotopic ratios of lead for provenance and the source determination studies. In this study, the lead isotopic ratios of some of the ancient silver mines in Iran were compared. Comparing the results of analysis of lead isotope ratios for a number of ancient silver mines in Iran showed that the difference in lead isotope ratios of lead, zinc and silver reserves in the zone and geological axes of Iran is such that it can be used in the origin of ancient metalworking sites that mainly contain lead, zinc and silver minerals.

Investigating Raman Spectroscopy for Studies in the Field of Cultural Heritage
Nazli Darkhal,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
Raman microscopy is a powerful, rapid, and non-destructive technique that enables chemical microanalysis and chemical imaging (chemical mapping). These features make Raman microscope an ideal and widely used tool in research and analytical laboratories. Raman analysis is based on the interaction of light with the chemical bonds of the sample and measures the spectrum corresponding to each point of the sample. The Raman signature is obviously dependent on the wavelengths of the excitation and reaction with the substrates. Therefore, each chemical compound has its own characteristic Raman spectrum, and in this way, qualitative and quantitative information can be obtained for each material. This instrumental analysis method, which is also considered non-destructive, can be perform the necessary
study on an object without the need for sampling. Therefore, it is a very suitable method for studying exquisite historical artifacts that are practically impossible to sampling, and today it is of great interest to art and history researchers. The use of this method in the field of cultural heritage (such as restoration, archaeology, and architecture) is generally for identifying and analysis of the constituent materials of art and historical artifacts. Like other methods, it also has its drawbacks and limitations, along with its numerous advantages. Investigating and evaluating the characteristics of historical artifacts and their constituent components with regard to the fields of structure, technology, and pathology using non-destructive analysis (NDT) is one of the most important and considered aspects in archaeometry. In this article, the application of Raman in identifying ancient artifacts, including minerals, stones, patinas and corrosive products, glass, pottery, mortar, paint, adhesives, resin, paper, parchment, ink, and human remains, is examined.  Examples of laboratory studies using the micro-Raman spectrometer of the Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics are also provided. Microspectrometry and SERS testing can be considered appropriate answer to archaeometric and conservation questions for each category of objects, using specific spectral parameters along with the latest advancements.

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