Showing 220 results for Type of Study: Research, Original, Regular
Mahdi Razani, Alireza Baghbanan , Seyed Mohammad Amin Emami,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
This study aims to utilize qualitative assessments derived from environmental evaluations and field tests to document the current state of damage, determine strength, and measure hardness in the external surfaces of the rock-cut architecture of the historic village of Kandovan, identifying and ranking the most significant damage factors. Environmental assessment forms were used for documenting the pathology, while a Schmidt hammer (Type L) was employed for qualitative field tests. The entire village was surveyed at 143 points. The results indicate that human activities are the primary cause of deterioration in Kandovan, with the hardness of the rock-cut surfaces classified as weak to very weak. The severe erosion of the outer surfaces of the rock houses is notable. Based on the data, the village was zoned into areas of low, moderate, and severe weathering in terms of surface strength, reflecting the extent of deterioration. Areas with greater exposure to water flows exhibit severe erosion and weathering, while those with less exposure to watercourses are classified as less weathered.
Mahdieh Shahreki Moghadam , Reza Khanjari Dolatabadi ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The studied artifact is a stone bowl from the twelfth excavation season at Burnt City, Sistan, between 1997 and 2008, retrieved from trench NFB, burial 8509. Most stone artifacts in the past were made from gypsum alabaster or limestone marble, which are visually similar. Through sampling and thin-section petrography, the results revealed a layered limestone structure containing calcite and aragonite minerals, confirming the bowl’s marble composition. Regarding the manufacturing technology of marble artifacts, evidence of tool marks on the studied bowl suggests the use of tools such as hammers, chisels, drills, gouges, saws, and abrasives in the production of stone vessels.
Fatemeh Hajian , Hamed Amirkhani ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Diffraction-based techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization and understanding of materials of different nature, including those relevant to cultural heritage. Both conservation science and archaeometry may extensively profit from the information provided by diffraction techniques. The various methods and techniques of single-crystal and powder diffraction as applied to cultural heritage materials are briefly described with reference to specific examples, focusing on the extracted information in terms of (1) phase identification and quantification of crystalline compounds and complex polyphasic mixtures, (2) the texture and orientation of the crystalline phases, (3) the atomic and molecular structure of the phases involved, and (4) the physical microstructural state of the material in terms of crystallite size and accumulated strain. This paper presents a review of X-ray techniques used in art and archaeology and their applications as a non-destructive research tool in examining artistic and ancient objects. XRD is a standard procedure that provides information about the manufacturing process and condition of objects without physical contact, as well as insights into material composition and crystalline structure, making it widely used by archaeologists, curators, and conservators. The present paper aims to discuss the contribution of X-ray diffraction to cultural heritage and archaeology studies, based on personal experiences and those of other colleagues with various crystalline and non-crystalline materials. For this reason, the paper presents only a selection of cases identified by X-ray diffraction in cultural heritage conservation studies. It should be noted that X-ray diffraction plays a critical role in the analysis and characterization of these diverse materials. Another important goal of this work is to encourage in-depth studies on the use of X-ray techniques in the study of historical, archaeological, and artistic materials.
Abdolbasir Hosseinbor, Hesam Aslani, Eshagh Mansouri,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The rock inscription, which forms the basis of this research, is located in the Pirghar region and was carved on a rock in Deh-Cheshmeh village under the orders of the leaders of the Bakhtiari Constitutional Movement. The current condition of this monument is not optimal; thus, a detailed and accurate study of the inscription, given its historical and cultural significance, is essential for its proper recognition and conservation. Based on topographic and field studies, the inscriptions have been subjected to erosion and deterioration due to surface water flow and frost. Among the most significant surface factors are snow accumulation, precipitation at higher elevations, seasonal flows on sloping surfaces leading to the monument, and frost during cold seasons, which cause erosion, deterioration, and serious damage to the inscriptions. This study is conducted within the framework of a quantitative research approach, utilizing field studies, environmental assessments, and the Geographic Information System (GIS). To this end, the area hosting the inscriptions was identified using field visits and GIS and RS tools, and the obtained data were evaluated based on the direction and extent of damage. Using GIS, the drainage of runoff from the basin, hydrological operations, elevation ratios of each basin, digital elevation model, slope, slope direction, basins, sub-basins, waterway outlets, and water flow direction in the region were determined. These data will contribute to the damage assessment and preventive conservation of the inscriptions.
