Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration

The Use of Stereo Lithography (SLA) Printing Method in the Making Moulage of Historical and Cultural Objects (a Study Sample of a Historical Chess Piece Made of Elephant Ivory)

Mehdi Razani

Today, the use of new technologies and methods of preserving ivory objects has led to a better understanding and safe protection of objects. The purpose of this article is the feasibility of using new methods of rapid prototyping technologies, including 3D modeling and 3D stereolithography (SLA) printers, in order to achieve a suitable method for reconstructing missing parts and it is important to make a moulage of historical and cultural objects using existing equipment in order to use it in the restoration and reconstruction of sensitive objects. In line with the review of the introduced technology, an example of a chess piece made of elephant ivory was selected, with the statue of a man riding a camel carved in great detail. The selected object was missing a lot. Documentation was done from the same bead and according to the available images, 3D modeling was done with Zibrush software, which is a special software for sculpting. Settings related to print management were made in Chitubox software and 3D reconstruction to make a moulage from a stereolithography printer. The results of this research showed that the use of 3D modeling and printing with a stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer as a new method can be used in the direction of making moulage and reconstructing missing parts of sensitive objects; And they can also be useful to a great extent in the low-risk behavior of protection towards sensitive objects such as ivory. Because of advantages such as: methodical execution of most steps and minimal intervention and contact with the object, increasing precision and elegance in the execution of decorations, preventing common and unwanted mistakes of the restorer, duplicating all the object as many times as desired, sending the 3D model software file made to other research centers, they have the possibility of temporarily connecting the piece made to the main body of the object, which covers the principle of reversibility in conservation.
The main advantages of using these methods are:
• Reducing contact with sensitive objects and avoiding conventional and time-consuming, commonly used contact and to some extent destructive, such as: molding, casting and filtration processes in the rebuilding of archaeological works
• More precision in the implementation of outstanding and complex designs than the traditional method,
• Achieving similar levels of quality to historical cultural effects using a combination of modeling techniques.
• Construction of parts in different dimensions with asymmetric geometric models, so that there is little constraint on the form and geometric shape for construction.
• Ability to evaluate and modify the 3D layout and repeat it in case of dissatisfaction with each section in the shortest possible time.
• The risk of connection to the reconstructed piece is due to the neutral properties
• Reducing the time in making missing parts

Technical Study, Pathology and Preservation and Restoration of Inlaid Mirror Frame Belonging to the Qajar period

Alireza Amiri Baghbahadorani

Khatamkari is a type of decoration created by the intricate arrangement of triangles made from wood, bone and metal, which together form geometric patterns. The object under discussion is a square mirror related to the Qajar period and is privately owned. According to the experiments carried out to identify the materials comprising the artifact, it was found that it consists of wood (jujube, walnut, Iranian pine, poplar or Tabrizi and plantain), bone, and metal (silver and brass), and the triangles were made of Brass, bone and wood, and the layers used are of silver, and underlying structure is of wood. The damages observed on this artifact include corrosion products forming in the parts where the silver metal has been applied, darkening of the polish, distortion and separation of connections in the underlying structure, and distortion and separation and shedding in some parts, which these damages have led to the deterioration of patterns. After removing the previous incorrect repairs and cleaning the darkened polish and strengthening the distortion of the underlying structure and inlay decorations, reconstruction, balancing and final strengthening have been done.

Documentation and Conservation Analysis of the Entrance Inscription of Talibiya School, Tabriz

Leyli Nemani khiyavi

Historical inscriptions, especially in religious and educational buildings, are considered prominent and unique cultural and historical heritage symbols. One of these inscriptions, located at the entrance of the Talebiyyeh School in Tabriz, is a remarkable example of Iranian Islamic calligraphy and architecture. These stone carvings, with their writings and texts, bear profound messages about their time's history, culture, and social and political status. This paper focuses on the detailed analysis and reading of the inscription on the facade of the Talebiyyeh School, located at the entrance of Tabriz's covered bazaar. The inscription, written in the Thuluth script, offers important information not only on the artistic and architectural values but also on the endowment deeds and governmental orders of the time. The inscription, created in 1216 AH by the order of the ruling authorities of Tabriz and signed by prominent figures of the era, contains significant legal and religious concepts reflecting the spiritual and social dimensions of the period. This study, from the perspectives of linguistics, epigraphy, and the analysis of historical implications, introduces and explains the inscription, aiming to reveal its complex meanings through a deep examination of the actions taken on the monument, including the color harmonization. The main research questions are: What are the texts and writings of the inscription on the facade of the Talebiyyeh School in Tabriz, and what information does it convey? What changes have occurred on the inscription over time? How can the stone inscription be replicated to extract the maximum amount of information from this monument? To answer these questions, historical studies, field investigations, and modern documentation methods, including photogrammetry and digital design of the inscription's text, were employed. After completing these stages, the re-reading of the inscription text and examining its changes over time were accomplished. Preserving and maintaining this cultural heritage can pave the way for future research in the fields of conservation and the history of Islamic art.

