Knowledge of Conservation and Restoration

fa روشی نظام‌مند برای آسیب‌شناسی ترکیبی بناهای تاریخی: تجربه‌ای در ارتباط با مرمت پل-بند تاریخی ایزدخواست A Systematic Method for Integrated Damages Assessment of Historic Structures: A Case Study of the Conservation of the Izadkhast Historic Bridge –Dam ارزیابی روش‌های درمانی و بهینه‌سازی مواد و مصالح سنتی در حفاظت و مرمت. Evaluation of treatment methods and optimization of traditional materials in conservation and restoration. پژوهشي Research, Original, Regular <div style="text-align: justify;">در نیم قرن اخیر، بناهای تاریخی با بحران‌های متعددی مواجه بوده‌اند. دامنه وسیع آسیب‌های ناشی از عوامل درونی، طبیعی و انسانی، چالش‌های جدیدی را پیش روی حفاظت و مرمت این آثار قرار داده و بیش‌ازپیش ضرورت تشخیص دقیق آسیب‌ها با بهره‌گیری از روش‌های ترکیبی را روشن ساخته است. با این حال، مطالعاتی که در زمینه آسیب‌شناسی بناهای تاریخی در ایران انجام شده‌اند، همچنان یا دارای رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی با ماهیتی عمدتا کیفی هستند و یا صرفا بر تحلیل‌های کمی تکیه دارند. ازآنجاکه که تشخیص و ارزیابی صحیح علل بروز آسیب‌ها، نقش اساسی در تعیین حد، سطح و اولویت مداخلات مرمت ایفا می‌نماید، این پژوهش به‌دنبال توسعه روشی جامع برای آسیب‌شناسی ترکیبی و همه جانبه یک بنای تاریخی است. همانگونه که وضعیت آسیب‌های فعلی بنا در تعیین میزان و شیوه مداخله تأثیرگذار است، درک دگرگونی‌های بنا در طول تاریخ، شناخت تعمیرات و تغییرات گذشته، بررسی ویژگی‌های ذاتی و ساختاری مصالح، تحلیل کمی و کیفی رفتار سازه در برابر تنشهای وارده و بحران‌های طبیعی همچون زلزله و سیل نیز مؤثر بوده و می‌بایستی به‌صورت توامان مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرند. این پژوهش با تمرکز بر آسیب‌های پل- بند تاریخی ایزدخواست به یک روش ترکیبی سازنده دست یافته که می‌تواند برای ارزیابی آسیب‌شناسانه سایر بناهای تاریخی دیگر الهام‌بخش باشد. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با تعریف یک متدولوژی شش مرحله‌ای، شامل: (1) تحلیل تاریخی و بررسی سیر تحول بنا، (2) مشاهده مستقیم و تحلیل کیفی وضعیت فعلی در محل، (3) تحلیل کیفی و نیمه‌کمی مالت‌ها و تحلیل کیفی مصالح، (4) تحلیل سازه و بررسی رفتار کلی بنا، (5) ارزیابی ایمنی و انجام تحلیل‌های کمی و آزمون‌های سازه‌ای و (6) قضاوت نهایی و ترکیب داده‌ها؛ به تشخیص و داوری دقیق علل بروز آسیب‌ها پرداخته است. این روش در ارتباط با پل- بند تاریخی ایزدخواست به‌کار گرفته شده و نتایج آن مبنایی برای تعیین حدود مداخلات مرمتی و اقدامات استحکام‌بخشی فراهم آورده است. از نظر هدف، پژوهش حاضر کاربردی است و از لحاظ روش تحلیل، ماهیتی کمی و کیفی با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی دارد. متغیرهای به‌کاررفته ترکیبی از داده‌های کمی و کیفی بوده و از منظر زمانی، شامل بررسی گذشته و وضعیت کنونی است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که تلفیق نظام‌مند تحلیل تاریخی، آسیب‌شناسی کیفی وضعیت فعلی، تحلیل مالت‌ها و مصالح، تحلیل سازه‌ای و تحلیل کمی رفتار سازه، ضمن روشن ساختن سازوکارهای پایداری پل- بند ایزدخواست، امکان اتخاذ راهکارهای مرمتی حداقلی، سازگار با اصالت و توان بنا و قابل تعمیم به بناهای تاریخی مشابه را فراهم می‌آورد.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Historic bridges represent complex structural systems that have endured centuries of environmental exposure, functional transformation, and human intervention. Due to their structural configuration and location within dynamic riverine contexts, they are particularly vulnerable to natural forces, material decay, and incompatible repairs. Conservation doctrine has consistently emphasized that intervention must be grounded in knowledge. Documents such as the Venice Charter, the Burra Charter, the Nara Document on Authenticity, and the ICOMOS Principles for the Analysis and Restoration of Architectural Heritage stress that understanding a monument’s historical development, material composition, and structural performance is essential before any action is taken. Building on this understanding, the present study develops and applies an integrated damage diagnosis approach to the historic Bridge-Dam of Izadkhast. Although Iranian historic bridges have been widely studied, previous research has often addressed historical interpretation, qualitative assessment, and structural modeling separately. In many instances, laboratory testing and structural calculations were treated as isolated technical exercises rather than as components of conservation decision making. This separation has occasionally led to reinforcement strategies that exceed actual structural needs and conflict with principles such as minimal intervention and respect for authenticity. The principal research gap therefore lies in the absence of a coherent methodological framework that integrates historical studies, qualitative damage assessment, laboratory material testing, and quantitative structural behavior analysis into a unified and conservation oriented decision making model. The Izadkhast Bridge-Dam was selected as the case study because of its historical and structural importance. Located along the Historic route from Isfahan to Shiraz via Izadkhast, it once played a strategic role in regional communication and maintained a functional relationship with the nearby caravanserai. Built across a seasonal river prone to flooding, the structure was originally designed to serve caravan traffic. In later periods, however, the passage of automobiles