Abstract
Hamadan great mosque, the oldest mosque in the old urban context, is located between the city market and the central square. This prominent mosque belongs to the early Islamic centuries, which has been rebuilt during various periods, especially the Safavid and Qajar periods, but isn’t remains of the ancient structure of the mosque, and the current structure belongs to the Qajar period. Despite the general features of this work, the shape of the mosque building has a great impact on bringing the building in line with the climate. Now the question arises to what extent has the region’s climate been able to influence the process of mosque formation?  And to what extent does climate modeling ensure the durability of the mosque’s structure? Based on the above questions, the purpose of the present study is to introduce and analyze architecture of great mosque by using descriptive-analytical method and relying on study resources and field studies to provide answers to the questions raised. The result of such a study can be seen in influencing the architectural features of the mosque from the region’s climate; this work, in addition to its religious function, the location of the mosque and its location along the main market of the city, has led the mosque to play an important role. According to the architectural structure of the mosque, the major developments in the building are related to the Qajar and contemporary periods; the structure of the columns of the nave of the mosque, It has a dome, minaret and sangab, and is the only example of a dome mosque of historical value in the urban context of Hamadan.
Keyword: Hamedan, Great Mosque, Architecture, Climate.

Introduction
Hamadan great mosque has always been one of the most important historical, architectural and archeological studies in Hamadan. About change, development and restoration carried out in the Mosque of historical, geographical and social remained critical of the Islamic period. Which can sometimes be compared with evidence in the current structure of the mosque, and sometimes little archaeological evidence suggests that parts of the building existed in the past. As it comes from historical sources, the core of the structure of the Hamadan mosque dates back to the Early Islamic period, which has been repaired and added to over the course of the following centuries (Hojbari, 2006). In addition to the religious function, the location of the mosque and its location along the main market of the city have led the great to play an important role in shaping the design and layout of the city (Mehriar et al., 1999: 54). Due to the architectural structure of the mosque, the major developments in the building are related to the Qajar and contemporary periods. The structure of the mosque is subordinate to the pillar-shaped hall, has a dome, a goldsmith and a Sangab, and is the only example of a dome mosque in the urban context of Hamadan. Structural features and climatic principles governing the structure of the mosque led the author to fully describe the architectural structure of the mosque of Hamedan in a descriptive-analytical way.  Undoubtedly, this method of analysis can greatly eliminate the gaps in the study of structural, decorative, and climate change in the structure of the mosque. Based on the aforementioned approach and based on geographical, historical and architectural texts, a comprehensive and complete analysis of the mosque’s location and its architectural and structural analysis is obtained. Therefore, in this study raised the following questions: What extent the climate of the region has been able to influence the process of mosque formation? And to what extent does climate modeling ensure the durability of the mosque’s structure? 
 
Great Mosque
The square-rectangular square-plan mosque is incomplete, with a rectangular courtyard spanning three porches in the South, East and North, several bedrooms, a brick-covered dome, a dome, six minarets and several chambers.  The building under consideration from the perspective of construction and architecture from several different and interrelated parts such: Entrance, Vestibule, Courtyard, Ivan, Chambers, and the hall is formed around. The main entrance of the mosque has been West and market in the past, but with the creation of new buildings and a new entrance on the North side of “Ekbatan Street” the main entrance has been moved to this direction. The old mosque entrance to the market can be accessed through a vestibule to various parts of the mosque. Another entrance to the mosque is on the Southeast side of the market through a corridor. The courtyard of the mosque has a large pond in the middle, porches, chambers and halls around, the courtyard is about 2 meters below the adjacent alleys. The South porch of the courtyard has two shallow arches that have two short and thick minarets on top of this porch. Behind the porch is the dome space of the mosque, which, along with the porch, forms the core of the old mosque, with an altar built on the South side. The dome is of two-shell type and is of architectural suitability; the dome leads to the columned bed sheets through the side porches; on the West side of the dome is a mosque with proportional stone columns that access the courtyard and dome through the entrances. On the West side of the courtyard and adjacent to the aforementioned nightclub is another columned hall, opposite the South porch and on the other side of the porch aisle and bed sheets in a new way with flat cover built on top of the middle porch of the two minarets, which is an extension of the recent period, the porch overlooking the new mosque on Ekbatan Street also has two minarets (Molazadeh and Mohammadi, 2000: 243-244).  