Amirhossein Mojtahedzadeh,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The interest of Iranians in gemstones and precious and semi-precious stones has roots spanning thousands of years in the culture and history of this land. This has led to the accumulation of a vast treasure of unique jewelry and gemstones, recognized as a national and cultural asset, due to mineral resources and historical conquests. However, with recent discoveries and advancements in the field of gemstones and precious and semi-precious minerals, the conditions necessary for the conservation, protection, and display of this invaluable and unique heritage have undergone new transformations and progress. Implementing and adhering to these requirements in the country is essential for this field and is vital for preserving the authenticity and essence of these specimens due to their exceptional value. This applied research aims to explore transformations in the gemstone field, introduce new internationally adopted principles, and examine the modern global standards and conditions in this area. Gemstones can have organic or mineral origins and may be displayed in raw, cut, historical, or contemporary forms. This group also includes loose gemstones and those mounted in jewelry, highlighting the diverse range of existing artifacts. Based on the mentioned classifications, efforts are made today to establish ideal conditions tailored to the type of specimens. Factors such as lighting, display methods, gemstone restoration techniques, and temperature and humidity conditions directly impact the quality and essence of the specimens, ensuring their longevity and stability over time. Providing an appropriate environment and controlling all the aforementioned factors will guarantee the durability and value of the gemstones.
Mehdi Razani,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
The conservation of mural paintings on plaster substrates uncovered during archaeological excavations, particularly those executed in watercolor, tempera, or oil-based techniques, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of plaster’s properties and its interaction with environmental factors. Plaster, as calcium sulfate dehydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O), is a crystalline and porous material that poses unique challenges in restoration due to its high sensitivity to moisture, temperature, and biological agents. These characteristics, combined with the diversity of pigment layers and organic or oil-based binders, demand multifaceted conservation approaches. This note seeks to problematize the issue in a general sense while highlighting some common challenges and solutions.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Kowsar Karbalai Mirza Shahrbabaki, Mohsen Mohammadi Achacheloui,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Evaluation of the degradation and stability of soot ink made based on ancient texts under aging conditions. Soot ink is one of the inks that has been widely used in written works. Some of which are currently in our custody, so it is necessary to examine their degradation in order to prevent their further degradation. In this regard, in the present study, the degradation rate and stability of soot ink were investigated. The question of this study is what level of degradation and stability do the manufactured inks have? The purpose of this study was to examine soot ink, which was used in paper works, using laboratory instruments, pH meter, FTIR, optical microscope, colorimeter, and tensile strength meter.
To prepare the samples, the immersion method was used to impregnate the paper with ink, and an incubator was used to age the samples. The results of the acidity test (pH measurement) of the ink-impregnated papers show that the accelerated moisture-thermal aging process, especially after a period of 12 days, causes a decrease in pH compared to the samples before aging. The results of microscopic observations show that the aged sample has suffered from breakage in addition to the ink of the paper fibers. Analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra in the carbon black sample indicates that cellulose undergoes structural changes during aging, but most of the changes are in the structure of the ink. According to the studies conducted, the results of this research indicate that the carbon black ink has relatively good stability during aging.
Alireza Kouchzaei, Mohsen Mohammadi Achachalui ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Khatam Kari is one of the traditional Iranian arts with a long history, and numerous works of this art have survived from past eras. Considering the limited technical studies on these works, their study plays an important role in better understanding the process of making Khatam in the past. The diversity of Khatam materials and their different reactions to conservation methods have a great impact on adopting the optimal conservation and treatment method. As a result, identifying their constituent materials will be necessary to choose the correct method of dealing with this type of works. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is one of the methods that can be used to identify the nature of the organic materials that make up the khatam. Therefore, in this study, the khatam door khatam of the Seyyed Mosque of Isfahan from the Qajar period was examined as a case study. For this purpose, FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the structure and identify the materials used in its construction. The results showed that the red-brown and black pieces in this khatam sample are made of wood and the white pieces are made of bone. Also, Animal Glue was used as an adhesive in wrapping the khatam and lining it, and a mixture containing terpenoid resins was used to finish and coat the khatam .
Mitra Etezadi, , ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Why should a specialized authority for artifact authentication—specifically in the fields of antiques, gemstones, and manuscript heritage—be established within the Official Experts Association of the Judiciary? And why should this authority, regardless of time or institutional fluctuations, most be reserved exclusively for certified experts with an academic degree in the conservation of historical, artistic, and cultural objects?
Roya Bahadori ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Synthetic green copper-arsenic pigments include two pigments: shale green (CuHAsO3) and emerald green (3Cu(AsO2)2.Cu(CH3CO)2)
,which were common in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Qajar period, these two pigments were introduced to Iran due to trade with the West, and due to their cheapness and transparency, they quickly replaced other green pigments such as verdigris and malachite. The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of these pigments in Qajar period paintings and to choose the best method to identify these two pigments. For this purpose, green was sampled from a painting on glass, a painting on wood, a mural, and a manuscript, all of which belonged to the Qajar period. To identify the pigments, instrumental methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) equipped with an ATR reflection cell, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an X-ray dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) were used . The results proved the presence of emerald green in the painting behind the glass of the Rashvand Khaneh in Qazvin, the wall painting of the Karimkhani Citadel in Shiraz and the decorations used in a Quranic manuscript and Shaileh green in the painting on the wood of the Saqanfar in Babylon. The results also showed that the best and fastest method for analyzing these two compounds is FTIR, which can identify these two pigments with a minimum sample and distinguish them from each other due to their structural differences.
