Showing 220 results for Type of Study: Research, Original, Regular
Vahid Aghaie, Mohammad Hossein Dehghani , Zahra Danesh Heidari ,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
In Gallery No. 455 of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA, there is a historical tombstone, originally said to be from Yazd, Iran. The inscription on the stone dates to 759 AH. According to information provided by the museum on its website, the tombstone is attributed to a man named «Sheikh Mahmoud ibn Sada Muhammad,» who is described as the leader of a religious brotherhood. However, the study of the stone›s inscriptions, which, fortunately, are fully available
in both the original script and translation (Arabic and English) thanks to the museum, offers clues for further research into the true owner and the story behind it. Research into the gathered information, beginning with the inscriptions on the tombstone, reveals that the stone actually belongs to Sheikh Mahmoud ibn Taqi al-Din Dada Muhammad Yazdi, one of the great leaders of the Dada’iya Sufi order in Yazd, and a renowned Sufi of medieval Islamic Iran. His name and lineage have been mistakenly recorded, and the name of the Sufi order under his leadership, «Dada’iya,» was erroneously interpreted as a common colloquial term for «brother» in the local dialects of central Iran, particularly in cities like Isfahan and Yazd, where «Dadash» and «Dada» are used informally. This error led to his misidentification as the head of a religious brotherhood. According to descriptions from scholars based on local accounts, the tombstone—along with other gravestones of disciples and sheikhs of the Dada’iya order buried around Mahmoud Shah in the Bundarabad complex in Yazd—was taken abroad at an unknown time, likely in the late 19th to early 20th century, and later ended up in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. This research note presents a description and narrative of this tombstone and the life of its owner, a story that begins in Bundarabad, Yazd, and continues in New York, USA.
Mehdi Razani,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration Journal, as one of the specialized journals in the field of conservation and restoration of historical and cultural heritage, began its activities in the spring of 2017. With the aim of publishing the latest scientific findings, research, and experiences related to the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, the journal has gained a distinguished position among researchers, conservators, and enthusiasts in this field after publishing more than 22 issues. However, after the release of its first issue in the spring of 2017, the journal faced interruptions in
its publication schedule; the second issue was published in the spring of 2018, and the third issue in the spring of 2019. These prolonged interruptions caused the journal to deviate from its regular publication cycle and completely halt its activities for four years. This four-year hiatus resulted in a backlog of 16 issues, until the journal resumed its activities in the summer of 2023 with fundamental changes in its structure and approach. These changes not only led to the revival
of the journal but also placed it in a stable and progressive state. In this note, we will examine the revival process, the actions taken, and express our gratitude to the esteemed colleagues who accomplished this significant task within eight months. After eight months of operation, the journal successfully entered the evaluation process of scientific journals by the Iranian Ministry of Science & technology ubsequently, in February of 2025 it was awarded and recognized with a **Grade B** ranking.
Lida Taghizadeh,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The restoration of historical monuments and the preservation of the culture of each country becomes a national duty. Considering masonry materials of traditional Iranian architecture include clay and adobe with low strength, methods such as Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), waterproofed mud, and the addition of natural materials like zeolite are proposed for restoration and strengthening. The zeolite used has a low specific surface area, which has increased from 23.92 to 45.16 m2/g through plasma modification, Additionally, it has modified the morphology to a fiber-like shape with no essential differences in the primary structure. Given these changes, it is expected that there will be an increase in strength and a minimum of 1.5 times lower water absorption in zeolite-based mortars.
Mohammad Amin Emami,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
It is a study of the microstructure of ancient materials that will be investigated using catholuminescence microscopy. The importance of
this method is in the identification of historical materials based on the observation and analysis of structures that are not observable in other
methods of microscopic studies. The cathodoluminescence properties of materials and their microscopic observation can be used both in the analysis of production technology and concerning the historical origin of materials. This study examined several samples of prehistoric and historic ceramics from Haft Tappeh, ChoghaZanbil, Persepolis and some stones from the Pasargadae foundation. The thermal regime and temperature of the pottery are determined based on the type of crystalline material in the pottery matrix and the phase changes during cooking, to interpret the technology and origin of the pottery. On the other hand, identification of the luminescence characters created by the minerals in the carbonate rocks of the Pasargadae and their similarity to the possible mineral rocks in the area (Abolverdi Mine), can provide useful information in identifying the origin of the rocks used in this building. To determine the microscopic applications of catholuminescence, all the materials studied were first studied using standard laboratory methods, such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal studies to determine the phase changes of crystalline and mineral phases and determine the firing temperature of the pottery. Complementary results based on catholuminescence microscopy indicate the observation of the process of crystalline changes and the heating of the pottery matrix based on the type and quality of the raw materials used and their similarities and differences in the pottery texture. Also, the observation of the microstructures of the rocks based on their mineralogy and microfossils which were contained in it and are not normally visible, provides useful information about the similarity of the types of stones used in the construction of Pasargadae with the rock outcrops from the mines around Pasargadae.