Conclusion
Designers of Hamedan great Mosque have applied techniques to adapt to the climatic conditions of the cold foothills, a major problem in these areas is winter cold. Therefore preventing heat dissipation in different parts of the building is a top priority for designers (Tahebaz and Jalilian, 2011: 63). The plan of the mosque is a square-rectangular mosque that is integrated with the surrounding area and the mosque building is adjacent to the adjacent buildings, which also helps maintain the heat inside the mosque as well as the adjacent buildings (Pourshabanian, 1397: 67). The mosque has a central courtyard with a low infrastructure compared to the entire mosque. Part of the body of the mosque is submerged in the ground due to the lower level of its adjacent street texture, leading to greater vulnerability of various parts of the building to moisture(Ibid: 47-48). And besides the beauty of the building materials, it is also damaged (Ibrahimzadeh, 2015, 2: 796).  

Abstract
The native and traditional architecture of each region has been derived from the climate and geography of that region, and mosques as the most important permanent building of Islam in different cities and climates have developed and survived over time by maintaining their unique characteristics in accordance with the climate of each region. The survival of the structure of the historical mosques of Hamedan has also been influenced by the climatic indicators of the region and the climate has guaranteed the structure of the mosques for many years and has provided the possibility of peaceful coexistence of architecture with the environment and its integration. On this basis, this question can be asked that to what extent did climatic characteristics influence the process of forming mosques? In other words, to what extent have climatic factors been effective in creating similar shapes and forms in the building of Hamedan mosques? Its purpose is to recognize Hamedan’s climatic indicators in the structure of mosques by relying on study sources and field surveys to provide a basis for answering the mentioned questions .Considering that the quality of the structural model and the materials used in the mosques of Hamadan city have many similarities with each other due to the high foothill climate of the region ,and the design matching the climate in most of the mosques of this region is similar to other cities of the high foothill climate and mountainous has been observed, as a result, by studying and comparing architecture and climate, the degree of adherence to climate in the architecture of these valuable structures can be obtained. In order to understand the architecture of the historical mosques of Hamadan city, all the documentary, library and field data have been reviewed in a comprehensive way to reveal the effects of climate on the architectural structure of the mosques.
Keywords: Mountainous Region, Hamedan, Architecture, Mosques.

Introduction
In most of the historical and geographical sources of the Islamic era, the life and position of the city and its landmark works such as mosques, especially the Grand Mosque, have been talked about, and it has always had many study attractions for archeology, history and art researchers. In terms of urban identity, Jame Mosque of Hamadan has an old structure from the early Islamic era. However, the majority of neighborhood mosques were built in the neighborhoods of the city after the Safavid period, and a number of mosques, which are related to the Islamic Middle Ages, were revived during this era and the Qajar era. The plan of these mosques is square-rectangular and they follow the pillared nave pattern, without minarets and garlands. The majority of these mosques are built along the bazaar or on the side of the main roads of the city and play an important role in the formation of the design systems and public image of the city. Despite such a key position in the context of the city, investigation and research on the structure of mosques has often been scattered and focused only on the expression of architectural features. Therefore, the role of some influential factors such as climatic indicators in the structure of mosques, which are adapted to the climate of each region as much as possible, has been less noticed. Based on the main objectives of the article, the author aims to examine the architectural structure of the mosques of Hamedan city based on the climate of the region in the time frame of the Islamic era .Based on the mentioned approach, the review of historical and contemporary written sources, archeological data, excavation documents, and field surveys can provide researchers with a comprehensive and complete analysis of the exact location of mosques in the urban context and their architectural analysis based on the region’s climate.

