Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration

A protective attention of the Einali monument from the point of view of destructive earthquakes caused by the activity of nearby passing faults based on the variogram analysis

Pouya Sadeghi-Farshbaf

The purpose of this research is to direct attention to the protection of the Einali historical monument located in the Sorkhab mountain range of Tabriz in terms of finding faults with the potential of destructive earthquakes based on the variogram analysis and spatial correlation pattern zoning of data related to recent earthquakes. Therefore, it is possible to protect the structure of the mentioned building by finding protection and strengthening solutions according to the outputs of the article. For this purpose, first, the faults around the Einali historical monument located in the central sector of the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) are identified based on the variograms related to the spatial data of the recent earthquakes. Direct identification of transverse faults in field studies is influenced by the geological environment of the region. For the study case, this environment includes structural complications such as many fractures and joints around the Einali building and the density of residential structures on the slopes of Sorkhab mountain. Therefore, providing an estimator tool in this study in order to identify and locate the fault segment can be helpful and beneficial because it is possible to choose the correct areas for field studies by having estimated positions with less time and cost. Locations according to the methodology presented in this study include the processing of the spatial position of recent earthquake data based on variograms, which results in the estimation of data with high spatial correlation. Therefore, by proposing a spatial pattern of continuous characteristics from variogram models and checking Kriging interpolation and choosing the best experimental variogram, the spatial correlation between observations was predicted for other unknown values. The results of the study showed a very high correlation of the separation revealed with the field evidence and, as a result, the validation of the method presented in this research. Therefore, it is suggested that the maximum amount of seismic damage to the Einali building is caused by the activity of the transverse fault associated with the NTF.

Conservation and Restoration of an Achaemenid Column Base from the Hundred-Column Palace in the Persepolis World Heritage Site

Hamid Fadaei

Persepolis is one of the most prominent remaining stone sites in Iran and the world, showcasing the traditions, culture, and customs of ancient Iranians, and is notable for its structural architecture and visual beauty. The Hundred-Column Hall is the largest columned hall in Persepolis after Apadana and was magnificently adorned with a hundred tall columns. Today, mainly the bases of these columns remain in their original place in this palace. Various stone pieces belonging to other column components, such as column shafts, capitals, and floral motifs, are scattered in the open space of the main hall of the palace, exposed to natural damaging elements and thus urgently requiring conservation efforts. This study focuses on one of the column bases (Base 4D) and, through library, field, and analytical studies and the implementation of an emergency conservation plan, aims to slow the degradation pattern of this limestone base. Previously, most restorations at Persepolis were conducted using sand-cement materials, but with changing perspectives and theoretical foundations in stone conservation, cement use has been discontinued due to its different water absorption and evaporation rates, expansion and contraction coefficients, and irreversibility. XRD analyses indicate that calcium oxide is the predominant component in the samples, with traces of silicate, aluminum, and iron also present in the stone composition. Other oxides are found in minimal amounts, and the stones used are high-purity limestone with low silica content. One of the outcomes of this research is the use of hydraulic lime-based materials known as "Ledan," combined with additives and fillers, applied to deficient and actively fractured sections. This protective mortar, highly compatible with limestone, has strengthened the resistance of cracks and fractures against moisture infiltration and significantly reduced erosion rates.

Restoration and Stabilization of a Stone Achaemenid Door Jamb at Shahr-e- Istakhr (Marvdasht, Fars)

AbdolMajid Abedi

values and the necessary actions to preserve and transfer these values to the future. These strategies are known in conservation and restoration literature in various terms, including conservation management planning. Undoubtedly, presenting a conservation and restoration plan for a site with extensive material value is the reason for this research and restoration report. By collecting primary information related to the recognition of the site and conservation, a program will be presented as general solutions for conservation and introduction of the site. Although such research and conservation efforts are preliminary, they can be considered as the first step towards serious national and international actions to protect, restore, and introduce valuable ancient sites

Conservation And Restoration The Part Of The Stone Door Attributed To Pasargadae’s Rock Tower

Sana Kazemzad Bagha

The following article aims to conserve and restore a part of the rock door and stone tower of the Pasargad World Heritage Site. The rock piece belongs to the right wing of the stone tower and is decorated with six lotus flowers. This object had much damage that caused the preservation and protection of the work to problems such as fracture and lack of integrity. Therefore, the restoration practice started on the stone piece. The best intervention method is selected after the historical, physical, and chemical knowledge of the effect. In this regard, studies have been conducted in the field of knowing and investigating the political history, architecture, nature, and use of the rock tower, and instrumental analyses such as petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been performed to identify the physical and chemical dimension of the object. The results show that the work belonged to the stone tower and was probably built during the reign of Darius. The rock used to build the artefact is dolomitic limestone. Finally, with the help of the mentioned analyses and according to the restoration principles of restoration, practical procedure, and preventive conservation were carried out on the stone piece. Finally, the work was placed inside a frame made of Teflon sheet for display so that the work has both visual integrity and can be reversed for future restorations.

Conservation and restoration of the tombstone belonging to the cultural heritage department of Oskou city

Samin Eshaghi Fesqendisi

The present study examines and identifies the tombstone belonging to the cultural heritage department of Oskou city. The city of Oskou, located in the west of East Azerbaijan province, has many historical monuments, and gravestones are one of them. These symbols are considered as one of the cultural and social values of the region and the process of formation of different types of patterns and decorations can be carefully studied in them. The tombstone studied in this research was obtained from the historical cemetery of Khosraq neighborhood and is currently located in the cultural heritage office of Oskou city. During this research, the pathological condition of this stone has been examined and historical and comparative studies have been conducted to identify the period of the effect and match it with similar stones. Also, attention has been paid to its technology, type of motifs and stone carving method. To identify the type of rock, thin sections have been prepared and analyzed by petrography (petrography). Finally, after taking actions such as documenting, cleaning, patching and reconstructing the missing parts, a proposed plan for protection, restoration, display and maintenance of the work has been presented.

Mining and Ancient Metalworking Studies in Cultural Heritage: Values and Necessities

Amin Allah Kamali

Iran, with a history spanning over 7,000 years, is considered one of the pioneers of ancient mining and metallurgy in the world. Ancient mining and metallurgy, as part of Iran's engineering and cultural heritage, play a crucial role in understanding the history of these technologies and advancing related knowledge. The study of this field contributes to the preservation of this historical and cultural legacy. Since the 1990s, organized efforts in the field of ancient mining and metallurgy have been initiated in Iran, leading to significant achievements, including the implementation of national and international projects. This research reviews key studies conducted in the field of ancient mining and metallurgy, presenting the outcomes of activities in this area. Moreover, it highlights the values embedded in the heritage of ancient mining and metallurgy, emphasizing the need to preserve this valuable legacy and register significant ancient mining and metallurgy sites as national heritage assets.

The Report of Newly-Discovered Urartian Rock Inscription in Gharejelou, Eastern Azerbaijan

Maryam Dara

An Urartian cuneiform rock inscription was reported in March 2021 in Gharejelou, close to Shahverdi Gheshlagh village, Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Iran. This site has been previously surveyed and also the legal excavations took place. The epigraphy of the inscription belongs to the first years ofUrartian reign and the last half of it. As the close by Urartian inscriptions belong to Argishti II it is possible that this inscription as well was written in the same era. The inscription is badly damaged mainly by sediment. The damages make the actual reading of the inscription almost impossible. This contribution is also presented at the Conference of Van Museum as Urartu and Beyond and will be published in the conference book.