Reza Vahidzadeh, Hamid Fadaei,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The erosion of adobe heritage under the influence of natural factors, especially rainfall and humidity, is one of the most important challenges in the conservation of this heritage today. Alongside traditional options for the protection of adobe heritage, such as the use of straw plaster, in recent years, various chemical products have been marketed for the protection of building materials and components, especially against the threat of moisture, and consequently, serious tendencies have been expressed in the field of evaluating these materials in the field of conservation and restoration. Therefore, the scientific evaluation of the properties of these materials seems necessary for their judicious use. Since many of the chemical materials available in the market are mainly designed for the protection of stone and brick, it seemed necessary to conduct this study in order to protect adobe materials and optimize the penetration of these materials into the adobe texture. In this research, considering the need to increase the resistance of adobes against moisture, the hydrophobic properties of four different commercial products with the names of Stain Repellent AKEMI, SRP130, PTS+ and Long Life, were evaluated and compared with each other on the structure
of adobes. The results of the research showed that although all the commercial materials studied provide the possibility of significantly increasing the resistance of adobe against moisture, the Long-Life material has a higher ability to penetrate and hydrophobize adobes compared to other chemical products. This issue can significantly increase the surface resistance of the adobe against both long-term contact with moisture and against mechanical erosion factors. The results of this research can be used as a basis for future studies in the direction of localizing chemical materials for the protection of adobe works and optimizing their application in the conservation and restoration of adobe historical buildings.
Azam Aliasghari Veshareh, Parisa Mohammadi,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
Biodeterioration results from complex interactions between living organisms and various organic and inorganic substrates, which cause physical and chemical changes on the substrate. These changes are strongly related to the metabolic activities of living organisms. Finding a proper approach against biodeterioration is often difficult, and requires understanding the type of changes and used methods, which should be not harmful for artworks, human health and the environment. In this this article, Reliable databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were used for information gathering. Physical, mechanical and chemical methods are used to control biodeterioration. Synthetic chemical biocides are often used, but due to their toxicity and environmental hazards, their use is now restricted. New researches focus on alternative solutions with minimal adverse effects. Plants contain natural chemical compounds such as essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, etc., which are commonly used as drugs, bioactive molecules and nutrients. This study aims to review existing research on the effect of plant essential oils on biodeteriogenic microorganisms of cultural heritage.
Yasin Sedghi, Mohsen Ghanooni,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2020)
Abstract
The use of non-destructive methods has become one of the most important topics in the field of scientific studies related to the conservation and restoration of historical artifacts. Because the use of such methods has included a large amount of research in this field due to respect for the artifacts themselves and the avoidance of structural interference. This approach is central to the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. This paper aims to define and apply a targeted methodology for selecting museum artifacts for display, exhibition, or storage in collections. Furthermore, this article examines the practices of the Dafineh Museums Group regarding the non-destructive analyses conducted on the artifacts in their possession. The research conducted is categorized into two types: portable instrumental methods and technical imaging
methods, developed to support conservation goals, museum display, and authentication of existing artifacts. Therefore, this paper briefly
reports on the major activities undertaken based on the principles of scientific conservation.
Azam Aliasghari Veshareh , Parisa Mohammadi,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
The beneficial effects of plant essential oils (EOs) have been known for a long time and now they are used in various fields such as medicine and aromatherapy as well as in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the last few years, the use of plant EOs has been noticed against biodeterioration of cultural heritage, which represents a powerful resource of green conservation strategies. This research aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of 3 essential oils of rosemary, eucalyptus and thyme on 5 fungal strains, including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium polonicum, Cladosporium limoniform, Penicillium chrysogenom, Parengyodontium album, and 3 bacterial strains including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Kocuria rosea isolated from deteriorative areas of Jamé Mosque of Isfahan. The results showed that among the used EOs, thyme EO had the greatest antimicrobial effect on the selected microorganisms. This EO in 50% dilution prevented the growth of the tested microorganisms. Eucalyptus EO showed the lowest antimicrobial effect. This EO did not show any antimicrobial effect on Penicillium chrysogenum. However, eucalyptus EO was effective on the tested bacterial strains with the diameter of non-growth zone of 25, 28 and 15 mm on Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Kocuria rosea, respectively. According to these results, thyme EO can be potentially used to control the biodeterioration of cultural heritage.