Introduction
The mosques of Hamedan city, as one of the prestigious cities of many centuries of Islam, are very important in the civilization of the Islamic era from various aspects of study and research. In most of the historical and geographical sources of the Islamic era, the life and position of the city and its landmark works such as mosques, especially the Grand Mosque, have been talked about, and it has always had many study attractions for archeology, history and art researchers. In terms of urban identity, Jame Mosque of Hamadan has an old structure from the early Islamic era, which has been repaired and restored in different periods and additions have been added to it. Investigations and evidence show that the majority of neighborhood mosques were built in the neighborhoods of the city after the Safavid period, and a number of mosques, which are related to the Islamic Middle Ages, were revived during this period and the Qajar era. There is a mosque in each neighborhood of Hamadan city, among these mosques, we can mention Nazarbeg, Shalbafan, Chaman-Chopanha, Prophet, Imamzadeh Yahya, Gazran, Mirzataqi, Kalpa, Kebabian, Haji, Haj Kalbali and Alavian mosques. The plan of these mosques is square-rectangular and they follow the columned nave pattern, without minarets and garlands. Considering the importance of a significant number of mosques that are scattered in the city of Hamadan, each one is located on the path of one of the main neighborhoods of the city in the old context. The majority of these mosques are built along the bazaar or on the side of the main roads of the city and play an important role in the formation of the design systems and public image of the city. Despite such a key position in the context of the city, the investigation and research about the structure of mosques has often been scattered and focused only on the expression of architectural features. Therefore, the role of some influential factors such as climatic indicators in the structure of mosques, which are adapted to the climate of each region as much as possible, has been less noticed. Based on the main objectives of the article, the author aims to examine the architectural structure of the mosques of Hamedan city based on the climate of the region in the time frame of the Islamic era. Undoubtedly, this method of investigation and analysis can solve the study gaps regarding the architectural structures of mosques and climatic effects in them to a great extent. Based on the mentioned approach, the review of historical and contemporary written sources, archeological data, excavation documents, and field investigations can provide a comprehensive and complete analysis of the exact location of mosques in the urban context and the architectural analysis of mosques in Hamadan city. To provide researchers with the climate of the region.

Discussion
Although the historical mosques of Hamedan follow the general principles of mosque building, they have used methods to adapt to the cold climate of the region. The presence of courtyards in Hamedan mosques is often shown in three ways. Due to the unevenness of the city fabric in all areas, in sloping lands, part of the body of mosques is sunk into the ground. In addition to the external structure of mosques, often the internal parts are also designed under the influence of climatic conditions. Often, the roof of the mosques in this area is not dome or flat due to weather conditions and the amount of snow and rain. Comprehensive mosques are excluded from the general rule due to their centrality in the urban context of each region and often have a dome cover. Except for comprehensive mosques, keeping the balance in the ambient temperature as one of the design priorities has led the majority of mosques in this region to have flat or smooth roofs.
In some mosques of this region, there is only one nave with the characteristics of winter naves, and in other mosques, due to the more appropriate use of the nave space in different seasons, dual spaces have been considered for winter naves and summer naves. The axis of placement of the winter and summer Shabestan in the design of the mosque depends on the climatic pattern of the region. The number and dimensions of the openings in the mosque building imply maintaining the internal temperature, for this reason, in most mosques, the number and size of the openings and skylights of the external walls of the mosque are reduced to the minimum possible to control the heat exchange. The cold weather in the cold seasons of the year in the mountainous climate requires materials such as stone, brick and clay in the structure of buildings, especially mosques.

Conclusion
In the four regions of Iran, the body of mosques has been adapted as much as possible to the climate of each region so that in addition to meeting religious or political needs, human comfort needs are also provided in the space inside the mosque. Climatic factors are visible as influential factors in the structure of mosques in Hamadan city. The quality of the structural model and the materials used in Hamadan mosques have many similarities with each other due to the climate of Hamadan. In the review of 16 prominent mosques in the urban context of Hamadan, it can be clearly stated that the overall structure of the mosques does not have significant differences from each other. The plan of most mosques is often compact and square or rectangular. Most of the mosques, except Jame Mosque, Haj Kalbali Mosque and Sheverin Mosque, have a central tabernacle, and the materials used in all mosques are generally the same. Heavy materials such as brick and stone are prioritized due to their high thermal mass. All mosques have flat roofs, which causes snow to accumulate on the roof, and the only dome-shaped mosque in the city is Jame Mosque as the main mosque. The height of most of the mosques in this area is relatively short, except for the Grand Mosque. The dimensions of the openings and windows in the mosques of this area are few. The importance of the courtyard in other regions is not seen in such mosques. The layout of mosques is mostly integrated with the surrounding context such as alleys, streets, residential houses and markets, and the mosques are connected to the adjacent buildings, which is effective in maintaining the heat inside the mosques as well as the adjacent buildings.