Fezeh Rahimi Kharvana,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Paper works in Iran include various types, including documents, books, and Muraqqas. Variety and quantity Many of these documents have caused some of these works to be less noticed, investigated and studied. Among these cases are the Muraqqas of the National Quran Museum, which are among the most prominent works of this museum that have not yet been studied. Accordingly, this study examines the Muraqqas of the National Quran Museum. Based on this, in this study, the research of the National Museum of the Qur'an has been done. The number of these Muraqqas is 7 manuscripts.
In this study, it has been studied in an analytical way, its different parts, which include the decorations of the cover and pages. Due to the fact that various arts are used in making and decorating the muraqqas. On the one hand, one can see exquisite examples of the arts of emblazonment, vassali, sector, bordering, text and bordering in its structure, and on the other hand, in the markings, arts such as calligraphy, painting, Illumination and tasheer can be seen in muraqqas. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to analyze different parts of seven muraqqas in the National Museum of the Quran. In this research, the decorations of the muraqqas have been examined.
In this research project, after conducting documentary research, the designs and type of calligraphy were analyzed, and their text was reread to determine what the subject matter of the margins was and how the arts used in book layout were used in these Muraqqas.
Atefeh Sadat Sadr , Mehrnaz Azadi Boyaghchi, Niusha Momeni ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Historical and cultural relics made of paper are among the most important artifacts of any culture and civilization and are valuable from a historical, artistic, scientific, economic, technical, and religious perspective. All paper materials change over time, so that this process cannot be completely stopped, but the speed of change can be controlled with conservation and restoration operations.
The manuscript studied in this research is a manuscript document belonging to the year 1287 AH, and the Qajar period.
The purpose of this research is to examine the used materials, pathology and finally to present a restoration plan for this manuscript. In this regard, after examining library resources, the fibers, glue, and materials used in the document were identified using laboratory studies, the type of ink used, and other tests for this document. Tests showed that the fibers of the document are wood and the sample contains a small amount of lignin, and the presence of starch and sugars was confirmed in the paste test. The acidity of the paper is 45.5 and the ink used in the document is of the metal-mazonite type and is sensitive to water. After completing the restoration stages of the document, the document was delivered to its owner.
Leila Zarei, Mohsen Mohammadi Achacheloui, Maryam Ahmadi,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2017)
Abstract
Studying and examining Quranic works is of great importance due to their respect and sanctity among Muslims, so that the historical, cultural and religious value of such works doubles the importance of their protection and preservation. The work examined in this study is a Quran scroll sample belonging to the Haj Rahim Mosque in Tabriz. According to field research and statements by the board of trustees of the mosque, this scroll was placed inside the mosque wall at an unknown time as a vow or talisman and was discovered in 1350 AH during the reconstruction of the mosque through the thatched wall. During this study, the paper making technique and ink used in the work were studied. In line with this goal, the type of paper fibers and paper pulp and the inks used in the work, including black, red and gold pigment, and finally the glue used to join the sheets together were examined. All the identifications made in this research were done using chemical methods except for the identification of the type of glue used at the beginning and end of the sheets, which was done using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy device. The results indicate the use of linen and rag fibers and polysaccharide starch to prepare the paper and carbon black ink, rosin pigment for the red ink, and copper oxide compounds for the gold color. Also, the glue used at the beginning and end of the sheets was identified as -Serish- animal glue.
Sahar Borhan, Shahrzad Amin-Shirazi , Mahboubeh Bihgam,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
The conservation and restoration of artifacts, including textiles, depends on understanding the characteristics and properties of the artifact. By increasing information about the artifact, decisions can be made with greater confidence and certainty about how to handle and preserve the artifacts. Fibers, as the main constituent of textiles, are an important part of the study of historical textiles, and answering the questions raised in the field of fiber technology and pathology can pave the way for the next steps in the conservation of a historical textile. The more and more accurate the information obtained in this field, the more accurate and reliable the conservation measures will be. In the study of fibers, a large part of the information is obtained using various laboratory methods and instrumental analysis and examining the surface and structure of the artifact. The diversity and multiplicity of these methods have made recognizing the advantages and limitations of each of these methods a key factor in study planning and experimental design. In this study, a woven flag belonging to the Onchi Meydan neighborhood in Ardabil city was subjected to laboratory studies. Despite the large number and diversity of samples, the identification of the fibers of this flag was carried out using flame and microscopic examination methods.