and heavier transport introduced load conditions that had not been anticipated in the original architectural conception. As a result, the bridge was subjected to stresses exceeding its intended structural capacity. Despite these pressures, it remained functional for centuries. Only in recent decades have climatic variability, renewed water flow after extended drought, inappropriate restoration efforts, and insufficient river management significantly increased its vulnerability. The methodology adopted in this research consisted of six interconnected stages: (1) historical analysis and investigation of the structural evolution of the monument; (2) direct observation and qualitative assessment of the current condition; (3) qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of mortars and qualitative assessment of materials; (4) structural analysis and evaluation of the overall structural behavior; (5) safety assessment through quantitative analyses and structural testing; and (6) final judgment and data integration. In this method, Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the physical and chemical properties of mortars and bricks, and structural behavior under gravity, seismic forces, wind, and hydraulic actions was analyzed through finite element modeling using ANSYS software. The findings demonstrate that a comprehensive understanding of the monument requires the simultaneous interpretation of historical documentation, field evidence, material characteristics, and structural modeling results. Historical analysis revealed that major damage resulted from changes in function, excessive loading beyond traditional use patterns, destructive floods particularly the flood of 1956 CE. and alterations in river morphology caused by human intervention. Qualitative assessment identified inconsistencies in restoration management, incomplete conservation measures, deterioration of mortars, and neglect of riverbed maintenance as significant contributors to the bridge’s current condition. Material analyses indicated that lime mortars (cold sarooj) were intentionally employed in water exposed sections, while gypsum–lime mortars were used in arches and passageways, reflecting functional adaptation to environmental conditions. Although bricks quality was relatively low due to manufacturing and firing limitations, this characteristic forms part of the bridge’s original material system and does not in itself indicate structural weakness. Structural analyses showed that the bridge performs satisfactorily under gravitational and seismic loads. The vulnerable structural points was identified in relation to hydrodynamic flood forces and at the junction between the end piers and the natural riverbanks. The integratetion of the obtained results indicate that most observed damages do not stem from inherent structural vulnerability, but rather from the disruption of the bridge’s historical equilibrium. Changes in functional loads, incompatible restoration materials, interruption of structural continuity, and hydromorphological alterations in the riverbed have collectively intensified deterioration. Numerical modeling confirmed that heavy structural reinforcement or radical alteration of the structural system is unnecessary. Instead, conservation efforts should focus on correcting inappropriate past restorations, locally reinforcing critical points, stabilizing and organizing the riverbed and establishing a continuous maintenance system. This study demonstrates that that quantitative structural analysis can meaningfully inform conservation decisions only when interpreted in direct connection with historical understanding and material characterization. Detached numerical assessments risk misdiagnosis and unnecessary intervention. Accordingly, the research advocates a shift from reactive, episodic restoration toward preventive and integrated management of historic bridges. Ultimately, this research proposes a transferable analytical framework for the conservation of historic bridges in Iran and comparable contexts. By integrating historical research, qualitative damage assessment, laboratory based material evaluation, structural stability assessment, and finite element analysis into a unified diagnostic process, the study provides a methodological model that supports minimal, authenticity compatible, and scientifically grounded conservation strategies, while preventing costly and irreversible interventions.</div> آسیب‌شناسی, مرمت, حفاظت, پل, ایزدخواست. Damages Assessment, Restoration, Conservation, Bridge, Izadkhast. 92 112 http://journal.richt.ir/kcr/browse.php?a_code=A-10-49-34&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Elham Haji Nili الهام حاجی نیلی elham_haji@arch.iust.ac.ir No PHD of restoration and revival of historical buildings and textures, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. دکتری مرمت و احیاء بناها و بافت‌های تاریخی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران. Eisa Esfanjary Kenari عیسی اسفنجاری کناری Yes Assistant Professor, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. دانشیار، گروه مرمت و احیا بناها و بافت‌های تاریخی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، ایران.