Abstract
The northern plains of the Alvand mountain range in Hamedan are known as part of the Median land and the capital of this period. Research and study on Iron Age III settlements with the aim of identifying and drawing an accurate pattern of the sites of this period was one of the goals of the writers in this region, which was carried out in recent years. Qale-dagh Tepe is one of the areas that have been reviewed and studied in this research. Qale-dagh or Aghdash area is located at an altitude of 2009 meters above sea level in the foothills of Arjanī mountain overlooking the Hamedan plain. The height of the area is 41 meters above the level of surrounding rangelands. The site was first identified and registered in 1381 AH and in 1385 AH in the comprehensive plan of archaeological survey of Hamedan city was reviewed. Despite much destruction, the site has not yet been studied and archaeologically excavated. Qale-dagh is a single period from the Iron Age III. It consists of single and dense brick building that can be seen in parts of the main walls and its gates. There is evidence of filling in the gaps between the back and the outside of the walls at an unspecified time. The pottery obtained from the study is small and contains non-significant samples of this period. There are questions about the condition of the area and its function in the heights of the Hamedan plain that this study has addressed. The research method in this paper is based on archaeological studies and comparative studies. Preliminary results show that Qale-dagh area is located in specific geographical location, architectural style, pottery data and compared with other sites of Median period such as Nush-I-Jan Tepe, Moush Tepe and Haji Khan is a religious place overlooking the capital of Med (Hegmataneh).
Keywords: Hamedan, Qale-dagh Tepe, Iron Age III, Median Period.

Introduction
In a series of surveys conducted from 2017 to 2018 regarding the spatial association of Iron Age III settlements in the Hamedan plain (Almasi, 2020), which is mentioned in historical sources as the first seat and political and governing center of the Median period, the known relics from the past years to the present, particularly the new relics in the last decade, were studied, and a question was raised. The question was “What were the function and nature of a group of monuments with characteristics such as individuality, being located outside the scope of settlement, similar style and method in architecture, especially in components such as the type of bricks, and finally their intentional filling at some points in time?”
One of these newly discovered monuments is a brick fortress named Qale-dagh Tepe located in the northern highlands of the Hamedan plain. The site is located in the foothills of the Arjanī Mountain with a height of 2130 meters above sea level. Aghdash Village is the closest modern village to it, which is located at a distance of 3.5 kilometers from it. The site does not have an access road from the village, so that one can only reach the site on foot by crossing some agricultural fields and barren lands.
The Qale-dagh site with coordinates Y:3869857.31-X:290962.58 is the only brick structure that is located on a natural bed among the hills of the Arjanī Mountain. The current size of the site is 1 hectare. However, the Qale-dagh site has suffered massive destruction over time, much of which is related to human destruction. The site was discovered in 2002 (Pazuki & Shadmhr, 2005) and surveyed in 2006 (Mohammadifar & Motarjem, 2006), and then the authors resurveyed it in 2017.

Data
The Qale-dagh site in appearance is divided into two sections: the northern section, which is a brick structure and remains up to a height of 3 meters, and the southern section, which is large and has a lower height (Map 3). The architecture of the northern section includes a thick wall with an approximate height of 3 meters and a diameter of 1.5 meters in the east-west direction. It appears that the wall has a buttress, since in the two sections of the wall, the remains of a brick pier with 1 meter in width and 2.5meter distance from each other can be observed. The distance between the two brick piers is filled with layers of pebbles and mud mortar (Image 2), Causing the wall to remain intact up to a height of 3 meters. On the northeastern side, several holes have been dug by unauthorized excavators, in one of which, the remains of more than 2 gates covered with a lancet arch can be observed from the outside (Image 4). From the inside of the gates, a corridor-like space with another lancet arch can be observed (Image 5). The width of the two gates is approximately 70 cm and lower than the height of 3 meters of the wall. The lancet covering of the arches is formed by laying bricks diagonally to each other. The materials used in the monument are bricks with dimensions of 42×23×11 cm and mud mortar with a thickness of 10 to 12 cm.
The pieces of pottery obtained from the surface survey include a bowl with an inverted rim, a simple bowl, a bowl handle, a base of a dish, and two pieces of a dish body (Image 7).