Shahnaz Bohlouli , Mohammad Ghahri ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
The manuscripts kept in the manuscript archive of the National Archives and Library of Iran are mostly unique and have special historical and cultural importance. One of the main reasons for the deterioration of manuscripts and books is biological factors, mainly microscopic fungi. The method used in the National Archives and Library of Iran to eliminate biological contamination is disinfection with ethylene oxide. The duration of the disinfecting effects of ethylene oxide gas has always been one of the concerns of this organization and is the aim of this research, during which the disinfecting effect of the mentioned substance has been investigated over a period of 4 years. 107 samples were examined by scraping and culturing in a specific fungal culture medium, and the relationship between their type of contamination with the environmental conditions of storage and the contamination of the manuscripts before disinfection has been discussed. The results showed that although 86.67% of the samples still showed contamination and only 13.43% remained free of contamination, this contamination was different from their initial contamination. Therefore, disinfection with ethylene oxide over a period of 4 years had a good effect because the initial contamination was eliminated and did not grow again after this period of time, and the observed contamination was of the type of environmental contamination that was added to the documents.
Maryam Maryam Abdolmaleki,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
Environmental pests are one of the most important risk factors in museums, museum buildings, archives and libraries around the world. Although these pests do not have a wide range, if they are present in the environment, the amount of damage they cause to material heritage will be very significant. Prevention and control of these pests is one of the tasks of the Comprehensive Pest Management Program, which has replaced traditional pest control methods in museums. This is an emerging, multifaceted and holistic strategic program in the field of preventive conservation that provides the conservator with a variety of treatment methods and considers the use of pesticides only as a last resort. Given the importance of being aware of the strategies of this program, this article provides a brief overview of all treatment strategies. Since the type of pest and the type of museum artifact are very important in determining the treatment method, a more detailed classification of their types is provided, including separation based on the degree of impact on the type of pest (insects and microorganisms) and applicability with respect to the materials used and the technique of making the artifacts.
Parastoo Erfanmanesh, Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
One of the most widely used terms in the conservation and restoration of cultural and historical artifacts, particularly in the field of ancient metal objects, is patina. Although, this term is also applied to other historical materials, such as paintings and stones, its frequent used in the context of ancient bronzes makes it essential to develop a clear and accurate understanding of its meaning and implications. From the perspective of the studying deterioration of the artifacts, patina-as corrosion products in bronze artifacts-can significantly impact both the tangible and intangible aspects of the objects. on the one hand, it contributes certain values, such as age and aesthetics. On the other hand, it serves as an important criterion in conservation and restoration practices. However, the lack of comprehensive and precise definition of this term leads to complexity in conservation decision-making. In this paper, based on a literature review, the differing and similarity viewpoints on patina have been investigated. Following this, the term is reviewed in relation to different corrosion morphologies, and issue related to its current definitions are discussed. The different values of the patina are debated, and its role in the principles of conservation is reevaluated. In this field, confusion arising from the application of the term patina in the conservation of archaeological bronzes have been highlighted. Finally, considering the unique properties of corrosion phenomena in archaeological bronzes, the concept of the “original surface” is discussed as an approach to addressing this issue.
Zeinab Haghighat, Mohammad Sohrabi ,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
Stone monuments in open natural spaces (such as statues, monuments, petroglyphs, motifs, rock paintings and carvings, historical monuments and archaeological sites) are usually surrounded by communities of various living organisms. These living organisms choose a place to grow and live according to specific conditions such as the type of rock bed, climatic and geographical factors. This article examines the effects of several examples of the presence of these biological communities (bacteria, fungi, algae and lichen), trees, shrubs, grasses, insects and animals in the Parseh and Pasargadae complexes. Awareness of biodiversity and the type of possible damage caused by these organisms is essential for managing preventive conservation programs and the fundamental restoration of World Heritage sites and their healthy transmission to future generations.
Gholamreza Rahmani, Parastoo Erfanmanesh,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (1-2019)
Abstract
Insects are the most important class of the animal kingdom in terms of the number of species and include 2/3 of the known species. In addition to the abundance of species, they also rank first among animal groups in terms of the level of distribution and reproductive power of species.
Living in different climatic and geographical conditions is a normal and almost universal thing for insects due to their small size and very diverse adaptations. The high reproductive power and wide distribution level and the possibility of various adaptations of the morphometric, physiological and biological type have made these animals one of the resistant and invincible vital factors in nature.
Meanwhile, historical-cultural collections, given their special conditions, are no exception to this rule and require specialized studies in this field. In the initial and field studies of the library of the Niavaran Archaeological-Cultural Collection, severe insect pests were observed, so that the carpets of the collection were damaged due to the attack of insect pests. Therefore, in the first step, the pests of the collection were examined and identified, and then the damaged parts were disinfected. In this article, the various steps from diagnosis and identification to disinfection will be presented.