Hamid Fadaei, Azita Mirzaye ,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
The Southern Mound of Konar Sandal, situated in the Halil River basin, is one of the most significant prehistoric sites in the Jiroft plain. Among the notable discoveries at this site is a life-sized clay relief positioned within a recessed, doorway-like feature in a large room. This relief, recognized as the oldest known example of a monumental clay relief integrated with architecture in the Middle East, dates back to the third millennium BCE. Since its discovery in 2006, its conservation has posed significant challenges for experts. The history of illegal excavations in the region and the lack of adequate infrastructure for permanent protection and maintenance of the site have exacerbated these challenges, leading to occasional proposals to transfer the artifact to a museum. The primary research question focuses on identifying an appropriate approach for the on-site conservation of the clay relief. Using both library-based research and fieldwork, this study gathered information related to the site and the relief, documented environmental factors contributing to its deterioration, and analyzed the data. The findings indicate that the current protective cover is inadequate. Environmental conditions, particularly moisture rising from the soil containing soluble salts, significantly accelerate the relief's erosion and the deterioration of its surface paint layers. Based on these findings, the study provides recommendations for optimizing the conservation of the relief.
Samera Salimpour Abkenar, Reza Mohammadi Ali Malek,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Nowadays, preparing a natural, non-toxic, low-cost, and biodegradable substrate called “Green sheet” is one of the new approaches to Nano sciences and biotechnology. Green sheets have multiple functions in various industries such as food packaging, preparation of wound dressings, hospital clothes, drug delivery systems, perfumery, antiperspirant, antimicrobial, and insect repellent, and they have found a special position. One of their unique applications is the use of cultural heritage, such as conservation in the restoration of ancient works, and historical documents, packaging and transportation of historical objects, and making traditional dolls and embroidery. In this study, a natural sheet was prepared using unreelable cocoons through degumming, opening, and finishing processes in the presence of a natural crosslinking agent and the well-known pad-dry-cure method. Tea tree and oregano plant oils were applied to achieve an antimicrobial property. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans through qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed that the silk sheet had good resistance against the mentioned microorganisms.
Sahar Noohi, Manijeh Hadian Dehkordi,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
This research is an exploration of the environmental conditions for preserving photographic glass plates in storage and how environmental parameters influence each other. Understanding the extent to which environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, pollutants, and light can interact with one another—and recognizing that they cannot be assessed independently—can play a critical role in establishing suitable environmental conditions for these works, especially photographic glass plates. Based on conducted studies, photographic glass plates are subject to serious damage risks similar to other visual artworks and sometimes even more so. Given the historical and artistic value of these pieces, as well as their potential utility as documents providing valuable information, it becomes clear why preventive conservation measures for this category of artifacts are vital, especially considering that treatment and restoration processes can be extremely challenging or even impossible.The aim of this research is to introduce standard and appropriate environmental conditions for the preservation of photographic glass plates.The content presented in this article results from studies and observations derived from reviewing relevant literature on the topic while also taking into account the condition of existing works within collections dedicated to glass-based photography. This study identifies appropriate environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels, and permissible pollutant thresholds for this category of artworks. Additionally, it examines how these various environmental parameters relate to one another and affect each other’s impact. At the same time, it addresses ways to control these environmental factors and prevent certain damages that may occur when suitable conditions are not maintained.
Saeedeh Namdar,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Promotional cinema facade paintings were created in the early 1950s to attract audiences to cinemas. With the advent of digital printing technology in the 1980s, these paintings lost their prominence and gradually fell into oblivion. Over time, they have become historical artifacts that require preservation and restoration. This study aims to identify the materials used in cinema facade paintings. The research employs a descriptive methodology, utilizing classical chemical laboratory techniques, digital and polarizing microscopes, and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the paintings consist of three layers: support, base, and pigment. The support layer is made of cotton and fabric fibers, and silk is used in restoration efforts. The base composition includes gypsum, calcite, and white lead, while the pigments contain compounds such as white lead, calcite, Prussian blue, and black iron oxide.