Analysis of Finding
In the survey of the architectural features and pottery pieces collected from the site, the history of settlement in the site appears to be related only to the Iron III period, as it was built on virgin soil. Such a procedure was used in some significant Median sites such as Nush-I-Jan (Stronach & Ruf, 2011), Moush Tepe (Mohammadifar et al., 2015: 236), ZarBolagh (Malekzadeh et al., 2014), Yalfan (Almasi et al., 2017: 70), Haji Khan (Hemmati Azandriani et al., 2019: 35) and Pishee (Almasi, 2020: 115).
In the northern wall, the remains of two brick piers are visible (Image 2), revealing the use of buttress in the construction of the main wall of the monument. The use of buttress, which is generally used on the outer front of the main walls of the monument, can also be observed in the sites of Nush-I-Jan (Stronach & Ruf, 2011: 16), Godin (Young & Levine, 1974: 116-pl.37), Baba Jan (Goff, 1977: 104-Fig.1) and Ozbeki (Majidzadeh, 2009: 343).
The gate with a lancet arch created in the Qale-dagh site is also similar to the ones in the sites of Nush-I-Jan (Stronakh & Ruf, 2011: 81), Godin (Gopnik, 2016: 293), Moush Tepe (Mohammadifar et al., 2015: 235) and Gunespan (Naseri et al., 2016: 131) (Table 1). The dimensions and sizes of the bricks used in the monument of the Qale-dagh site are similar to the dimensions of the bricks used in the monuments of sites of the same period (Table 2). Another characteristic of the site is the intentional filling of the monument (Images 2 and 3), so that this method of abandonment has been reported in the excavations of the sites of Nush-I-Jan (ibid: 163), Moush Tepe (Mohammadifar et al., 2015: 235), ZarBolagh (Malekzadeh et al., 2014), and Haji Khan (Hemmati Azandriani et al., 2019: 106). 

Conclusion
Owing to the geographical feature of the site, which is located in the foothills of the Arjanī Mountain overlooking the Hamedan plain and the connecting route of the Hamedan plain, it is possible to imagine a military use similar to the inter-road military forts. However, in the survey and comparison of the Urartian castles of the first millennium BC in the northwest, we observe considerable cultural data indicating long-term settlement in these places (Kleiss, 1980, Burney, 1966). On the contrary, such conditions are not observed in Qale-dagh. Hence, we can place emphasis on only the apparent characteristics of the site, such as the information obtained from the architecture and the results of comparing and matching it with the Median sites, particularly Nush-I-Jan, Moush Tepe and Haji Khan. From the excavations conducted in the three Median sites of Nush-I-Jan -Main Period, Moush Tepe and Haji Khan (Map 4), few findings of human activity (garbage production) were obtained, demonstrating a non-residential use in such places and their special use for the people. All the three sites were created on virgin soil, had intentionally filling, and were cleared before filling.
As no contemporary settlement was found near the site, a non-residential use can be considered for it. Furthermore, the height of the site above sea level and the steep slope of the site in the foothills of the Arjanī Mountain indicate that it is not easily accessible.
The intentional filling of monuments, which is carried out with special care in layers, can also be used to protect the monuments. Ghirshman associates the fillings with the change of religious attitude in the later period (Ghirshman, 1976: 10-11).
As supported by extensive evidence, the Qale-dagh site is extremely similar to the sites of Nush-I-Jan, Moush Tepe and Haji Khan. 

Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate and thank the Hamedan Province Cultural Heritage Organization and Mr. Mohammad Shabani for making it possible to visit the site.

Abstract
One of the main aspects in understanding past cultures is the study and analysis of pottery works in ancient sites. The passage of communication routes such as the Khorasan highway during the historical period, especially in the Islamic period, has caused the emergence of many pottery cultures in this part of the country. Considering the influence of Hamedan pottery cultures and consequently the Qoroq site from large pottery areas of the Islamic period, in this research, an attempt is made to answer these questions. In terms of construction style and decoration, the effects of which areas can be seen in the pottery of Qoroq site? What are the most important types of pottery in this area from the 5th to 8th century AH? And which type of pottery has native characteristics? The main purpose of this writing is to identify the types of pottery indicators of the study site, which is done through the study of archaeological data obtained from modern surveys. In the present research, the descriptive-analytical research method and information gathering has been done in the form of library studies and field comparison of the findings of this area with other areas. The results show that the pottery art of this area can be seen in terms of construction and decoration techniques influenced by the art of neighboring areas such as Zolfabad, Aveh, Soltanieh, Takht-e Soleiman, Kangavar and Boroujerd. Also more than 10 types of pottery from the fifth to the eighth century AH have been identified, which include different types of unglazed and glazed pottery, each of which is divided into simple, patterned and multi-colored subsets under the glaze. In the meantime, specimens such as Dishes with multicolored decoration on white glaze probably have local characteristics.
Keywords: Qoroq Site, Hamedan, Typology, Pottery, 5th to 8th Century AH.

Introduction
Qoroq site is located 9 km north of Hamedan city, in the east of Bahar city. In terms of topography and geological features, this area is located in the alluvial, eastern and northern parts of the Alvand mountain valley habitat and in the middle of the vast and fertile plain of Hamedan (Fig 1 & 2). According to historical texts and archaeological evidence, Qoroq site is one of the leading cultural centers of the Islamic period, the peak of its prosperity is related to the seventh and eighth centuries AH (Fig 3). Surface studies on the pottery of the Islamic period of Qoroq site show that in this region, various known pottery styles have been prevalent in different regions of Iran. The Survey and analysis of various types of pottery index during the fifth to eighth centuries AH, The relationship of this area with neighboring areas and also the identification of local samples is one of the objectives of this Research. The most important research questions are: 1- In terms of construction style and decoration, the effects of which areas can be seen in the pottery of Qoroq site? 2- What are the most important types of pottery in this area? And 3- which type of pottery has native characteristics? According to the results of the research, underglaze and overglaze varieties with monochromatic and multicolor motifs are among the most important pottery works of this area. It is probably the multi-colored type on a white glaze background from the local pottery of the western regions of Iran in the 7th and 8th centuries AH. (Table 7 b). In the present article, the data are collected by documentary and field methods and the research approach is “descriptive-analytical”. The pottery pieces were studied by “sampling” method as “simple random” and based on “qualitative characteristics”.
Archaeological studies by faculty members of Bu - Ali Sina University in the region during the years 2006 to 2012 have referred to the pottery data of the Islamic period of this region and its flagship hills, including Qoroq site (Mohammadifar and Motarjem, 2006; Motarjem and Belmaki, 2009; Nazari Arshad, 2012). “Survey and analysis of the typology of pottery from the beginning of the Islamic period to the end of the Safavid period in Hamadan”; (Zarei and Shabani, 2019) is another research that has studied the totality of Islamic pottery in Hamedan province, including the Qoroq site, which has been obtained through excavations and studies.