Application of Solvent-Gel System in Restoration of Cultural Heritage

Somayeh Noghani

Macromolecular and hydrophilic networks, with the ability to retain solvents within their hydrophilic macromolecular structures, have been utilized for an extended period in as poultice. These networks are mainly cellulose-based pastes, and the most significant issue associated with their use is adhesion and the potential for residues to remain on the surface of artifacts, and its side effects. Over the past decades, and based on new technologies, novel gels with features such as reversibility, complete removability from surfaces, ease of preparation, and the compatibility with solvent-based nanofluids have been introduced to the field of restoration. Among them, modified cellulose gels, reversible organogels and nanomagnetic sponge gels can be mentioned. This article is a review of the introduction of the structure and applications of new gels in the field of cleaning processes within the restoration of historical cultural objects.

A Review of Extra Structural Pathology in The Preservation of Handwoven Carpets

Somayeh samadian

Carpet, as a piled and knotted hand-woven with a structure consisting of organic materials, is always exposed to damages during the various time processes of weaving, consumption, and storage. These can generally be divided into two categories of internal damages (how primary actions for preparing and dying fibers and also knitting are done) and external ones (defects during use and maintenance). Considering that the scope of the attitude is more on the samples in the museum and private collections, which apart from the aspect of consumption need favorable conditions for long-term protection, in this research, we tried to describe the four harmful factors and their sub-categories, which includes physical factors (light, atmospheric pollution and two factors of temperature and humidity), chemical factors (effect of acids, alkalis, oxidants), macroscopic biological agents (insects and rodents) and microscopic ones (fungi, molds and bacteria), to create a wider insight into the process of keeping these exquisite objects and prevent them from entering the structure.

Conservation and Restoration of a Brocades (Zaribaft) Fabric, Attributed to the Safavid Period, Belonging to a Private Collection in Tabriz

Elaheh pourabdollah

This study focuses on the techno-functional analysis, preservation and restoration of a silk textile attributed to the Safavid period, belonging to a private collection in Tabriz. This research aimed to implement appropriate conservation measures and restoration based on the condition of the work for its display and preservation. The findings indicate that, through technical and comparative studies with several similar specimens, the artifact is likely from the Safavid era. The fabric exhibits various forms of degradation, including loss of warp and revealing of weft threads, perforation, tearing, holes, stains, and surface dirt. Conservation procedures applied to the textile included washing with sodium lauryl sulfate, consolidating the fibers, and reattachment of detached fibers using a thin film prepared by Klosel-G and backing support for the fabric. Finally, the textile was placed on a wooden frame for further preservation and display.

Conservation and Restoration of Three Black and White Photographs from a Private Collection in Tabriz

Monina Meyhami

Photographs are significant documents for visual recovery of past cultures and civilizations in contemporary history. Structural changes in historical photographs, influenced by various factors over time, lead to numerous damages that may result in aesthetic alterations. Accordingly, this report aims to present the conservation process undertaken on three photographs dating back to the Qajar era. The photographs suffered from damage such as dirt and water stains, degradation of the gelatin layer, tears, and high acidity. To address these issues, distilled water, alcohol, and acetone were used to clean the surface contaminants. Additionally, calcium hydroxide was applied in two forms: dry and in the distilled water, for deacidification of the cardboard substrate. Acid-free cardboard and specially treated tissue paper were also used to cover for the missing parts, along with Klucel-G polymer. Finally, to ensure better protection, all photographs, they were mounted in passe-partout boards.

The Importance of Documentation in Cultural Heritage: A Report on the Drone Documentation Conference at Persepolis and the Final Declaration

Hamid Fadaei

The vast expanse of the Persepolis World Heritage site and its three buffer zones, along with the numerous historical remains within these boundaries—including hills, sites, and various historical mines—have presented significant challenges for the registration, documentation, monitoring, and ongoing care of these cultural assets, despite enhancing the region’s historical and cultural capacities. Although the registration and documentation of the artifacts in this area have long been a focus of the Persepolis World Heritage Site, the sheer number of artifacts has highlighted the need for more advanced documentation tools and methods. Drone-based documentation was one of the selected approaches to expand documentation activities in this area, and a three-day conference and workshop were held to discuss related topics. The most important topics discussed at the conference included: the necessity of documentation, the role of documentation in global registration processes, flight regulations and legal aspects of drone-based documentation, and case studies of using drones for studying and documenting cultural heritage. These topics were presented by 20 speakers during the scientific program of the conference. At the conclusion of the conference and workshop, a six-point declaration was prepared, with the text drafted and signed by representatives of the institutions present. This declaration emphasized the need to pay greater attention to documentation as a tool for research, understanding cultural and natural heritage, optimal presentation, and preservation.