Mehdi Razani, Mitra Taghizadeh ,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Historical canvas paintings are subject to many destructions due to their age. Among these damages, environmental pollution such as moisture, light, atmospheric pollution, biological pollution and vandalism can be mentioned. The settling of SO2 and SO3 gases in the air next to the humidity on the paintings causes acidification of the canvas, which in addition to weakening the support of the painting, weakens the connections of the paint to the underlying layer and ultimately results in the deterioration of the work. Therefore, deacidification of painting canvas will be a serious and very effective measure to prevent the destruction of the work. The traditional methods of deacidification, which have been used until today, unfortunately left adverse effects on the work, such as dandruff and weighting of the painting fabric. With the advancement of technology and nanotechnology, new methods have been presented for deacidification of historical works, including cloth, wood and paper. The use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles makes it possible to spray materials in restoration operations. Due to the small size of nanoparticles and the lack of concentration of solutes on the surface of the effect and the high penetration depth due to the ability of nanoparticles to be absorbed by cotton fibers, it causes the high efficiency of nanoparticles compared to coarse particles. In this article, firstly, the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in deacidification of canvas painting canvas is investigated, then the methods and method of calcium hydroxide nanoparticle production, its stability and lifespan are discussed.
Narguess Afzalipour, Shahrazad Amin-Shirazi Nezhad,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
Cheharabad Zanjan mine is one of the few ancient salt mines in the world and the only identified salt mine in Iran that has evidence of salt extraction in a long period of time from about 500 BC to the modern era. According to the field research conducted so far in the explored area of the mountain of this mine, the mining activities related to the Achaemenid, Sassanid, Middle and Late Islamic periods have been proven. What has been done in this project is the result of a year of group effort by experts during the solar years of 1398 and 1399 in order to protect, maintain and restore a valuable collection, uncovered from Cheharabad mine in Zanjan. Leather bag, fur-leather gloves, skins, and leather shoes are among the prominent objects of this collection. Following the decisions made by the managers of the exploration in this historical mine, some of the uncovered objects were selected for preparation and presentation in a joint exhibition between the National Museum of Iran and the Bochum Mining Museum with the title "Death in the Salt Mine, an Archaeological Narrative from the Land of Pars". became in order to present various works in this exhibition, it was necessary to study and protect them with the aim of checking the conditions of the works, necessary protective measures and carrying out preparatory operations for the safe display of the works in the exhibition. 33 leather objects, 23 wooden objects, 7 plant fibers (rope) and 4 animal remains were studied and preserved. The work process includes examination and documentation, chemical tests, examination of surfaces with a digital microscope, biological tests, cleaning, softening, finding parts, cconsolidation and fixing, Retouching, strengthening, removing the label and renumbering and packaging. It has been fixed. Considering the nature of the selected collection, the purpose of working on them has been to identify and discover the final state and introduce them as museum objects rather than the works that previously only had study value by recognizing their use as unique museum objects. protected and displayed. The small number of organic works among the findings of archaeological excavations in Iran increases the importance of the correct and principled preservation of these unique objects.
Sara Sedghi, Nima Valibeig , Vahid Pourzarghan,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Sistan is one of the population centers in southeastern Iran. This region is located near the Iran-Afghanistan border and is home to monuments from the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid periods, which have attracted the attention of numerous archaeologists. Kooh Khajeh Fortress, the only natural feature in this vast plain, boasts a collection of monuments dating from prehistoric to Islamic times. Historical documents indicate that during the Parthian Empire, a palace with ritual and religious functions was established on the slopes of Kooh Khajeh, transforming this area of Sistan into one of the worship centers for Zoroastrians. This structure, known as Rostam Castle until around 1500 AD, has also been referred to as Gondafreh Palace, Gaspar Palace, Se-mogh Palace, and more recently as Kafaroon Castle or "Kohan Dezh."Due to the complexity of its various historical layers and the lack of research in this area, many parts of the Kohan Dezh monuments, located on the hillside of Kooh Khajeh, remain unknown. The primary focus of this study is to survey these monuments based on archaeological documents, field studies, and available evidence. The research aims to recover the physical structures of the building through structural reconstruction, as they are undergoing changes and destruction. The necessity of this research is underscored by the limited number of studies conducted on this site. This research employs a descriptive-historical and field-based methodology. The results of the study reveal that the palace's structure includes extensions added after its initial construction. These additions have led to the loss of the building's original form and structure, disrupted the proper movement system, and obscured the architectural decorations characteristic of Sassanid architecture.
Hassan Khosravi Khaftari, Hossein Ahmadi , Mohammad Hassan Talebian,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The management planning for the conservation of historical sites is a very complicated matter due to the extent and complexity of the issues of a historical site. Various international charters such as the Bora Charter, the planning models of Marta Demas, Bernard Fielden, Michel Salvian, Michael Pearson and Yuka Yukhelto have provided guidelines in this regard. Additionally, there are standard and more general models for planning a collection; among them, strategic method and the SWOT analysis are notably important. In this research, the following basic questions are raised: What is the importance of planning the management of the conservation of historical sites and what is the appropriate way for formulating such plans? This research is considered a developmental and practical research in terms of its purpose. The method of solving the problem in the form of "hypothetical-deductive" is considered in conducting this research. The theoretical framework of the research is based on three different categories of information including: international charters, global experiences and standard planning models. In the following, information regarding the studied site (the ancient city- site of Istakhr) has been presented. Finally, using the analytical model (SWOT), the main policies for conservation planning of the site, such as determining zone and introducing them to the public and communication with the community has been introduced as the main needs of the site. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the management planning of historical sites as a management tool and a key expertise in the field of cultural heritage conservation.