Data
In this research, the pottery fragments of Qoroq Islamic site are divided into two groups of unglazed and glazed pottery. According to the type of decoration, unglazed pottery can be seen in three groups with molded decoration, incised pattern and added pattern. Glazed parts can be classified into two groups, monochromatic and multicolor. Also, according to the type of motifs and patterning method, it is divided into monochromatic motifs (carved, molded, embossed) and underglaze and overglaze motifs. Glazed pottery is divided into Sultanabad style, esgraffiato, black pen under turquoise glaze, silhouette, blue and white, Azure with gold decorations and several colors on white glaze (Table 1-7).
In the Islamic period, especially from the 3rd to the 8th century AH, historians and geographers have made important references to the routes between Hamadan and the neighboring regions, which can be known to some extent about the main and most important roads of this region and the neighboring regions. These routes are: 1- Hamadan-Holwan route (Istakhri, 1961: 163-162; Ibn Hoqal, 1987: 103-102; Ibn Khordadbeh, 1992: 24; Ibn Rosteh, 1892: 168-167; Maghdasi, 1982: 599-600; Mostofi Qazvini, 1957: 164) which passed through the western regions of the country, including the cities of Asadabad, Kangavar, Bisotun. 2- Hamedan-Qazvin route (Istakhri, 1961: 163), which passed through the cities of Razan and Avaj. 3- The southern road of Hamedan (Demeh road, Raman/Jarfadghan/Isfahan/Khuzestan) which was flowing from the cities of Jokar, Nahavand and Borujerd towards the southern and central regions of the country (Istakhri, ibid.: 163; Natanzi, 2013: 254). 4- The route from Hamedan to Saveh and Ray (Ibn Khordadbeh, 1992: 25; Ibn Rosteh, 1892: 168-167; Hamavi 2001, Vol. 1: 651; Katebe Baghdadi, 1991: 38-37) which passed through the eastern parts of Hamedan, including the villages of Gorgaz and Bozenjerd. 5- Hamadan-Soltanieh route (Mostofi Qazvini, 1957: 164; Hamedani, 2007: 126), the northern road that passed through the cities of Kabudarahang and Shirinsu.
Here, many similarities can be seen between the pottery of the Qoroq Islamic site and the examples found in the significant cultural centers within the region (Bashqortaran, Dargzin and Babakhanjar sites in the north, Arzanfoud and Troglodytic Samen sites in the south, and Qale juq site in the northeast). Also, the ability to compare some of the samples found with pottery from outside the region such as Qorveh, Kangavar, Bisotun, Garos, Aghkand, Soltanieh, Zalfabad, Tahigh, Aveh, Ray, and Borujerd has shown the connections of this site with its western, eastern, northern, and southern neighbors. Among these routes, which had a significant impact on the political, economic and cultural life of the region, is the Great Khorasan road that entered the Hamadan basin from the eastern parts of the plain.

Conclusion
According to the study of pottery left over from this area and the abundance obtained from them - as one of the cultural centers with valuable archaeological data - its peak of brilliance belongs to the Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods. Among the pottery fragments of the area, all kinds of single-color pottery (plain and patterned), underglaze and overglaze patterns typical of the western regions of Iran have been obtained. Among the types of glazed vessels, esgraffiato vessels with linear and simple geometric motifs repeated in the middle of the frame (spiral, zigzag, rhombus and triangular circle motifs) on a light green and cream background, and multi-colored decorated vessels on white glaze with mixed geometric motifs. (horizontal parallel lines, continuous crossed lines) and a simple plant (flowers with several leaves, mesbek and pichan) in the inner part is considered one of the most important types of local pottery of this place. Similar to the samples studied based on the construction technique, decoration method, color and shape in other pottery centers inside and outside the region, especially in the neighboring prominent areas which are on the most important communication routes from Hamedan to Kangavar, Bisotun, Qorveh, Soltanieh, Aghkand, Garos, Zolfabad, Tahigh, Aveh, Ray and Borujerd were placed, it has been popular. The designs used on the pottery have shown the extensive cultural relations of the population centers in the middle Islamic centuries. According to historical and archeological evidence, the main factor influencing the pottery art of this region from neighboring regions in the Islamic period was the trade and pilgrimage routes that entered the Hamedan plain from the east, central plateau, west and northwest. As can be seen, during this period, all exchanges from the most important city of Jebal, i.e. Ray, to the western regions of the country, including the Hamedan Plain, were carried out through the Khorasan road. Therefore, Hamedan is located in the center of one of the four important communication routes between north and south and east and west of Iran, and the similarity of the cultural materials of this region with other regions is due to its location in the chain of political, cultural and commercial communication in the west of the country.