Evaluation of the degradation and stability of soot ink made based on ancient texts under aging conditions. Soot ink is one of the inks that has been widely used in written works. Some of which are currently in our custody, so it is necessary to examine their degradation in order to prevent their further degradation. In this regard, in the present study, the degradation rate and stability of soot ink were investigated. The question of this study is what level of degradation and stability do the manufactured inks have? The purpose of this study was to examine soot ink, which was used in paper works, using laboratory instruments, pH meter, FTIR, optical microscope, colorimeter, and tensile strength meter.
To prepare the samples, the immersion method was used to impregnate the paper with ink, and an incubator was used to age the samples. The results of the acidity test (pH measurement) of the ink-impregnated papers show that the accelerated moisture-thermal aging process, especially after a period of 12 days, causes a decrease in pH compared to the samples before aging. The results of microscopic observations show that the aged sample has suffered from breakage in addition to the ink of the paper fibers. Analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra in the carbon black sample indicates that cellulose undergoes structural changes during aging, but most of the changes are in the structure of the ink. According to the studies conducted, the results of this research indicate that the carbon black ink has relatively good stability during aging.

 Studying and examining Quranic works is of great importance due to their respect and sanctity among Muslims, so ‎that the historical, cultural and religious value of such works doubles the importance of their protection and ‎preservation. The work examined in this study is a Quran scroll sample belonging to the Haj Rahim Mosque in ‎Tabriz. According to field research and statements by the board of trustees of the mosque, this scroll was placed ‎inside the mosque wall at an unknown time as a vow or talisman and was discovered in ‎‏1350‏‎ AH during the ‎reconstruction of the mosque through the thatched wall. During this study, the paper making technique and ink ‎used in the work were studied. In line with this goal, the type of paper fibers and paper pulp and the inks used in the ‎work, including black, red and gold pigment, and finally the glue used to join the sheets together were examined. All ‎the identifications made in this research were done using chemical methods except for the identification of the type ‎of glue used at the beginning and end of the sheets, which was done using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ‎device. The results indicate the use of linen and rag fibers and polysaccharide starch to prepare the paper and ‎carbon black ink, rosin pigment for the red ink, and copper oxide compounds for the gold color. Also, the glue used ‎at the beginning and end of the sheets was identified as -Serish- animal glue‏‏‏‏.

Dry plate glass negatives are important part of the cultural, historical and visual heritage in history of Iran. Structural changes due to factors affected them over time, can cause deterioration in the image. Identifying deteriorations in dry plate glass negatives can help to provide better solutions in preserving them. The investigation of sample by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray microprobe analyzer (XPMA) indicated that the technique of sample is gelatin and silver halide on glass, and the chemical damages are fading and silver mirroring. Improper washing after fixing and residual of hypo on the surface of image is the main cause of fading. The formation of the silver mirroring is due to the oxidation of silver ions in the emulsion layer and migrate to the surface of the negative.

Cleaning and washing of historical artifacts and textiles remain one of the most critical and challenging aspects of conservation and restoration. To evaluate the quality of detergents used in the conservation of historical textiles, laboratory samples are required. However, due to the unique characteristics of historical artifacts, existing standardized soiling methods are insufficient for researchers in this field. Therefore, this study aims to prepare artificially soiled cotton fabric samples subjected to accelerated aging. To achieve this goal, the type and amount of soiling were first determined, followed by monitoring and analyzing the degradation of samples during accelerated aging. The research methodology was based on analytical-comparative approaches, with data collected through experiments such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, tensile strength testing, equilibrium moisture content, electrical conductivity, color measurement, and pH assessment. The procedure involved preparing, soiling, and aging cotton fabrics, with degradation changes monitored and compared to those of clean samples. Results indicate that after approximately 700 hours of accelerated aging under elevated temperature and humidity (110°C and 90% relative humidity), the samples reached a relatively stable state in terms of degradation changes. This stability allows minor adverse effects of detergents to be clearly detectable. Thus, the minimum time required for aging and preparing laboratory samples of soiled fabrics is approximately 700 hours at 110°C and 90% relative humidity.

Biodeterioration results from complex interactions between living organisms and various organic and inorganic substrates, which cause physical and chemical changes on the substrate. These changes are strongly related to the metabolic activities of living organisms. Finding a proper approach against biodeterioration is often difficult, and requires understanding the type of changes and used methods, which should be not harmful for artworks, human health and the environment. In this this article, Reliable databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were used for information gathering. Physical, mechanical and chemical methods are used to control biodeterioration. Synthetic chemical biocides are often used, but due to their toxicity and environmental hazards, their use is now restricted. New researches focus on alternative solutions with minimal adverse effects. Plants contain natural chemical compounds such as essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, etc., which are commonly used as drugs, bioactive molecules and nutrients. This study aims to review existing research on the effect of plant essential oils on biodeteriogenic microorganisms of cultural heritage.

Microbial colonization of cultural heritage objects is inevitable. Microorganisms cause physical, chemical, and aesthetic alteration in valuable works of art, leading to the loss of both financial and cultural value. To prevent and control microbial colonization and their growths, physical, chemical, and biological methods are used. However, physicochemical methods are often ineffective on treated works of art, and can be dangerous for people involved in the conservation process. Due to inherent characteristics, chemical compounds and biocides, they are hazardous for humans, animals, and the environment. Given the significant weaknesses of these conventional methods, new approaches are continuously being developed to reduce the negative impact of deteriogenic microorganisms. These new approaches are environmentally friendly, safe, low-cost and low-risk. However, more research is needed to monitor the safety and effectiveness of these approaches. The lack of simple, reliable and standard measurements remains a limitation in the selection of
effective treatments. Field experiments are necessary and useful for evaluating the effectiveness of these methods: however, their design and implementation face several challenges. Therefore, researchers are seeking to develop methods to investigate how these new approaches work. Laboratory model systems are tools for testing the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds before field application on art works. In this study, we will first review the types of biological control methods, and then introduce the new and environmentally friendly approaches, that have been developed in this field. Finally, we will discuss methods of testing the effectiveness of new strategies using laboratory model systems.

This article examines and identifies the tombstone of the late Seyyed Rouhollah Kashfi Darabi and discusses how to carry out its restoration, reconstruction, and display. The necessity and importance of this research is the attention to the conservation and restoration of outdoor stone artefacts in the museum that are exposed to environmental factors in open areas. This has been accomplished through laboratory studies identifying stones using petrographic methods and examining similar past experiences in the region through field and library research. After documenting, analyzing, and evaluating the intervention and reconstruction methods, the incomplete interventions of previous restorations were cleaned up and rectified. In continuation, the reconstruction of the tombstone was carried out using silicone molds and polyester resin. The restoration intervention was done by examining and comparing various reconstruction methods for such works and the less-considered idea was innovatively implemented by reconstructing the missing parts with polyester resin (simulating marble stone) while considering technical and aesthetic principles. Finally, conservation and restoration measures were carried out using 4% Paraloid B-72 as a coating-stabilizer and it was entrusted to the technical office of Tabriz Islamic Art University with arrangements for display and conceptual space. Despite the positive aspects of the reconstruction measures in terms of technical and aesthetic principles, due to the location of the artifact in the outdoor environment and exposed to destructive environmental factors, follow-up researches are needed to investigate the behaviour of stone and restoration materials.