Hani Zarei , Zahra Zahrabi , Zainab Zahrabi ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The Dezful historical bridge, a prominent example of Sassanid architecture in the city, is characterized by its stone foundations and unique structural features. This research explores the restoration and reconstruction methods applied to the spans of the Dezful historical bridge, with a focus on preserving the structural authenticity over time. The research method is historical-interpretive, with data collection through both library and field research. The findings indicate a wide variety of restoration and reconstruction techniques employed throughout history. The key research question is: What is the diversity of restoration methods for the foundations of the Dezful historical bridge, and how have these methods impacted the bridge's structural authenticity and historical value over time? Notable techniques include the use of simple cement coatings, brick patterns, plaster and lime coatings with brick patterns, and a combination of stone and brick materials. Additionally, the types of stones used in the reconstruction show variations in appearance, texture, dimensions, and arrangement. This diversity in reconstruction methods has resulted in an inappropriate visual appearance for the bridge's structure, negatively impacting its authenticity and historical value. The research concludes that the lack of a unified restoration approach may diminish its significance as a key symbol of the Sassanid period, emphasizing the need for greater attention to consistency in restoration practices and the preservation of the building’s original features.
Reza Hoseini Keshtan ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The remains consisting of adobe and mud structures extend over an area of 180 hectares, located 3 kilometers south of the current city of "Esfarayen" in North Khorasan, Iran. Archaeological studies of the last two decades, in addition to various cultural findings, have also revealed various architectural structures, which include the historical site of Belqis Esfarayen along with the remains of Narin qale (Military Castle). Given the frequent erosion of adobe due to moisture from limited rainfall in the region during conservation interventions, addressing soil quality characteristics and identifying crystalline structures in erosion processes was the goal of this research. Laboratory studies conducted through physical and chemical tests demonstrated that soil quality is the main cause of clay erosion. This is attributed to a combination of factors: the lack of clay and the high percentage of silica on one hand, and the presence of muscovite and secondary calcite crystal structures on one hand.
Mehdi Razani, Leyli Nemani Khiyavi ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Historical structures, often constructed using porous materials such as stone, brick, and mortar, have been exposed to environmental and anthropogenic stressors over centuries, leading to their gradual deterioration. Consolidation, a critical intervention in the conservation of porous historical materials, aims to enhance their mechanical stability, mitigate further degradation, and prolong their lifespan. This process becomes essential when the structural integrity of an artifact is compromised due to factors such as weathering, salt crystallization, and biological growth. However, the effectiveness of consolidation treatments is highly dependent on the selection of appropriate consolidants, which must meet specific criteria, including deep and uniform penetration, minimal surface residue, chemical compatibility, reversibility, and the preservation of the material’s breathability. Despite its importance, the field faces significant challenges, including a lack of standardized protocols and comprehensive understanding of the long-term performance of consolidants. This research seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical principles and practical applications by evaluating the performance of various consolidants on-site and optimizing intervention strategies for porous historical materials. The findings aim to contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable conservation practices for cultural heritage.
Amir Ershad Langroudi, Hamid Fadaei, Kamran Ahmadi, Monir Beheshti Far,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
The reinforcement and hydrophobicity enhancement of historical construction materials, particularly the surfaces of historical stones, are among the most sensitive and challenging interventions in cultural heritage conservation. These interventions require precise analysis and comprehensive research to minimize potential side effects. Such actions are especially essential when stone artifacts exposed to open environments suffer from severe degradation and erosion or exhibit significant surface changes, potentially leading to loss of aesthetic and structural integrity. Without timely intervention, erosive factors may penetrate deeper layers of the artifact, posing a risk of complete collapse. In this study, the performance of three industrial silane/siloxane-based coatings Wacker 290, Wacker 3003, and Long Life was evaluated in the coating process of stone materials. The physical, mechanical, and especially hydrophobic properties of these materials on stone surfaces were analyzed and compared. Results indicated that all three materials exhibited moisture-repellent properties. However, Long Life and Wacker 290 demonstrated superior performance due to their better bonding with stone surfaces. These findings provide effective guidance for selecting suitable materials in conservation projects of historical artifacts, preventing the premature deterioration of these invaluable heritages.
